Sheila Mae C.

Apusen
BSCE-V
Elective 4

A municipality can get their water supply from the water district near that area. The
water district has a source of water to supply the consumers. This source can either
be from ground water or surface water.
Either way, these will undergo a water treatment method which makes water more
acceptable for a specific use.

Ground water source

Ground water sources are naturally and presumably purified by a compact thick filter
media layer of ungraded sands, soils and rocks at considerable depth. Hence,
disinfection using chlorine gas and other chlorine salts is the only treatment in
process employed. Here, water is extracted from their ground through a pumping
equipment can pass through chlorination facility using chlorine gas to kill any
presence of coliform organisms and other forms of bacteria. Water is stored in a
reservoir ready for distribution into each concessionaires faucet.

Surface water supply and treatment system

Water is taken from the water shed reservoir and piped to the treatment plant. At the
plant, water is aerated to release trapped gasses and to absorb oxygen for better
taste. Aeration is a process where raw water is to pass on pipes of tiny sieves and
exposed to air of fine mist.
Aluminum sulfate is added to coagulate particles. Coagulation is the process by
which small sedimentation particles which do not settle well combine to form larger
particles by which can be removed by sedimentation. The water is put into a settling
basin for several hours to allow coagulated particles to settle. This process is called
Sedimentation by which suspended solids are removed from water by gravity settling
and deposition.
After sedimentation comes filtration, filtration through sand filters or any approved
filtering materials. Filtration is the passage of a fluid through a porous medium
suspended matter which did not settle by gravity. Chlorine then is added to kill
bacteria and put into a storage tank for distribution to consumers.

Liquid municipal Wastes

A. Collection

In some underdeveloped areas of the work, open sewers are used.

Sewers are designed to carry sewage from residences, business, and

industries through large conduits to sewage treatment plants where the
sewage undergoes a series of treatment steps to remove polluting materials.
Once Treated, the wastewater is released to rivers and lakes to become part
of our water resources. Sludge removed from the wastewater is treated and
disposed of in landfills.
B. Disposal

At sewage treatment plant, sewage is put through a series of treatment steps

to remove any biological and chemical contaminants that can harm human
health or ecological systems; to remove final traces of suspended solids; to
remove undesirable growths of algae; to remove taste, color and odor; and to
reduce nutrient content then the treated sewage is released to rivers and
lakes.

Three standard treatment stages:

Primary This is almost always used. It is used to remove large floating or

suspended particles, heavier particles such as sand or gravel and any
excessive amount of grease or oil from the sewage. A series of screen
chamber, and sedimentation tank is used for this step.

If further treatment is performed, the wastewater is disinfected by the addition

of chlorine and discharge into the body of water. If further treatment is
needed, the wastewater goes to secondary treatment.

Secondary Treatment is the use aerobic microorganisms to break down

organic matter left in the sewage. The process is called biological oxidation
involves the use of trickling filters, activated sludge and stabilization ponds.
Unless tertiary treatment is used, the wastewater is disinfected with chlorine
and discharged.

Tertiary also called advance wastewater treatment, is used to get drinking-

quality water. At this stage, chemical treatments are used to remove
undesirable constituents that remain after secondary treatment.

Source: Salvan, G., Architectural Utilities 1 Plumbing and Sanitary, JMC

PRESS, INC. 1986