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GERARD J. GIANOLI, MD, FACS, and JOHN C. LI, MD, FACS, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and Jupiter, Florida
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether transtympanic S udden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is defined
steroid administration may be an effective treat- as the rapid decline (3 days) in hearing (20 dB in 3
ment for sudden onset sensorineural hearing loss audiometric frequencies) without any identifiable
(SSNHL) in patients for whom systemic steroid treat- cause. Approximately 4000 cases of SSNHL occur
ment has failed or who were not candidates for sys- annually in the United States.1 It has a variable recov-
temic steroids. ery rate to a functional level that is usually quoted as
METHODS: The standard medical regimen for SSNHL 65%, but may range from 5% to 90%.2
usually involves systemic steroid therapy. Unfortu- One of the most popular theories of the etiology for
nately, some patients do not respond successfully SSNHL is viral-induced inflammation. Systemic
to or are poorly tolerant of systemic steroids. steroid therapy has been a mainstay of treatment among
Transtympanic administration of steroids has been those who suspect a viral inflammatory etiology and
suggested as an alternative to systemic therapy. has been supported with controlled studies. Unfortu-
A prospective study was designed to evaluate the nately, some patients do not respond successfully to or
hearing outcomes in SSNHL patients treated with are poorly tolerant of systemic steroids. Transtympanic
transtympanic steroids. Patients received transtym- administration of steroids has been suggested as an
panic steroids if oral steroids had failed to work or if alternative to systemic therapy. The purpose of this
they were not able to tolerate oral steroids. Trans- study is to determine whether transtympanic steroid
tympanic steroids were administered through a administration may be an effective treatment for sudden
ventilation tube placed with the patient under local hearing loss in patients for whom systemic steroid treat-
anesthesia. Steroid administration was performed ment has failed or who were not candidates for systemic
on 4 separate occasions over the course of 10 to 14 steroids.
days. Hearing was assessed immediately before
therapy and within 1 to 2 weeks after therapy. METHODS AND MATERIAL
RESULTS: Hearing improvement was documented in Study Design
10 of 23 patients (44%) who underwent transtym- A prospective study was designed to evaluate the effica-
panic steroid administration. This represents a 44% cy of transtympanic steroid administration for SSNHL. The
hearing salvage in patients for whom steroid treat- diagnosis of SSNHL was defined as >20 dB of hearing loss
ment would otherwise have been considered a in 3 or more contiguous audiometric frequencies occurring
failure. within 3 days. Patients were selected for inclusion in this
CONCLUSION: Transtympanic steroid therapy may study if they met the criteria for diagnosis of SSNHL and
be an alternative treatment for patients with SSNHL either failed to improve after a course of high-dose systemic
for whom systemic steroid therapy had failed or steroid (1 mg/kg/day of prednisone for a minimum of 1
who could not tolerate systemic steroid therapy. week, or equivalent) or could not tolerate systemic steroid
(Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;125:142-6.) therapy.
Technique
With the patient under local anesthesia (either topical
Private practice, Baton Rouge (Dr Gianoli) and Jupiter (Dr Li). EMLA cream or phenol application) a posterior-inferior tym-
Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of
OtolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery, New Orleans, LA,
panotomy was performed. The round window was then
September 26-29, 1999. inspected with endoscopic visualization. Any adhesions of the
Reprint requests: Gerard J. Gianoli, MD, FACS, 17050 Medical round window niche were removed with micro-picks. A ven-
Center Dr, Suite 315, Baton Rouge, LA 70816; e-mail, gianoli@ tilation tube was placed through the tympanotomy. Steroids
bellsouth.net. (either dexamethasone 25 mg/mL or methylprednisolone 125
Copyright 2001 by the American Academy of Otolaryngology
Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc.
mg/2 mL) were administered through a ventilation tube
0194-5998/2001/$35.00 + 0 23/1/117162 placed with the patient under local anesthesia. The steroid was
doi:10.1067/mhn.2001.117162 instilled in the middle ear with the patients head tilted 45
142
Otolaryngology
Head and Neck Surgery
Volume 125 Number 3 GIANOLI and LI 143
Fig 1. Overall results for all study participants for pure tone average, speech reception threshold, and
speech discrimination.
degrees away. The instillation was performed such that the tip RESULTS
of the needle extended through the ventilation tube and into Twenty-three patients were enrolled in the study. Of
the middle ear. This was done to allow air escape and prevent these, prior steroid therapy had failed in 22, and 1 had
bubble formation. Approximately 0.4 to 0.6 mL of medication not been able to tolerate steroid therapy. The average
were used in each perfusion. The steroids were allowed to per- age of the patients was 63 years with a range of 34 to
fuse the middle ear for 30 minutes. Steroid administration was 83, and there were 12 men and 11 women. Time of
performed on 4 separate occasions over the course of 10 to 14 onset to therapy averaged 72 weeks and ranged from 0
days. Hearing was assessed by pure tone and speech audiom- to 520 weeks. Methylpredisolone was perfused in 12
etry immediately before and within 1 to 2 weeks after therapy patients and dexamethasone in 11 patients. There was
was discontinued. one complication. One patient had otitis media develop,
which resolved after administration of oral and topical
Data Collected antibiotics.
Data collected included audiometry, age, sex, time to treat- Overall, pure tone average improvement was docu-
ment, and type of steroid perfused. Audiometric data collect- mented in 10 patients (44%) after transtympanic steroid
ed included pretreatment and posttreatment pure tone administration (Fig 1). The average change in pure tone
averages, speech reception thresholds, and speech discrimina- average for those with significant improvement was
tion. 15.2 dB. Twelve patients (52%) had no significant
improvement in pure tone average. The 1 patient (4%)
Criteria for Outcome who had postperfusion otitis media develop had a drop
A change of greater than or equal to 10 dB in the pure tone in the pure tone average of 10 dB; the pure tone average
average or speech reception threshold was considered signifi- returned to baseline after the infection cleared.
cant. A change of greater than or equal to 10% in speech dis- Overall, the speech reception threshold improved in
crimination was considered significant. Any changes of lesser 11 patients (48%) (Fig 1). The average improvement
magnitudes were interpreted to be no change in hearing status. among these patients was 15 dB. Twelve patients (52%)
noted no change, and there were no patients with a sig-
Statistical Analysis nificant decline in the speech reception threshold.
Group comparisons were analyzed with 2 or Fisher exact Speech discrimination was improved in 8 patients
tests where indicated. (35%) with an average improvement of 21% (Fig 1).
Otolaryngology
Head and Neck Surgery
144 GIANOLI and LI September 2001
Haberkamp and Tanyeri3 recently authored a review apy had failed might respond to transtympanic thera-
on the management of SSNHL. Currently, systemic cor- py. The resultant 44% response justifies our rationale.
ticosteroids are the only treatment for SSNHL that has Although 44% seems like a poor response compared
been shown efficacious in rigid clinical trials. In a with most studies addressing the treatment of SSNHL,
prospective randomized, double-blinded study, Wilson it must be emphasized that this is a salvage number
et al4 demonstrated a significantly improved recovery from a group of patients for whom treatment with
rate for systemic corticosteroids compared with place- conventional therapy was already considered to be a
bo. In a prospective randomized study, Moskowitz et al5 failure.
reported a statistically significant improved rate of Although not statistically significant, we noted better
recovery from SSNHL for steroid-treated patients com- outcomes in younger patients, men, and those patients
pared with placebo. Administration of systemic corti- treated with methylprednisolone. Prior studies have
costeroids has become widely used for treatment of commented on better outcomes with younger patients.
SSNHL and is arguably the treatment of choice. The higher success seen in the methylprednisolone
If corticosteroids are responsible for hearing group could possibly be attributable to the better
improvement, it would seem logical that the site of absorption profile compared with dexamethasone noted
action is in the cochlea. An alternative method of deliv- by Parnes et al.6 Conversely, we noted no significant
ering medication to the cochlea is by means of the round difference in successful outcomes when comparing
window membrane, or transtympanic. The advantages of time to therapy. This is in contradistinction with most
this route of administration would be that higher con- studies published on the treatment of SSNHL; most
centration of medication would reach the inner ear while studies suggest a time window after which success
limiting systemic distribution. This technique could diminishes. This discrepancy could simply be caused by
eliminate or reduce side effects and complications asso- the statistical problems of small numbers. However, this
ciated with systemic steroid therapy. Parnes et al6 could also represent a new finding of a residual inflam-
demonstrated much higher inner ear concentrations of matory process in these ears that is responsive to very
hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, and dexametha- high concentrations of steroids.
sone with transtympanic administration compared with Although the findings in this study are encouraging,
oral or intravenous administration in the guinea pig this must be tempered with the knowledge that the aver-
model. Of these drugs, the authors determined that age hearing improvement in the successful patients was
methylprednisolone had the best absorption profile. quite small: 15.2 dB. There were a few patients with
Similarly, Chandrasekhar7 measured much higher nearly full return of hearing, but many more had only
perilymphatic concentrations of dexamethasone in a small improvements. From a clinical standpoint, some
guinea pig model when it was administered through a of our patients who experienced success noted no sub-
transtympanic route compared with intravenous admin- jective improvement in hearing. For example, one
istration. She also compared different facilitating agents patient with a pretreatment pure tone average of 90 dB
that may enhance transtympanic delivery of dexametha- improved to 70 dB after treatment (20 dB improve-
sone. Her experimental groups included intravenous ment). Although this would qualify as a successful out-
dexamethasone, intratympanic dexamethasone (IT- come in this study, because the patient had a pure tone
DEX), IT DEX with histamine, IT-DEX with hyaluron- average of 5 dB in his unaffected ear, he noted no sub-
ic acid, and IT-DEX with dimethylsulfoxide. The jective improvement in his hearing.
addition of histamine significantly improved perilym- Transtympanic steroid therapy for SSNHL deserves
phatic concentrations of dexamethasone compared with further evaluation in clinical trials and could be con-
hyaluronic acid, dimethylsulfoxide, or no facilitating sidered as a possible first-line treatment in place of
agent. Additionally, the studies by both Parnes et al6 and systemic steroids. Hearing improvement was demon-
Chandrasekhar7 report successful treatment of SSNHL strated in this study among patients who would nor-
with transtympanic steroid therapy in a small number of mally be considered beyond therapeutic reach. Future
human patients. Silverstein et al8 also reported treat- trials should focus on better and more consistent
ment results for intratympanic perfusion. drug delivery systems and facilitating agents. Addi-
In the present study, we administered steroids tional data need to be collected as to optimal timing of
through a transtympanic route to patients with SSNHL therapy.
for whom prior treatment with systemic steroids had
failed. We reasoned that because the transtympanic CONCLUSIONS
route results in much higher inner ear steroid concen- In conclusion, in this study we have demonstrated
trations, some of the patients for whom systemic ther- a 44% response rate in patients with sudden hearing
Otolaryngology
Head and Neck Surgery
146 GIANOLI and LI September 2001
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