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Chapter 3 Steady-State Conduction Multiple Dimensions
HEAT TRANSFER LECTURE
CHAPER 3
Steady-State Conduction
Multiple Dimensions
Video.edhole.com CUMT
3-1 Introduction
In Chapter 2 steady-state heat transfer was calculated

in systems in which the temperature gradient and area
could be expressed in terms of one space coordinate. We
now wish to analyze the more general case of two-
dimensional heat flow. For steady state with no heat
generation, the Laplace equation applies.
2T 2T
+ 2 =0 (3-1)
x 2
y
The solution to this equation may be obtained by analytical,

numerical, or graphical techniques.
3-1 Introduction
The objective of any heat-transfer analysis is usually to

predict heat flow or the temperature that results from a
certain heat flow. The solution to Equation (3-1) will give
the temperature in a two-dimensional body as a function
of the two independent space coordinates x and y. Then
the heat flow in the x and y directions may be calculated
from the Fourier equations
3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction
Analytical solutions of temperature distribution can be obtained

for some simple geometry and boundary conditions. The
separation method is an important one to apply.
Consider a rectangular plate.

Three sides are maintained at
temperature T1, and the upper
side has some temperature
distribution impressed on it.
The distribution can be a constant
temperature or something more
complex, such as a sine-wave.
Consider a sine-wave distribution on the upper edge, the

boundary conditions are:
Substitute:
1 2T 1 2T
=
X x 2
Y y 2
We obtain two ordinary differential equations in terms of
this constant,
2 X
+ 2
X =0
x 2
2Y
2
Y =0
y 2
where 2 is called the separation constant.
We write down all possible solutions and then see which

one fits the problem under consideration.
For 2 = 0 : X = C1 + C 2 x
Y = C3 + C4 y
T = ( C1 + C2 x ) ( C3 + C4 y )
This function cannot fit the sine-function boundary

condition, so that the 2 = 0 solution may be excluded.
For 2 < 0 : X = C5e x + C6e x

Y = C7 cos y + C8 sin y
T = ( C5e x + C6 e x ) ( C7 cos y + C8 sin y )
This function cannot fit the sine-function boundary condition,

so that the 2 < 0 solution may be excluded.
For 2 > 0 : X = C9 cos x + C10 sin x

Y = C11e y + C12e y
T = ( C9 cos x + C10 sin x ) ( C11e y + C12e y )
It is possible to satisfy the sine-function boundary condition;

so we shall attempt to satisfy the other condition.
Let
The equation becomes:
Apply the method of variable separation, let
And the boundary conditions become:
Applying these conditions,we have:
0 = ( C9 cos x + C10 sin x ) ( C11 + C12 )
0 = C9 ( C11e y
+ C12 e y
)
0 = ( C9 cos W + C10 sin W ) ( C11e y + C12 e y )
x
Tmsin ( 9
= C cos x + C10 sin x ) ( 11
C e H
+ C12 e H
)
W
accordingly, C11 = C12

C9 = 0
and from (c),

0 = C10C12 sin W ( e y e y )
This requires that

sin W = 0
then n
=
W
We get

n x n y
= T T1 = Cn sin sinh
n =1 W W
The final boundary condition may now be applied:

x n x n H
Tm sin = Cn sin sinh
W n =1 W W
which requires that Cn =0 for n >1.
The final solution is therefore
sinh ( y / W ) x
T = Tm sin + T1
sinh ( H / W ) W
The temperature field for this problem is shown. Note that the heat-
flow lines are perpendicular to the isotherms.
Another set of boundary conditions
= 0 at y = 0
= 0 at x = 0
= 0 at x = W
x
= Tmsin at y = H
W
Using the first three boundary conditions, we obtain the

solution in the form of Equation:

n x n y
T T1 = Cn sin sinh
n =1 W W
Applying the fourth boundary condition gives

n x n H
T2 T1 = Cn sin sinh
n =1 W W
This series is
( 1) + 1
n +1
2
n x
T2 T1 = ( T2 T1 ) sin
n =1 n W
( 1) + 1
then n +1
2 1
Cn = ( T2 T1 )
sinh ( n H / W ) n
The final solution is expressed as
( 1) + 1 n x sinh ( n y / W )
n +1
T T1 2
= sin
T2 T1 n =1 n W sinh ( n H / W )
Transform the boundary condition:
= 0 at y = 0
= 0 at x = 0
= 0 at x = W
x
= Tmsin at y = H
W
3-3 Graphical Analysis
e c t
e gl
n
3-4 The Conduction Shape Factor
Consider a general one dimensional heat conduct-

ion problem, from Fouriers Law:
let
then
where
Video.edhole.com S is called shape factor. CUMT
Note that the inverse hyperbolic cosine can be calculated from
(
cosh 1 x = ln x x 2 1 )
For a three-dimensional wall, as in a furnace, separate shape
factors are used to calculate the heat flow through the edge and
corner sections, with the dimensions shown in Figure 3-4. when all
the interior dimensions are greater than one fifth of the thickness,
A
S wall = Sedge = 0.54 D Scorner = 0.15 L
L
where A = area of wall, L = wall thickness, D = length of edge
Example 3-1
Example 3-2
Example 3-3
Example 3-4
3-5 Numerical Method of Analysis
The most fruitful approach to the heat conduction is one

based on nite-difference techniques, the basic principles
of which we shall outline in this section.
1 Discretization of the solving
2 Discrete equation
Taylor series expansion
T (x) 2 2T (x)3 3T
Tm +1,n = Tm ,n + x + + + ...
x m,n 2 x 2
m,n
6 x 3
m ,n
T (x) 2 2T (x)3 3T
Tm 1,n = Tm,n x + + ...
x m,n 2 x 2
m,n
6 x 3
m,n
2 Discrete equation
2
T
Tm +1,n + Tm 1,n = 2Tm ,n + (x) 2
+ ...
x 2 m,n
2T Tm +1,n 2Tm ,n + Tm 1,n

= + o ( x ) 2
x 2 m ,n
( x ) 2
2T Tm,n +1 2Tm ,n + Tm,n 1
= + o(y ) 2
y 2 m ,n
(y ) 2
Differential equation for two-dimensional steady-state heat flow

T T q 2 2
+ 2 + =0
x 2
y k
2 Discrete equation
Discrete equation at nodal point (m,n)

Tm +1,n 2Tm ,n + Tm 1,n Tm ,n +1 2Tm ,n + Tm ,n 1 q
+ + =0
x 2 y 2 k
no heat generation
Tm +1,n 2Tm ,n + Tm 1,n Tm,n +1 2Tm,n + Tm ,n 1

+ =0
x 2
y 2
x= y
Tm +1,n + Tm 1,n + Tm ,n +1 + Tm ,n 1 4Tm,n = 0

2 Discrete equation
Thermal balance
(1) Interior points

steady-state & no heat
generation
qm 1,n + qm +1,n + qm ,n +1 + qm ,n 1 = 0
dT Tm 1,n Tm ,n
qm 1,n = kA = k y
dx x
Tm +1,n Tm ,n Tm, n +1 Tm, n Tm ,n 1 Tm ,n
qm +1,n = ky qm ,n +1 = k x qm ,n 1 = k x
x y y
Tm 1,n Tm ,n Tm +1,n Tm ,n Tm ,n +1 Tm ,n Tm ,n 1 Tm ,n
k y + k y + k x + k x =0
x
Video.edhole.com x y y CUMT
Thermal balance
(1) Interior points
x= y
Tm +1,n + Tm1,n + Tm ,n +1 + Tm ,n 1 4Tm ,n = 0
steady-state with heat generation

qgen = qV = qxy

q
Tm +1, n + Tm1,n + Tm ,n +1 + Tm ,n 1 4Tm,n + (x ) 2 = 0
k
2 Discrete equation
Thermal balance
(2) boundary
points
Tm 1,n Tm , n
qm 1, n = k y
x
x Tm ,n +1 Tm ,n
qm ,n +1 = k
2 y
x Tm ,n 1 Tm ,n
qm ,n 1 = k
2 y
qw = h y (Tm ,n T )
Tm 1, n Tm ,n
x Tm ,n +1 Tm ,n x Tm ,n 1 Tm ,n
k y +k +k = h y (Tm , n T )
x
Video.edhole.com 2 y 2 y CUMT
Thermal balance
(2) boundary
points
x= y
h x 1 h x
( + 2)Tm,n = (Tm 1,n + Tm ,n +1 + Tm ,n 1 ) + T
k 2 k
y Tm 1,n Tm ,n x Tm ,n 1 Tm ,n x y
k +k = h (Tm,n T ) + h (Tm,n T )
2 x 2 y 2 2
x= y
h x 1 h x
( + 1)Tm ,n = (Tm 1, n + Tm , n 1 ) + T
k 2 k
Thermal balance
(2) boundary
points
Tm 1, n Tm , n y Tm+1,n Tm ,n x Tm , n 1 Tm, n
k y +k +k
x 2 x 2 y
Tm ,n +1 Tm,n x y
+k x = h (Tm,n T ) + h (Tm,n T )
y 2 2
x= y
h x 1 h x
( + 3)Tm, n = (2Tm 1,n + Tm +1,n + Tm ,n 1 + 2Tm ,n +1 ) + T
k 2 k
3 Algebraic equation
a11T1 + a12T2 + ...... + a1nTn = C1

a21T1 + a22T2 + ...... + a2 nTn = C2
............................................
an1T1 + an 2T2 + ...... + annTn = Cn
Matrix notation
a 11 a 12 ... a 1n T1 C1
a T C
a 22 ... a 2 n
[ A] = ... ...
21
[ T ] = ...
2
[ ] ...
C = 2
... ...

a n1 a n 2 ... a nn Tn Cn
[ A] [ T ] = [ C ]
Iteration
Simple Iteration & Gauss-Seidel Iteration
Example 3-5
Consider the square shown in the figure. The left face is

maintained at 100 and the top face at 500, while the
other two faces are exposed to a environment at 100.
h=10W/m2 and k=10W/m. The block is 1 m square.
Compute the temperature of the various nodes as indicated
in the figure and heat flows at the boundaries.
Example 3-5
[Solution]
The equations for nodes 1,2,4,5 are given by
500 + 100 + T2 + T4 4T1 = 0

500 + T1 + T3 + T5 4T2 = 0
100 + T1 + T5 + T7 4T4 = 0
T2 + T4 + T6 + T8 4T5 = 0
Example 3-5
[Solution]
Equations for nodes 3,6,7,8 are

1 1 1
2 T3 = (500 + 2T2 + T6 ) + 100
3 2 3
1 1 1
2 T6 = (T3 + 2T5 + T9 ) + 100
3 2 3
1 1 1
2 T7 = (100 + 2T4 + T8 ) + 100
3 2 3
1 1 1
2 T8 = (T7 + 2T5 + T9 ) + 100
3 2 3
The equation for node 9 is
1 1 1
1 T9 = (T6 + T8 ) + 100
3 2 3
Example 3-5
1 1 1
2 T3 = (500 + 2T2 + T6 ) + 100
3 2 3
1 1 1
2 T6 = (T3 + 2T5 + T9 ) + 100
3 2 3
1 1 1
2 T7 = (100 + 2T4 + T8 ) + 100
3 2 3
1 1 1
2 T8 = (T7 + 2T5 + T9 ) + 100
3 2 3
The equation for node 9 is
1 1 1
1 T9 = (T6 + T8 ) + 100
3 2 3
Example 3-5
We thus have nine equations and nine unknown nodal temperatures. So

the answer is
For the 500 face, the heat flow into the face is
T (500 T1 ) (500 T2 ) x (500 T3 )
qin = k A = 10 [x + x + ]
y y y 2 y
= ... = 4843.4W / m
The heat flow out of the 100 face is
T (T1 100) (T4 100) y (T7 100)

q1 = k A = 10 [y + y + ]
x x x 2 x
= ... = 3019W / m
Example 3-5
The heat flow out the right face is

q2 = h A (T T )
y
= 10 [y (T3 100) + y (T6 100) + (T9 100)]
2
= ... = 1214.6W / m
The heat flow out the bottom face is
q3 = h A (T T )
y
= 10 [y (T7 100) + y (T8 100) + (T9 100)]
2
= ... = 600.7W / m
The total heat flow out is

qout = q1 + q2 + q3 = ... = 4834.3W / m qin = 4843.4W / m
3-6 Numerical Formulation in Terms of Resistance Elements
Thermal balance the net heat input to node i must be zero
T j Ti
qi + =0
j Ri j
qi heat generation, radiation, etc.

i solving node
j adjoining node
3-6 Numerical Formulation in Terms of Resistance Elements
T j Ti x
qi + =0 R=
j Ri j kA
Tm 1,n Tm, n Tm +1, n Tm ,n Tm, n 1 Tm ,n Tm ,n +1 Tm ,n
+ + + =0
Rm Rm + Rn Rn +
so Tm+1,n + Tm 1,n + Tm ,n +1 + Tm ,n 1 4Tm ,n = 0

1
Rm = Rm + = Rn = Rn+ =
Video.edhole.com k CUMT
3-7 Gauss-Seidel Iteration
qi + (T j / Ri j )
T j Ti
qi +
j
=0 Ti =
j Ri j (1/ R
j
ij )
Steps
Assumed initial set of values for Ti
Calculated Ti according to the equation
using the most recent values of the Ti
Repeated the process until converged.
3-7 Gauss-Seidel Iteration
Convergence Criterion
Ti ( n +1) Ti ( n )
Ti ( n +1) T i ( n ) = 103 106
Ti ( n )
Biot number
hx
Bi =
k
Example 3-6
Apply the Gauss-Seidel technique to obtain the nodal temperature

for the four nodes in the figure.
[Solution]
All the connection resistance between
the nodes are equal, that is
x 1
R= =
k y k
Therefore, we have
qi + (T j / Ri j ) qi + (k jT j ) (k T ) j j
j j j
Ti = = =
(1/ R ij ) (k ) j (k ) j
Video.edhole.com
j j j
CUMT
Example 3-6
Because each node has four resistance connected to it and k is assumed

constant, so
1
k j
j = 4k Ti = T j
4 j
3-8 Accuracy Consideration
Truncation Error Influenced by difference scheme

Discrete Error Influenced by truncation error & x
Round-off Error Influenced by x
Summary
(1)Numerical Method
Solving Zone
Nodal equations
thermal balance method Interior & boundary point
Algebraic equations q + (T / R )
i j ij
Gauss-Seidel iteration T =
j
(1/ R )
i
ij
j
Summary
(2)Resistance Forms
T j Ti
qi + =0
j Ri j
(3)Convergence
Convergence Criterion
Ti ( n +1) T i ( n )
Ti ( n +1) T i ( n )
Summary
(4)Accuracy
Truncation Error
Discrete Error
Round-off Error
Important conceptions
Nodal equations thermal balance method
Calculated temperature & heat flow
Convergence criterion
How to improve accuracy
Exercises
Exercises: 3-16, 3-24, 3-48, 3-59

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Video Lectures for MBA

In Chapter 2 steady-state heat transfer was calculated

The solution to this equation may be obtained by analytical,

The objective of any heat-transfer analysis is usually to

Analytical solutions of temperature distribution can be obtained

Consider a rectangular plate.

Consider a sine-wave distribution on the upper edge, the

where 2 is called the separation constant.

We write down all possible solutions and then see which

This function cannot fit the sine-function boundary

For 2 < 0 : X = C5e x + C6e x

This function cannot fit the sine-function boundary condition,

For 2 > 0 : X = C9 cos x + C10 sin x

It is possible to satisfy the sine-function boundary condition;

The equation becomes:

Apply the method of variable separation, let

And the boundary conditions become:

Applying these conditions,we have:

0 = ( C9 cos x + C10 sin x ) ( C11 + C12 )

accordingly, C11 = C12

and from (c),

This requires that

The final boundary condition may now be applied:

The final solution is therefore

Another set of boundary conditions

Using the first three boundary conditions, we obtain the

Applying the fourth boundary condition gives

The final solution is expressed as

Transform the boundary condition:

Consider a general one dimensional heat conduct-

Note that the inverse hyperbolic cosine can be calculated from

HEAT TRANSFER LECTURE

The most fruitful approach to the heat conduction is one

1 Discretization of the solving

Taylor series expansion

2T Tm +1,n 2Tm ,n + Tm 1,n

Differential equation for two-dimensional steady-state heat flow

Tm +1,n 2Tm ,n + Tm 1,n Tm,n +1 2Tm,n + Tm ,n 1

Tm +1,n + Tm 1,n + Tm ,n +1 + Tm ,n 1 4Tm,n = 0

(1) Interior points

(1) Interior points

Tm +1,n + Tm1,n + Tm ,n +1 + Tm ,n 1 4Tm ,n = 0

steady-state with heat generation

a11T1 + a12T2 + ...... + a1nTn = C1

Consider the square shown in the figure. The left face is

The equations for nodes 1,2,4,5 are given by

500 + 100 + T2 + T4 4T1 = 0

Equations for nodes 3,6,7,8 are

We thus have nine equations and nine unknown nodal temperatures. So

T (T1 100) (T4 100) y (T7 100)

The heat flow out the right face is

The total heat flow out is

Thermal balance the net heat input to node i must be zero

qi heat generation, radiation, etc.

so Tm+1,n + Tm 1,n + Tm ,n +1 + Tm ,n 1 4Tm ,n = 0

Apply the Gauss-Seidel technique to obtain the nodal temperature

Because each node has four resistance connected to it and k is assumed

Truncation Error Influenced by difference scheme

Exercises: 3-16, 3-24, 3-48, 3-59

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