-:gie 1-]

: . \\1ren uput
te: are open circui
" ;;;'ij':;;"''
F rcuj
Frcuit ;o : 10 mr,. J0
x'l+l:9'9mV
b. ,,o, : i,(\
R,
[1ten outu
te.minas l-e
sho-circied
f ,Rz : k
Flr circuit a. lsc : s( t) o = 10 mvx 10
+l : 9'1mV
-

Rs 10
Forcircuitb.. : f :
R. 1162
(r)
F uivalency
o:10mVx'1l :
: 1
R-.1-r(r) zs(r) 5 mV
f R.: 1

o: 70 mvx 10
lll - '91v
807o of source
vltage
x 80 =8mV: 10 mv
f gives 8
mV when Rs :
1 -r, f:,
8 : 10'#h=+R.:4L
Figure . a

F.x:7.4 Using current

divider

ls = 10

Figure .lb
Ex:1.2

Rs io=i.tx Rs
Vor=V, + l).,. Rs + Rz.
Given ( = 10 , Rs =
For
1OO k

Voc = t0 mV R = 1k,7 = 11 )X#:9.9

'sa - 10 For R. -- i _
R:yi : mV
iO k,
10 x _-]QQ-
1+i6
=lk -9.
For
Ex: 1.3 Using voltage
divider R:1OOk,;r:1
Rs oX]r*:5
For
R : | io = 0 x
'n. .-=-]9Q-K
lUK+4
-O.9

"(t) = SQ)x RL
- Rr-R,
:,ffi ;.,. ;,;-*T. ;.:":,:,,",
Given zr(r) : 10 mV and Rs:lk 8:lOX lgo
f R. = 1OO k 0;?;
R = 25k
 xercise 1-2

I : +:
Ex:1.5 : l: 1 V+D : 001
# 10OHz
:2V=+D:0010
:2f: 2 103 rad]s 1: 15 V+D : 1111
Ex:1.6\T_1:] -- 16'7 ms
(b) (i) + I V (ii) +2 V (iii) +4 V (iv) +8 v
t u6s (c) The cosest discrete vaue represented bv
D is 5 V; thus D -_ OlOl. he error is
r : l __ r
-O.] \'r
(b) _ OoOs *0.2l 5.2 x 100 :
. l0_' -4

(c) - 1. - +'-_ ls Ex: 1.10Votage gain : 20 log 1 : Jo dB

/ to Current gain : 20 log 10 : 6o,lB
Power gain : 10 l_. : 1O g r.4 '4
x: 1.7 f 6 MHz is allocated for each channe, : l0l-s l05 : dB _5O
then 470 Mz to 806 Mz will accomodate
: 56 channes Ex:1.11 P,,,. : 15X8 : l2OmW
Since it starts with channel 14, it wi go from o -_ --:'
r 6/"D\2
- 18 mW
channe 4 to channe 69
Pljssjpaled : 120 - l8 : 102 mW
T
,r )
Ex:1.8 : ]l]lar ' -3 x l -_ *, ,,x-, -' 15%
TJR Pr, 120

:1r7'xr-v2 x: l.12
TR'R
Alterativey, ,__l
1n+10-
P: P |P{+P5+...
(4V\2 l /4 \,-!-r14y1, I, P, - ulR _ (O X_ lO ')2 - ,O |
r'

"';) R' .]J-l n \r5) R'

" |
\
with the buffer ampifier:
_"!x(l 1+l , I-, ) _ | X- ji-X ''11 X
f.
R ,.'\' 9 25'49 ') " Ri l- Rj R + R,,
t can be shown by direct caculation that the
infinite series in the parentheses has a sum that
:lx-J-
1+1
xrxffi:0.25v
appraches rr2 / 8; thus P becomes v2 / R as 2

ound frm direct caculatin.

p':o:
.R, 0.252 : 6.25 mW
10
Fraction ofenergy in fundamental
t : :
= 8/2 : .81
Fractin of ener-y in first five harmonics
Voltage gain =
" # 0.25 /
: -12d8
8(. | 1\
= 0'g]
-,.,'t 9 25) owerain (A =P-J
Pi
Fraction f ener_y in first seen harmonics
_Af'_lg 1'l.) -os
where : 6.25
v,:0.5Vand
mW and, P, : ,i,,
--i ]5 q]
Facian of energy in first nine harmonics
;,' : :
1_ | r I -' ):
-_-lJ-
lM+1M 0.5 A
-.l[,- e 25 49 8l) Qrr Thus.
=, P, : 0.5 x 0.5 :
\ote hat 90vc of the energy of the square wave is
O.2-5 W
in he first three harmonics; that is, in the funda- and,
mena] and he hird harmnic- 1O_r
^'
D
6.25
25 x 103
Ex: 1.9
0.25 X l ''
D can represent 5 distinct values
(a)
between 0 and +15 V. Thus,
l01g,, : 44 d

o:0V+D:000
 Exercise 1-3

This figure belclngs t Exercise 1.t5

Ex: 1.13 open_circuit (n load) output

.
'l _ 1)./'\x_!x-l-.L
7), 7,
:9O.9X9.90.909
11" oi, oi, us
output vltage with lad connected
:818 V/V
:A RL
l. Forvr:1mV
''u ' R* Ro
: 818z, : 818X 1 : 818mV
: _.,
O.s
=-!_-I Rn
Ro+ - O.25 k - 25O
:' ' 7' . .
L _
Us
L"
/._^_^_
'\"
oi oiz oi,
2'''l

Ex: 1.14 A,,,, : 40 dB - 100 V/V

S

:0.909 X 90.9 X 9.9 0.909 - 744

P,' - ff: (l,'""'fin)' ,. ForV":1mV
V'r: 744 X t mV : 744m
:,l, x (lo"
J,)' / o : 2.5|

22 Ex: 1.17 Using voltage ampifier model, it can be

n i
l/ -
-ai --
represented as
o-OO

A-_+
'-P Pi
: 2!a| - 2.5 lO4v//vy
10
10logo _ 44 d

Ex: 1.15 Without Stag 3 (see figure above)

R;:1M
t: (]+*),.{-ffi-) R,: 10
, rol 100 Ano : A,,l Anz: 9.9 X 90.9 : 9{:n \''\'
'\00 + l K/)
The overal voltage gain
U0 : : Vo __ R' R
(0.909)(1)(0.991)(10o1.o909) 81.8 V X
us vS Ri+Rs "A R+R.
ForR.: 1
Ex:1.16 Given l" : 1 mV Overall voltage gain
l
I : oro, so
-
lM+l00
y gO
l0r10 =
409 l
FrR.: l00
r' : 0.99 5 : 0.909X 1 : 0.99mV Overal voltage gain

o" x x 1000 :
: 2r} : 9.9X0.909 _ g/ IMrl00K
sOO
00l0
8tO V/V
^
"
V.,l v.
.'. Range of voltage gain is frm 49 to 810 V/V
For,:1-'
oi, - 9 * r, : 9X 1 : 9 mV
 Exercise 1-4

Ex:1.18

R/.
( +1) ib

ii :
.Rs
'S-,
R'= = : i1,rn+ ( + 1)ibRe
,: i. . ,#k'
lo
- nis,ir+R1
= A. a,.iroL.
:i6lrn+ ( + 1)R.]
Thus. But ,, : , and i, : ii '
thus

,R.Ro
- ,.-s ( l)R"
^ Ri Ro { R, . :y! --
- i,
\J
-- r" +
i ,.tu ib

x: 1.19 - x1.22
Ri f Gain
10 z 6 dB
lO kz 40 dB
10 kz
R6 20 dB
1Mz 0dB

Ri
,,: t,srt-.aR,

1)S _ G^i(R, 11 Rt,)

R.)
=c,,,#E(Roll
Thus,
-.
"! : Ri .^
G',-.o,(Ro11 R')
l

us
Ex:1.23
ircuit mode1 the
Ex: 1.20 Using transresistance
circuit will be
Ru R, G,
+

Rvv,,

vo : G'vilR, 11 R' 11 c'-l

G-V i

i, Rs 1 l +sCt
Ri+RS Ro R

ftus.fvi :
l G- -
R'
o: R.i;,-.*n,
'=?:'-n'-RL
or"&'*-7
.,
o R, Ro
--
D
"'R,.+ Ro
| R, Rs which is of the STC
LP tYPe'

Now j: Voui'' : n'tr;;-*" o37,

Vn
DC gain : G' =
'' 1-* -
Ro RL
^Rs-R.
:.n. +-& Rt + Ro
 xercise 1_5

10 :0.1 m/V x l.?

l+1=9.:
Ro RL 100 V,: R,
Ret'er t Fi_e. E1.23
R,
10
: ,
1 1 vs R,l,R, Rs+Ris-
R'=O.1 - 50 -
I

.8m/V ' sC C(Rs I Ri)

which is a P STC function.
R. = k : 12.5 k
* J"1
,',-
JUD- 2c(Rs <l00z
+ R,)
.." - L(! * | )= 2x 1ookHz
C\ Ro R C> : 0.16 F
'') 2(1 +9)1O3X10
(t*l)
\50, l' 12. , lO'/ :
"
6', =
2 1o5
159.2 pF
 rerci- ]_

x:2|l' herefre:
The minimum number of teminas required by a V. : G,R(Vr- V')
single op amp is five: two input teminals, one ouut That is he openJoop gain of the op amp
termina1, one terminal fr positive power supply and ;rtr : G,R. For G. : 10 m/V and
one terminal fbr negative power supply.
The minimum number of terminas required by a : 10 wehave:
quad op amp is 14: each op amp requires two : 1O X 10 X O : 1Oa V/V oreqiva-
input terminals and one output terminal (account- lently 80 dB
ing for 12 terminals fr the four op amps)' n
addiion, the four op amp can all share one termi- x2.4
nal for positive power supply and one terminal fo The gain and input fsistance of the inerting
negative power suPPlY. amptitier circuit shown in Figure 2.5 are

x 2.2 -&Rr andR, respectively. There[ore. we have:

Equation afe 7\ : A(r- ');
Rl : 10 k and
xia : ilz- U. Ui.,n __ r ur1
\u' _f2 : -10+Rr : 1o 1tr
a) Rl

: |z- -
U1
t-#:
-o.o2v:-2mv
Thus:
Rz : 10X 10k : 1M
lia : az- al : -(-0.002) : +.002v
Ex: 2.5
:2m
R=10k
o,"^ : !r(- 2mv + o) : -1 mv

b) -1O : t3(5 - r) + : 5.O1 V

Ui,J: ilz- - at: 5 5'01 : 0'01 V: 1mV
,,.. - i(1. | z| - + 5) : 5'005 v
I,

- 5V '(5.!
From Table 1.1 we have:
c)
R,' : | . i.e.. oupu is open circuit
: A(2- ) : l](.qg - 1.O2) : -4
,, li |
:()

ad : il2- U : 0.998 - 1.002 : -4 mV The negative input terminal of the op amp, i'e',

l. r is a irtual grund, thus V, = Q

or. :
1||
2' - 1rl.z + .998) __
2'
lv Vo:Vi-Rii :0-Rii- -Rl,
n:vol
'''
- ryi:-R=R,:-R
i
d) i' |i,,:
_ 3'6 : 1O3[r- (-3'6)] : 103(z+ 3'6) : -10k
+ .fz - -3.6036 V V'
R'' - and y;is a irlual ground 1=01'
ai : !z- a : - 3'636- (-3'6) vi
: -0.036 V : -3.6 mV thusR,:9: O*R,: O
i
1. -L U2) : -:.0 t 3'6)l
,,., - j{',,, 1

1l Since we are assuming that the op amp in this

transresistance amplifier is ideal, the op amp has
: -3.6 V zero output resistance and therelbre the output
resistance of this transresistance amplifier is also
Ex:2.3 is R : 0 .
}'. _ pV,, and
zero. That
Frm Figure 2.3 le have:
V,1 : (G,nVz- G,V)R - G.R(V':- Vt)
 xercise2_2

R= 10k x:2.7

0.5 m

Corrrecting the signal source shown in Figure

E2.5 to the input of this amplifie we have:
is a virtual ground that is = 6, thus the cur- For the circuit shown above we have:
rert flowing through the 10 k resistrcon- ,, : (ff v,+v')
Dected bet''veen and ground is zero. Threfore
Vo : V- R X 0.5 m : 0- 10K 0.5 m Since it is required that Vo : *(V 5v).
+
: -5V We rvant to have:

F-x:2-6
&:
/{r I and&: s
R,
t is a1so desired that for a maximum output volt-
age of 10 V the current in the feedback resistr
does not exceed 1 m.
Therefore

Rf =
'o=u
1 m =+ J !9J
.2
lm
R. >
+ '' l k

Leuschoose R/ tbe Ok.then

Rr : Rr : 0kandn, : : ru
}
is a virtual gound' thus = Q Ex:2.8
- 1V*Y, :,-,):m
i:: t-t
' Rl k
ssuming an ideal op amp, the current flowing
into the negative input terminal of the op amp is
zero. Therefore, iz : i + i2 : 1 m

Vo: V-i2R2:0* 1mX 1k

: _10v
i,::
' R, '0=v -
lk
*gmA

io : i- iz : - 10mA- 1 m : -11 mA
: (ft)(ff),,- (-ft)" - (ff)*
Voltageain:
y9- *IOv:
lv - rv -l0V/V '.
We want to design the circuit such that
or 2 dB Vo -- 2V{+ V2* 4V3
_-.-l_ _
-10mA - *r0/ Thus we need to have
l, - m
:,
Current gain

(ft)(ff) : l ,n
or 20 dB
ft)ft) ,: +

ower gain : &*--t(-lma):t00,,W From the above three equations, we have io Find
Pi 1VX1m six unknown resistors, therefore, we can arbi-
r 20 dB trarily choose three of these resistors. Let us
choose:
Noe tha power gain in dB is Io "c Ol&l. Then rye have
 e hare (reler to the so]ution fexercise 2'9):
R,: T : l:2.5k |': 6V
4
o find he contribution of V, o Vo we set
'Rr 10 '_ 2=Rl _ 5k
(ft)(ff) '_ 2'=" V| _- v' - 0. hen: vo _- 4v2
To find the contribution ol V3 to V, we set
lk
(ft)(*,) -l*0Xl0_-l=R"_
R2 0 V : V: , then

v.
'U - 19 v,
-elk - -ev,
x2.9
Using the supe position principle, t ]nd he con- Combining the contibutions ol V1,V2 and Vj t
tribution of , t the output voltage g, we St V2 = 0
Vswehave: Vo - 6Vt+4Vz 9Vt

9k 'x: 2.11

3k
Vo _-
| ,- R' __ z= _- l=R' - R:
The V* (the voltage at the positive input ofhe op v, Rr (1

V,- fiUt - 1
0.6Vr f : 1 V
V o then it is desired that
ampis:
i:10A.
Thus
Thus.
u": (tnffi)r. : 10x 0.6v1:6v, lV
', _ R, 'R.l -- lA=R,r R, -,1=0V'
lU
To find the contributin of V2 to the ]utput vt-
yl
Rl+R2: lMand
age V we set = 0.
R: Rz+Rl : R2 _ 0'5M
Then v* : -2-v, - 0.4 vz
z- -a
xz2.l2
ence
a)
,, : (, * : X 0'4v2 -- 4v2
ffi)r- 1 R2

Combining the contributions of v1 and 2

T V we have V, : 6V l + 4V'

Ex: 2.10

9k Vo _ A(V,- )=+v ' v

vo
A
v^
iz: i_-o,
v : V-^Vo:
---
(1 *)v
v3 R, R: \R, Rt)

vl
,,: ('.ft)r, : (' .
ft)(',
-2)=
I +R,i R,
v) g+ ---_v: (r + Rr/ R')V
3k
^
tO _ 1+R,/R,
' './ --t _ 1 + R2lRr

t*--f
=)G
Using the super psition princip1e. to flnd the con- v,' I + R2lRr + R"/R,
1
tributionof V, V.weset V
_ V l - 0 Then t
A
 Exercise 2-4

{blForRl : 1k andR2 : 9k theideal , 10rn

dre or he clsed-oop gain is t + 2. that is
i,0- - -
-voiL - 10X10
IO- The actual closed-loop gain is G: 10 P v 1X 1O -

t*f;
ff : 1O3 then G: 9.901 and
x:.2.14
(a) load voltage
.- G -_l0
IO0 : -0.99o - -1 1k xlV - lmV

Fory/ : 1, Vo: GX V, : 9.9o1 and (b) lad voltage
= 1V

|'o : A(V*- Y )+Vt-V : s : 2 Ex:2.15

A 100
- 9.9 mV
f : la then G : 9.99ande : *o.1
FbryI : , Vo : GXV, : 9.99,
therefore,

t'--v :vo:
:0.999mV-tmV
=
10"

f : 15 then G : 9.999 and

: -o.01o
FV: 1, vo :GX:9.999thus, (a) R, = , = 2k, Rz= R= 2 k
Since RalR3 = R2/R1we have:
l'--v :Vo: :
-0. mV
'2
10,
o.oeeee mv
Ao:
#,:
(b)Rid= 2Rr=2 X
fr: $: lozv
2k=4k
Ex:2.13 Since we are assuming the op amp is ideal
Ro=0
:oA'V:Vl:1V,
i,:.'=__g-ImA
' 1k 1k
(c) A".:
*: kt'E'-ftft)
i: i:1m, ()
: l lt,l-&R'')
',Rrl\
R|R4)
"
<- 9k ' /
&-2
:R: Rt
&*r
R3
The worst case common-mde gain "- happens
when|".| has its maximum value.
fthe resistori hae |o tolerance, we

haeo,o,(
l- 0.0l)
& R4nom(l + 0.o )
l(3not( | + 0.I)= Rr= R:,o,(l - 0.l)
Vo : V+i29k : l +1X9 : 1OV
where R3no- and R4oo- are nomina vaues for R3
and R4 respectively. We have :

' !*:
i,: 1k J
1k
: l,m, R3no- = 2 k and Rarom 200 k, thus,
=

: ir+ i, : 20 X 0.99
_ 2O X l.O1
Ro
X I.ol - Rj - 2xa
io 1114
2
: : ,ol
++ or2OdB
98.02= \=ror.a
,{r
 xerci:e ]_5

Simlarly. \,ve can sho\ry ha ,(op Amp2) _ Vz: 5 + 0.0_5sint V

98.2<R'=102.02 1)cl : 12 - Utt : 0.0l sint
R
,,, -The t volt$e at the utput of p amp .
R'-
ence.,RI
- 102.02< _ -98.02 l,,,: V,,-R.]t
' 2Rt
Therefore,
0'0l-st
_4=Ro R,=+=l& 5 sin
__ -O.OO5 k <
Stl=q _5O
1ko
R1 Rr lR, Rrl
: (5 V
5.005 sint)
n the wrst case
2 - The voltage a the output ol op amp 2
lR-t Rrl
l&l 4 V^.: tl,'+R' ?\''l

R.
+--:
1 + 98.02 2Rt
Rl : (5 + 5.005sint)V
otc that the worst case ., happens when
,(op,\mp 3) -_ ',l:"-r-+ R,_ ,,r;-
"' + |0
&: q.zur& _ rc2'02
R]
R. R '.'R: : R+: tk
he diflerential gain Aa f the amplifier
: !un, - ls *
_ 2"' 2
5.OO5 sin.1

"Rr }, theretbre, thecrresponding value

is._1,, o1'
_ (2.5 + 2.502_5 sint)V
C\IRR for the worst case .* is :
(op mp A.) : V*(op Amp -,)

C\IRR _ 26
_"1nrl]_ : (2.-5 + 2.5025sint) V
-l..l - z losl92:92
" 0.04 =
C\'RR _ 20lg(255.5) -68dB
: R^/+ R.\
"n tl ,,'d
l0 k(1 * 0'5 M) x O.O|sin
xz 2.16 l k\ 0-5 M()/
We choose R: = Rr and R. = R2 Then fbr the : 1(1 + 10) X .1sinot
circuit to behave as a diference amplifie with
10.l sint V
a gain of 10 and an input resiStance of 20 k
we require
Ex: 2.18
A,-Rt
"R, - loand
R'1 : 2R1 : 20k+Rr _ 10k() and
R, _ A,,R, : 1 X 10 k : 10o k
There1bre, Rr : R., : lk and
Vift) 1r+
Rz' : R : 1 k ,(+)- J,',V,*ld'

x:2.17
Given V,.. - + -5 V
The waeforms for one period of the input and the
V : lsint mv ouput signals are shown belw:
2R1 : 1k, R2 _ .5 M
R: : R+: 10k lv
- l:r^-!lro:5-
1
2
x 'Ol ,ir.
: 5 - 0.005 sint V

- !1r^*
1
1)1t
rr,,O
:5+0.005sintV
(op mp1) _ V,, - 5 - .005sint V
 Exercise 2-6

x:.2.20
lms

V \n,*, (+)o-J VoG)

"
I ms
C:
1
l
(-R
10 dt .01 F s the input capacitance of this

CR : 10 2 s (thetime
I

differentiator.Wewant
-1 ')'l0Xlms constant of the differentiator), thus,
CR
R: 10' :lM
lmsX0.5ms 0.1 F
From equation (2.57),le know that the transfer
functin of the differentiatof iS of the form
r ].1y
Vo(jw) _ iCR
V,(.i',)
-
Thus, for w : 10 rad / s the differentiator trans-
fer function has magnitude

v" (+) l&l

v,l
- lOx o_2 _ 0.lviv andphase
I

: -90'
For w _ O3 rad / s the differentiator transfer
". -:-: resistance of this inverting integrator is
unctin has magnitude
_:.:::re. R : 1k lY"l = lolx lo
2 : lov/v andphase
-
-. .-: .]esired integration time cnstant lv,l
' .. ,.e have: CR : 10-3 s + : -9"
f we add a resistor in series with the capacitr c
'koS:.1 uF imit the high frequency gain of the ditferentiatr
to 100, the circuit would be:
: - r:lti on (2.5) he transfer function f this
.: l iS:

jCR
: 10 ad / s the integratof transfer
: as magnitude V (+)
1
= , : 100 V/V and phase
l0 X 1 3

: " t high fequencies the capacitor C acts like a

: lradls theintegratortransferfunc- short circuit. Therefore, the high-frequency gain
- -... r-iagnitude
f this circuit is: $ o limit the magnitude of
RL
1X1 3
this high-frequency gain to 100, we should have:

4-r=R,: R -lM-
_ l00 lOk
' _.: J.]f,ion (2.53)
the frequency at which the l| 00
- :.-:. : gain magnitude is unity is
- I = --l- - lO0Orad/s
l0
 Exercis 2-7

xz2.21

Slope= Ao=104V/V

9Vl(mv)

x2.23
V: V
ctua1 p amp
V'o: '-'
Vto: V,-Vot-V-
whenV*=V-=0then v1

V,o : O- 5 mV : -5 mV' This inPutoffset v2

voltage causes an offset in the voltage tansfer

the
charJcteristic. Rather than passing through
yos
origin, it is now shifted to the left by

vo: Vt
x2.22 Vra: Vr-Vt
From equation (2.41) we have:
SR : V,s: V*-Vo'-V_
,M : l5.9l5 kz - l 5.9 kHz
fbr the ff-
J
2Vn-u" n order t have zero differential input
set-free op amp (i.e.' V* - V- = 0) we need
with
Using equation (2.42), for an input sinusoid :
fruency f : 5 f Vl : V'-v -Vos : -5mV -5mV
"'themaximumpossible
at the utput Thus. the transfer characteristic V versus 6
is:
amplitude that can be accommodated
without incurring SR distortion is:

V_ Vo^^'(*)- lOX{: zleal

\
V,7(rnV)
 Exercise 2-8

].]J
' _ ::_lirn(2,44) we have: -+_+_.]aHz
- '. R. - 1"R.
- .,n-\X1M:.1 V x:.2.26
_ _ ---!.1tion (2.46) be aue f resistor Frm equation (2.28) we have:
R.1

-'. : -: series with psitive input t minimize

w, : Anu'u=+ , - Af = f n : L'
: -.] _ tset vltage) is: A
un

_J D _ R'R. - okXM we know

' Rl +R2 10k+1M 20logAo: 16 and f ,: 3 Mz,therefre
=,:k f6-|5z
- ].]k - 1k
- - .. alue of R3 the new vaue of the output By definition the pen-oop gain (in dB) at
$ is:

.=:c r using equatin (2.41))is: r(indB)-3 : 106-3 : 3dB

-,' .R] : 10nX 10k-0.0l v To flnd the pen-lp gain at frequency/we can
use equation (2.31) (especiatly when/>>/6 which
t1 is the case in this exercise) and write:
,' .- ur,on i2..541 we have:
Open-loop gain al- z oe(L\
"\.f I
],'-g,=12:2mv+2mv/
(K Therefre:
ms
llV-2mV... lmS-6D=l _ open-loop gain a :100 H =

z roffi :
6D
8O dB
Open-loop gaitr at .l kHz =

zroffi:60dB
open-lop gain a l2kHz=
z roffi : 48 dB

open-loop gain a 6O kHZ =

2o los'],M'
-60
: .]4 dB
kHz

x:2.27

- '. 'eedback resistor RF to have at least

: '. ..l outpt signal swing aaiable, we have
*:- - iue that the
output votage dle t V5 has
. *
.:- :UJe l at most 2 V' From equation (2.43)'
.: . - j' hat the output dc votage due to v,qis Vi(+)

\ R/ \ lk()/
' tr
--------- - l00=R. - I0M The wavefrms fr one period o1 the input and the
.!.1 utput signa1s are shown below:
*-
' - 3 frequency
: of the resulting STC
': -r.:rl'- 1
lv
CRo
:,_ . RC : ms and
: = o=C: .1 F
I
: 1rad/s
(). l FX lOM
 F.xercise 2-9

\yr(*)
slope=sR

We hae
^i nls

-20 : --l1 10 dr
CRJ,, tr

:J 20:---!x10x
1
1ms -9X l.6 0. lX l.6
CR '' lV/S
CR: X1ms:.5 *,: 1.28 s
20

x:2.28 Ex: 2.30

From equatin (2.4l ) we have:
Since dc gain of the op amp is much larger than
the de gain of the designed nn_inverting : 15.915 kz - 15.9kz
amplitier, we can use equation(2.35). 2V o
^^"
Therefre: Using equation (2.42), for an input sinusid with

r,,. _ ' and l l & __ l ur frequency f : 5f

',themaximumpssibe
,R2R
tf ampitude that can be accommodated at the output
-Rr wihou incurring SR disorion is:

f': 2z Vo:_ I/
t, ( ' \- X1 - 2v peak)
vomal\1) '"' s -..r--.-.
-
ence ,
2z
100

x:.2.29
For the input votage step of magnitude V the ut_
put waveform will still be given by the exponen-
tial wavetbrm of equation(2.40)
f w,V SR

ThaisV=S-4=y= JL
2n[,
y .1 6 V, thus, the largest possible input vlt-
age step is 0.16 V.
From ppendix F we knw that the 10 to 90
rise time f the output wavefrm of the fbrm of

equation (2.4) is t, - 2.2L

t

Thus, r,' - 0.35 s

f an input step f amplitude 1 .6 V ( 1 0 times as
large cmpared to the previous case) is applied,
th the output is slew-rate limited and is linearly
rising with a slope equal to the slew-rate' as
shwn in the follwing figure.
 Exercise 3-1

lu b. Time taken to crss 2 m

i:\l lengh __ 21". -3ps

6.75 / t}l
1'l2t). x62
tu)
.^''.] e^
1n-5 sl.1 c. n n-si drifcurrent density Jn in
,l Jn _ qno
CM
1v
1,
= 1.6x 1o-9x1O6x135X
-_ : .::') 2x 10 4

. . , -.^ r,l . , h2. 1n 5 .

: 1.08 x 1Oa /cm2
j) I 12t12 .a,,1
e Driff current
-i-\( d. n = trnn "-driff
- ,-
:,t/cm
7
: Aqnpn
:0.25X1O8X1.8X14
:27A
r:--.:- i.l /?i at Nte 0.25 m2 _ O.25 X ]0 8 cm2
r i. - -1'1_s x 11/cm3 Ex3.5 J- : o'.dn(x)

_ .rj /cm
.^., l
From Figure E3.5
no _ l0\1 /cm3 : 15/(m)3

D,, _ 35 : 35 x 110a121m;2/s
"*'/,
- : ,
.1Orl)r : 35 X 1081m;2/s

-l
dn j lOs-0-: .^s
lum 2

' _ lll/C -dr1

i r i"l J": qD'
j 1 {' ': : x
1.5 1r/cm3 :1.6x1Or9x35X18X15
: _56 10'6 A/(m;2
Il - : :'--_ cncentration
, lrl
_ 56 A/(m)2
_ .._'Y.l^ : l.5XlOa/cm]
For1, : 1m: JnxA
16
1
_ lm _ lO' _:l8um:
- a,: "t =A J"
11
,
56 /ml:
-- -^r,r
r{1
l
---------------l-)
Ex:3.6
:. 10- Using equation 3.21

= : 1'5/cm3
o'--V
LP
Er" -i4 Dn : uV : 1350 X 25.9 X 1 3

-. _'*_ : _,
- :': - :-::it\ e si-Sn indicates that electrons = 35 cm2ls
- , lirection oppSite t E Do : uV1 : 480 X 2_5.9 X 10 3

, ',".
_ : = 12.4 cm2 ls
:-_ |,E
1 Ex:3.7
= ]] '. 1 m : lO-acm
lxl04 Equation 3.26

=- -: 1o cm/s : 6.75 X 101 m/s

 |- \eclse _1-,

increase.
s one can see frm above equatin' t
carrier-concentratin (pn) by a factol'f
?(#),.
minority
2' one must lower N, (= l,) by a facto of 2'

w2 =+(H#)"" Ex:3.10

_ Ir(:): (#c-- Equatin 3.14 S : n"|(ffi-k)

)w'
'" D,,an. D"
since here apProximatelY
Ex:3.8
n a p+ n dide 1 >> Np ' then'n"'"''
similar values, if N >> Np, 7fr
can be neglected as comPare Ot
#-,
to
We can neglect the,"r*
fi
as Cmared
fi .'' s=
,D^
AQni-L,
Np o
since Na >>

ltes .t,1 Ex:3.11

-{qN,
" _ ,#-- t,: on'?(#".:fr^)
quation 3.21
: 1o
a
x 1.6 x lo re
x (1.5 x 1or)2

-
: li-
,\'/)
.[ 'o
";; 'ol..",lI
';''
:
quaion 3.28. ,
'r, _ |.45 X 1O-I1
since N1 >> N
: r(ru'u'-\)
=w#: ,,(r&J
.rru":1.45X10
quation 3'29. QJ: : .2 m
^r#+fo)
w - lq.
/va
W since e >> o lx: 3.12

- AqN oW

:
Equatin 3.30, Q'' A
:- --3'' \l'" )'l+ Ob5}

i '" ^' , lol'/

: |'66 X 1-5 cm : 0'166 m

: A"lflNDv Ex:3.13

Ex:3.9 w:
nexample3'5' : 1Ol8icm3 and
:- -J91+i\lo'* -L-
jO8la + 2l
No : 16/cm3
juction dide
i *"r '" lorn/
n the n_region of this pn
: 6.8 X 1O-5 cm : .608 m
nn : N: 1l6/cm3
Using equation 3.29
.. :
n,' _ (1 .5 ,< lO")2 __ 2'25 , l a/cm]
o,: oo(##J*
l' --.j-
n ln
 Exercise 3-3

Ex:3.16
= !,i_j X 1-6 X 1O_19t#$ X 6.08 X l_5 cm quation 3.51

: 9_63 pC , L2^

,,e,erse Current : s : on":(+r".:ft;)

- (5 x 510-4)2
: tr
l'X 1.6 X 1
-t, x
11.5 x 10t";' :25ns
It) 18 Equation 3.57
"( 5X 1 4X1O16+ 10x1O_4x 1018
: (-r),
: -_] 1O'15 ",
n example 3.6' A : 1018/cm3 ,

r _L{
o : 1016/cm3
ilrrli 3.zE,
Assuming No >> N
:'4 T7 1'o: 25 ns

2s x lo-'q_)o.t
...c.:
" r x to-r
\zs.q x to-r/
: 96.5 pF
('--#)(#')
3"1pF:
m;n 3.47
- Cto
l{.:-

;; Vo
'n
_r.f 10'12
-
t- 2
,,' OS14
: -2 PF

f,b f,-15

(- _- cQ L'-,
_
,J'- dv' '
:
$'. x r1evl - 111
: :-ls'dv'
!'u'u'- l'1
: -. L
' -' "u'u,

: '" "au,u,
'_

=') l
t -,
 rercise 4-1

(c)
Ex: 4.1
Refer to Fig 4.3(a). 1br V, > ' the diode
con-
Thus
ducts and presents a zero ltage drop'
V o : V For V, ( O, the diode is cut-off' zero
t
cuffent flo\/S through R and V6 : 0 ' The

results is the transfer characteristic

in Fig E4'1 1:0 t
x:.4'2
see Figure 4.3a and 4'3b
diode
rring ,t positive half of the sinusoid' the
" in
is fortiarcl biased, so it conducts resulting -5
, o : 0 Duing the negatie half ofthe input sig-
na1 1' the dioJe is reese blased'
The diode does (d)

nt cnduct resulting in n current flwing in the

: o and UD 7)o :
circuit. S .'o
Thrs esls in the ravefotm shown
in Figure E4'2

: 0+51
Ex:.1.3
.to- i,, _ 10v _ l0 mA L5
R 1k :2mA
1^
dc component of ro = -o

1: -
_Ll
-
1
-5
- - l
l

: 3.18 V
(e)

3
xz 4.4
(a) 2 Vo:3
1V

2.5 k
5-o:2*A
2.5

v:0v
1k 'f'
t: 5-1 1

(b) 4mA
+3V
+2 7:lV
ko
2.5
+lv
Ex:4.5

v:5V v^r: i1l

10-
so+R : !- :
lmA
.'.R:3.133k
 Exercise 4-2

;. *.r
.
R _ 10k o
- :3 '.1oc(f) -->
+
-:"eraure V, : 25 mV VCC_ 5 vD

- rrx2sx10'"'"*(#)

Vr_V,:2.3XVrlogl'\
/
Vz: V.2.3 v.og(b\
\t,)
First:iteration
' l ]/o 25

V, : o.7 + 2.3 x zs x tO_rlogq4)

'\/ : O.679 v
= j.J X 10 16

-_,m Second iteration

- 1] _ X lO ') ,:5*0'679:0'432mA
-
x l0_: lnr 'l 10k
!t 2.5
\6-9 x ro '''l r,o*[o''132)
v2 - o.i + 2.3 x 2.s.3 x to '\ 1 l
= r.\
- 0.679 V - 0.68 V
-: . ],l ,/ OX lO 1\ we get almost the same votage
69 X il'/ .'. The iteraion yields
D - o.43 m, V, : 0.68 v
b. Use constant voltage drop mode
V D _ 0.7 cnstant votage drop
jJ
l^
" - 1_-
I0 k
- .4_] m

Ex:4.11
.i

lv
_-lu
Imo
' . : ^: ::1 erse leakage current doubles fr
'
't] jncrease, at 4"C

-- .:4A
-]XlM:4.0v
,':1u
4'
x1 : 0.2.5V

;ui J li'l
-: .3:lt1on
- : - ,, ,- ]
V drop at 1 m current.
Dides have 0'7 V drop at 1 m
, .*.,-- - 0.7V .'. 1m: /-se
o'1/V

: rro'' V, _ 25 mV
.,k

16
:: -::. rn J.5 and note that =.: 1i - 6.91 X 1
- -\'. 1r _ 1m
 xercise 4_3

Fo an utput voltage of 2.4' the voltage drop (d)

across each dide - j : o. u

3

Now /, the current through each diod is

3)

:
.*(:s
' t''
: se
V
' 6.9t X l0 'o
'"e

: 54.6 m

^-
10-2-4
545lO-t
2.5 k
+'r# :1.72m1^
:139
-5V
xz 4.|2 (e)
(a)
3V
5V
2 v:3*0.7
:2.3
2.5 k '# :7.72mA 1V

V :0.7
(0

(b)

5V
t
1:oAt* 2.5 k +3V v-1+0.7
:1.7V
+2
+
+1V
I

T v_5
Ex:4.13
= V,
" o

25X10 3 :250
(c)
/p : 0'1 mA fa:
O.1 X 1'3

1o:lmA f=
2570-3 : 25
lX1''
10mA
25X l0_] 4 (
1o f,---".,")
" 1 X |O_'
:0A
x:4.14
For small signal model, using equation 4.1 5

-5V D
: -' r'uo

"
^^
- b.^u^
V,
(|)
 Exercise 4-4

: l:,:1:nia mde1
b. For V, : 3 \'. iage drop across each

dide_ : o.zsv
4
: i l]/vr vlv''
vt\ -
ia: re
vlvT
= :-: ir, : iore - iot r: #^ - --j___-] :4lx l nA
jt I_ ,
,o'7525.l
. t) \2) "
c. lf iD_ 5-i':5-1:4m
' :-'.:mi:l:lm
crss each diode the oltage dop is
: :'__:inS (1) and (2) results and using
:
_

= -i 'l\- v" vr"(?)

1V(mV) ir(m) ir(m) :25xlo ,Xnr 4X l-j )

\4.'7 x lo tol
small expo.
:
signal model
0.1443
Voltage drop across 4 dides
. -10 -0.4 -0.33 :4xo.7443:2.97'7
- -5 -0.2 _.18 sochangeinVo : 3 - 2.9'77 : 23 m
. +5 +0.2 +0.22
Ex:4.16
: +'l +o.4 +0.49 For a zener diode
V9 :
V'o1- rr,
I 10:V,n+0.1 X50
+1-5V : 9.5
V.,,
Forlr:5n,4
vo _ 9.5 + 0.05 X 50 : 9.75 V

x:4.17

5.6 V

0to 15 mA

-.:::blem * 2OmV
i,' - t m
- ro,
'-' . ::.j1 si_qna resistance f the ur diodes The minimum zener cuffent should be
- il 5Zk:5X1 _ 5m.
--.-- Jjde ,',.4 20 : 5 ()
Since the load cuent can be as large as l5 m,
- we should select R s that with = 15 mA, a
zener curent of 5 m is available. Thus the cur_
_;_ .. _ 25mV
" rent should be 2 mA Leading to

: 15 5. : 4-70 dL
2 m
," _ "
]5 3 : 2.4k Maximum po'er dissipated in the diode occurs
-< m,\ when 1.= Q i5

P...: ]X 1
]X_,.6: 112mV
 Exercise 4-5

Ex:4.18 Ex:4.19

15V

t no lad Vz : 5.1

FR LNE REGULATON
a. The diode starts conduction at
" = Vo: 0.7 V
u, : V5sinot, here V, : 12[2
Att:
ur: Vrsin : vD: o.'7
12J1sin : 0.7
: sin _( 0'l 1 -- ,.o"
: o : y
\tzfil
Line Relati on 33.s
i 200+1 Cnduction Starts at and stops at 18 -

For Load Regualation: .'. Total conduction angle : 180 ' 2

: 175.2"

(_)
l
b.oo.u"e:
* | rvrsin-V,)d
;
: 2'
=!_[
- y..os - Vo lt _ ; '
vro
: lIy.cos - /rcos( - 1 - Vo( _ 2)1
2' '
rz But cos - 1, cos(' - ) - _1 and
-2 -
2V, VD
"o.a8 2 2

Vo : -,'r, : vt -vo
1
' l m
For v, : l2"D andvD : o!7
rffiV
- -/;A 0rt - 0.7
uo^un : j-:-l:
'z ? :- 5.05 V
 Exercise 4-6

' -_,. :eal diode cuent occers at the peak

diode
- l2'.-: o.7
Peakcuen
- 163 mA
_ _ r'_,-v, :12,J-2_0.7
"R1 Nn zer output occurs for ange : 2(
- 2)
= -5_: m The fraction of the cycle fr which l, > 0 is

,,=-tr,s:0rt : 2( ._ 2)
* ,oo
-,-\' 2

2[ - 2sn (j+
['-' 4"]{
____ x
2;s t00

- 97.4
verage utput oltage yo is

otput ,. -\ vv)-.t\_,
z-_',o_-_2x12,[2
- -.7 - lv
f 0.

eak diode current ?p is

io: Vs-V, : nJ1-"

R 100
: 163 m
PV: VS-vD+vS
: t2J1 - o.i + nrt
; r.: :r,r$n in the diagram
the output is zero :33.2
r1 i,-;] - ) to ("- + )
:2 x:4.21
-l1-: ; iS the angle at which the input signa
r:]t _: ',
; '::n : Vo
VS
output
r = ].n t(Y!\ 2vo
\Y,si

-- - lsin '(b\ : rin_l/%)

\Ysl
\ 7,/
-vs
,;:ge ,alue ofthe output signal is given by

l. ( _ ll
I
''L
*r, (75sin@_v,)dl
'r
Vo.u, __
f
||J|vrsn
_ 2Vil d
1
: )
Vrcosl _ 2V
- - 2'I- o1 _',
'1

- Vrcos@ V ol| :u,

-[
'. : I
:-[2V
- 2V o _
- t_ -y, s 2''l7

-
But cos 1

cos(-)--
' :,.k .-L"r, occers when @
a
-2:
r:* 1t/
Clrrent
=Vo',r: "s -2Vrt
' \''sin(l2)-Vo : !s-Va

n 7'1 11 t1
'-.:s12V(rms)
j,:- l';: "Dxz: nrt
 rercise 4_7

(hl Pcak diode cun'en Peak Vage

(ir.n' \^ _ (
u --!-2JR
;
_Vs-2vp _tZ.J2-t.a : Y{,
R t R
- 156 m
'D.r--]lR''a
lv : ys V : l2.fz 0.7 : 16.3
where / is the conduction angle.
Note the cnduction ange is the same expressin
x:4.22 as for the half wave rectifier and is given in
Ful wave peak Rectifier: EQ(4.30)

ot =
(b)
Dl
/
Jo, r V,,
Substituting fbr r v/e gt:
'
t

lll
. V,, R: C
aD.
t-
l\r
_ 11'

J.
+
a ,s 4 V,,
i l
- Since the output is approximately hed at Vo

D2 v
;!:/..rhus:
v,, ionu:'|!!nl |
\
\''
rv ,

_ l,lr
'l P;l-1 o
' ' 2V -
f , = 0 iS at the peak' the maximum diode current
l2 + ccurs at he onset of cnduction or at 1 r. :
During cnduction, the diode current is given by:
it- ir*i',
The ripple voltage is the amount f discharge that .
D...*:a^d ,.
n''
occurs when the dides are not cnducting. The 7j
utput olage is given by:
- llRC assuming l. is consl. ,, - _ ,'
0:
.
vPe '

- c!,V. cos} f 1,
d |'
v,,- v,. :
Tt2
R' '
ve discharge is nly
: -Csint.'lVo*,
half the period.
: -Csin(-t) V,, *
v, _ v,,(
' -, fbr a small condrction angle
sin( -r) : -r. Thus:
Ttz Tt2
e
Rc-1
RC lD,ru, : Cr lV u 1

Sub (b) t get:

or CR >> T /2
lv'
1

. T/2\ ir..r. - C'|j'lv,'+'

:.V,,|-| +_t
RC)
,y yi,

SUB : 2f sub (a) for/

- 2fRC
vu
(a)
- /r+
To find the aerage cuTent, nte hat the charge
2V,RC
supplied during conduction is equivalent to the
:i^ '- * 2nuu' , .'
- .D.ma o ,,
4 V ,' 2v,Rtr
charge lost during discharge.
Qs.,pp'-,., = Q.os
i"o,,/ : cv,' SUB (a) Vvl '+'
_-J,
v,'v,,
 Exercise 4-8

--, pV''1 The conducin anq1e _\r can be obtained using

-'^./] equation .1.-10

2x1
-li., - ! '''.
\,' - -
il
l 0._]6
] ltz..D. 2 .< 0.8
,v r rad : 2O."7"
- r''i,fr] aED The average and peak diode currents can be calcu-
lated using equations (4.34) and (4.35)

i^._ : l,( +n/Jo,l r"r" t,' |4'9.

'\ 2v') l00 ()
andVu : 12[2-2x0.8, V. : I V
ioo." : 1.45 A

/
/n"o ,\ : l|1 + 2 #)
- 2.74 A
V of he dides
- ys V : l2J' - O.8 : 16.2 v
To keep the safety margin, seect a dide capab1e
ofa peak current f3.5 t 4 and haing a PV
':::: ltage, o, cabe expressed as rating of 20 V.
- ',
- - 2V o61e-'tRc
x:.4.24
:: : .i the discharge interval
--.. 2Voo V,) i+
- :.' -.]ge ccurs almst oer half f the time
,--] A1

*; .'onstant RC >> t,.

2 Llo

. 1
_ I
2RC
-^- ,*t 1K

_ 2\' V, _ T ,. 1 \
(V
o - zv oo1( - -^-l
2 RC)
.r
_|Vu-2VD't;a The diode has 0.7 V drop at 1 m current.

: 12.f,2 and V, : 1 V D: l'\e "r'tlv

t

'1.8 v i D k'D - t\.'l\/v

T

1
1m
6 1o )
= D - ,, ,-lt
yr1n] l 0.7 v
: ] _ : X .8) X
mA-----g-J

260xl0\C Fr, : 10mV, xo : a : lmV

_ .:.2-1.61 _ ,"o
lzol F t is ideal op amp' s l* : i- :
_ 60 - 0
_''. ;onsidering he ripple voltage the dc :.io:i"-iffi-I
0 mV

. ,. r :|1399
*')* . :
= : l-2x0.8: 1.5.4v ^ _- 25
" x t 'tn[lo
lm/
O.58 V
_::.: 11xgg is included the output vltage is
V_-1mV
=:.:-2X.8 L:'o.nu
2 : 0._58 : .01
]. --']rent without taking ripple vtage into : 0.59 \'
- _.'-:in - 12 1' - 2 x0'8 - Forz', - 11-
. l.5
100 a -\
 Exercise 4-9

Forr-5V
: ' 1)6 -
lp:-
l :1m
Diode D1 conducts and

:0" 7) -_
1

- 5 t- i(] '1 l5)

Vl:o.'lv+1kX1m
:1.7V -(-cr-flu
-'_ ,))
For , : - 1 V, the diode is cutoff Forlr>5V
.'.uo:0V Diode D2 conducts and
V : -12 V because it is
idea1 amplifier I
: 5+)(-s'l
_.

x 4.25
-(cs*'')v
\'' ) )

x 4.21
peak output
Reersing the diode resuts in the
oltage being clamped at 0 V:

1l,} -diodeiscutoff
,, _ V

load
1l, { O - dide conducts and opamp sinks
cuffent.
erethedccmponent of o: V : -5\'l
ilo:

x:,4.26
l k

D2
D1
+
5V 5V
+

l k 1 k

Both cliodes are cut-off

for -5 ,< +5

and .,,, : l,
 rercise 5_2

: + 3.5 V. w
-'- 7)c
l - 0.72
18m
- ,^
Uo1)c+l-4.-5v. O.

(e)For : -O.02 V and |Vrr| : .5v

saturatinmode (u5p : 0{ V,,,)
o _ 75 and r": -!_ : k
l2l
667
V, - 0.8 v. : 1.8 - oRo

(nAvD - ] . lo : !z*'C.,rro - V,n)' : 72 A

l, _ )l,:"lv ov|2(' + |i Iu,r|)

...R-1.8-0.8:13.9k
72
= 75 (1.04) : 78
Ex:5.10
AtVo : OV,
o : 75 A(1.1O) : 82-5
.-
'' Vr, _].
l 4.5
- 667 k

Ex:5.8

o _ _ 1u60
),,c,,'YrrbrO.3 2 1000
])
_' '
J.|/!
From Exc. 5.9, Vcs : 0.8 V, V - V,
ou
- 0.-5
'

V,_ 0._5V=+Vcs: V"ul V,:0'5+l Vou : o.3 .

- 1.5 v o : 72 (saturation)

Vs: V=R,
v"J -v t the tride/saturation boundary
1.5
V _ Vov _ .3 V
.S.t

b
_- l.s - (-2.s)
.'. l{: : 1.8 v- o.-l v
.3
12 A
Rs : 3.33 k Ex: 5-l I

Ro: l2.4x2:24.8k
-
ll t/
v t) 2.5 0.4
= 7k
n " DD

V cs : 5 V, ssume triode
" o .3
region:
Ex:5.9
+ 1.8V
o :

f, - l,(s lvDS
+)
= - 8.8yDs + .4 : 0
Vs

V os : .05 a V ou =+ triode region

1^ - 5 0'0_s _ O.2m
" 24.8
Ex:5.12
/r, : 0'5 V'
s indicred in Exampe 4.5,
: .4 m / V o 2 V V, fbr the transistor to be in
nCn', tr/]
saurati n region.
"
 xercise 5-3

rM
]]11l|l' m l
i.-1',:5-1:4V Ex:5.15
:
= ." ra r D _
vDD *v Dmin 0: Since he circuit is perfectly
symmetrica Vo= oand therefore Vc.s O which
']li]ill D max =
D implies the transistors are turned off and Ip,
=
'- |11]1 - : 12 k np = o.

t :
] _:
V 2.5 V: f we assume thd the NMOS is
tm s"i$
turned on, then u, would be less than 2.5 V and
= ,!l ::-\ :
/,lffi,,, l)i

!;'r,: this impies that PMOS is off (z65p > O)

.ainj,,= -8v
o" : )t'"f {v - V, )'
]1lll = lt- : r.8 v 'xlxV ",
m:-=i-_'__: l-.: 1.6 + 1.8 : 3.4 V

,ffiirll" : 3.4 M,
l
_i{
rffi 1.6 M

then R, _ 5-3.4 = 5k
or: )x\z.s_ Vr_ 1)'
0.32
1r,:0.5(1.t- rr)'
Also: 7, : Rr
," :
1.8 V 1o
o"
1rr: O.5(1.5_ 1oD)2
{,"

-
-2.sv.---l
}l
il1

iil = 25

+ l002o" - 32
o" + 2.25
: 1r,
=:'-." ko_5.56mA/V2
O =+
,,[, ; .} m : 0.104 m
iw
r,,; = -,'l^ - V: -1.0 v : - 1.8 + IDR oo: 0,Vo: 10 X0.104 : 1.O4V
,lliu,'l = " i \'. for Vo, : -0.6 V V t : -2.5 V: Again if we assume thd
Op is
= : 1 m
turned on, then > -2'5 V and V651 < O which
''' 0.
:*,1 implies the NMOS is turned ofi
Q7

ir = {"l- [o= o
 Exercise 5--4

Ex:5.17
: : !xl
\"!(Vro - ly,l)' 2 vro
",
x (u{ + 2.5 - l1t
, _2
Vs : -l0or+2or: (- 0D + .))
=+ p -- 0.104
m ) V o : -10 X .104
:-1.4v -.rO__l
Ex:5.16
Voo

V, : 0'4 V'
7p, : 1.8 V.
ln : 7J95
Vo, : .6 V.

k'=0.4mA/V2
w:10
'
l'o: 1'8 v RD : 17.5 k
RD _ 17.5 k (a) Vo : 0.2 v.,
V, : 0'4 V' _- k'v^":8O0/V
om nL
k": 4mA/V2
forAu:- 8'R: -10, make
:0
(A) Cutoff/Satrration Boundary
Rp : 12'5 k

L65: V,:o.4.,,,: Ups : 1'8 V' U65 : 0.6 ., : 0'08 m'

(B) Saturation/Triode Boundary Vr, : o'8 V'
Uc: I)cs-Un:Vt:o.4' (b)keep RD : 17.5 k

Ucs _ |uoo_ \"uor_ v,l'nrl _ '+ -8'R: -1 8,n : 571 A/V

= 'Yv^,,
L
O'8 u", + 0'16)] :
Ucs - [1.8 -:su."- '4

:.Vov:0.143 V'
35&r- 27n, + 3.4 : 0
cs : 0.54, :0-04 m'
ucs : 0.613 V', 0'1585
ups : 1'l V'
o: 9o'7 Ex:5.18
: 0.213. *Vor:5V

(C)For cslc : Vn: 1'8 v', triode'

Vou: 1.4.

rr5: (k',Vn) : 179

Vo|c, : Vor.r= v
ffir:
18 mV'
 Exercise 5-5

M1,, : _] v.
ilr, : lm'/v2
It =
t*': * r.o,

*., :
f
1
.'.
ll

R----->.. 8^

Ex:5.20

Voo

oo:|'r'
D
i,f..
R', :
m'E'fr.{-,__
', 500 k
r- as

Jl.&Mfi:5:knvovRD
'
-.__-.
J- acs
d
*, :}_l| Rc
U_ Uo

*: ]6Rin : 13 M
*
i#, : Voo: 5.
|!t"u;)n"
V6': 2'
'- i*- rt-r,' :
11[

12.5 V6u
Vr:lV,
* :0
r, : *'oo- V, - oRo : 4.3 - 12.5 vov
n : 2o A/V2
,#i:, ff4ris : 0-19 v.
R: 10
flh: A/V
-119
:z
fi = rt*s k L
1l^= L'*-*V, (a)Vcs:2V+Vor:1.
a- 26i<vt lo : : zoo
ffi' = )lr'Yrv'o,
- Vs:Voo-oRo: +3v
lfrl < m.
,,';|".
o:27 (b) c- : u'uou: 40o A/
h5.!'
: '!':-
(c) , r-Ro: -4
ug"

(d) U8, : 0.2 sintV.

Ua, : -Q.8 sinr
aos : Vs * 70a,+ 2.2 < 95< 3.8 v.
(e) Using (5.43)

o:
)lr,1v"r-V,)'
+ kn(V cS _ V t)s, +
\"!,
io : 2 A + (8 )sin

+ (8 )sin2or
 Exercise 5-6

F,xz 5.24

= [2 + 80 sin'
+ (4 - 4 cosr)]A
: Lr,,{Vro - 1V,1 )'
1, shitlsby 4 A "
: !x6X-L9X(l.6-l)
.l
?,, 4
2D: , -: *l :
U.
O.0557l
' D : 2|6 A
Ex: 5.21 :' 2o - 2x2|6 : 720 /
, ,W'^'': !xo
v nv
2Io "" 1.6-1
| g, : r*'": --l- ^ 2
0.72 rnA/V

x 4 X (l.5 - 1)-
1
_1: I :25Vim
= 0.04 + Va - .4
/o : 30 : 0'3 mA'
Vy = 0'5 V
v^L : 25x0.8: 92.6 k

. - 2x0"1 : l.2mA/V.
ri .5
r,, : -!;-
1D 0.216

Vo:9:50k Ex:5.25
r'' '] 2lo u 2Vo
"_ 7-
vA
,' '' :
Vo
-
-

|1

'--^ w
8
'"r v D -

- 8. =
'

:ffi
/o = 0.5 m ]2"{ ''r'1 V'oxL: VA
o v t) 5 X .8
, : 0.8 m + ,, 0.2
8. : 1'55 m/v
: 100 V/V
r,, -C
Vo
-- 11 : : Ex:5.26
0.5
(5.10) :
-8,,(R, il to)
A,,o
x 5.22
(5.'7 Ro _ R, li ',
8, : 7 mAlV, k" =
50/V2
: o.t fA,

2o 20.1 - 0.2 V
/tr
o:-1v ' r,
1
V nu
2o
|,'W',2
^YL
o = 1r"uov-
_
k"vrou

- )u _:
2X.1 lO
x 0.2
10
Ex:5.23
R,
8,,,
: 'C,,"V, Same bias cnditions'
s
A-- -^
_ ''
loo * R1
PMOS '' cS
L and g"' for both
same Vy and a1so same R.
andMoS. = -8",Ro6fr,
: l"uCo"W, *l2: o.4:Wo : rril R)
VnCu.,W n ,, !.r,: -g,,(Rli R.) -8,(Rr!|

^Yt
- w, : z.s
same as (5.75)
.xi 5.27

r RD R

8mgs 20K
 Exercise 5-7

R," -_ a: R"," - 0
= fl' \:
8.:10m/V
#::k
91
=
_

J 2o 2n
^ i"=:
8^: V v
,--!- +1r: 1 .,4
7-J
:-(-
:]mS
0.2v.
ru
Gr,:uo:=Ls,Ro
Uri Rsig + R'n

= -f.r Ro!! r) :-g.Ro - -4 : (j)'o m / v)(2 k)

=ffrir-R=20k - +10
= G,, : -gn'|| r'll R.) - Ex:5.30

l] R:} : _20 / CD amplifier

Ro", : l : lOO 1 8' :1 m/V
fih' = lq) 2vv : 0.5 V. o'
m

-*''r."-q,:1v' : 2^ 2 + D : l.25 m^

'' u;: "

io : 0.,i" 8^R
'' l* g,R,
:9l
as,:a,t" l g'R'' mV.
, G
rm +
;
"srg o= 0'9
1V

l'. --+ z
Ex: 5.31
*]S CD (surce follower)

_ 5m!
+ g-R' :
Rnu:2O0: L-r.:5m/V
-
] _ g.Rs 2 mv
_t
6m

: n-s k
: o''uov : (0.4 mA/21
'frffr
'.
R.)
(f).r' vl+f : s
t - - g.(Ro ll _20
l*g.Rs 4 -5
* ffir$*. : 1V. lo : : o.zs
)l,'"rvf,u ^
G,,: 8'.R
" | * g.R,.
for| K<R.<1K
.83<Gv<0.98
 xercise 5_8

Ex:5.32 Vr_Vrr_-_2_(_5)_6k
,
"s l-) 0.5

+Rs:6.2k
f we choose R, = R, = 6'2k then 1' will
slightly change:

":'X1X(vcs-1;2.A1so
Vcs : -Vs : 5 - RslD
2o : (- 6.2)2

+ 38.442D - 51.62D + 16 : O

1 : O'49 m,0'86 m
0.86 results in V. > O or V,) V,rwhich is nt
#k"
1,, =
A.,,o: oulo,,--: acceptable' therefore 1, = 0'49 m
: -5 +6.2x .49=-1.96v
ro Vn:5-6.2x0.49=*1-96V
l1\o M t
f t
I R. should be selected in the range of 1
-6m 10 M to have low current.
Ex:5.35
( Yo)
.l^/ l, W-.2 ''2
: /, - 0.5 nA -_
)k"|vb=}
vov
A () ------L
() -()
- _ 0.5x2:1=
1

2o _ , 'V,,ul
l

2'v(, 2v-j
Vou:1V+Vcs:1+1:2V
\-
tbr Vo : 20 V.
/
--Vn)Rr:;_-6k
A1- __ O.qq - _-r_
Vlv
V,, _ '4 V' + Ro : 6.2 k{t standard value' For this R"
1 l we have to recalculate d,:
4ou'

Ex:5.33
":'X1X(ycs-1)2
o: \',YrV
or - V )' .5 mA :\{v""_ RDD-|)2

: Lx l(Ycs-l) (V., _ Vo: Vo - Ron)

: + :0.49 m
Vor: 2. { -
6.2 D)2
"
F=1.5Vthen: V : 5 - 6.2x 0.49 : 1'96 V
r^ _- 1
'D x l(2 l.512 = O.l25m Ex:5.36
2
Using Eq.4.53:
O.5 - .l25 -- 0-75 -_ (w/L\,
- ,, 75
- ,ur|#ij,loro _ '5X:
I

0.5

Ex:5.34 ) nr : 0.1 m
D - Voo_Vo-5-2 _ 6k
D 0.5 D lntr : o. _ \* (i),vu - ' u

+Rp:6'2k
_ _ ' l
}
Y Vb,
- 0.1 2 : 0.25='Vo: O.5 V
'" \o"vbu+o.s .8

'+Vou: \ Vcs:vo+vt:1-5V
+Vcr:Vor+Vr:1+1:2V +t./-: 5l 1.5: .1.5V
- ' (;
9tzr: -2
 Exercise 5-9

s (-3.s) _ 8.5 k l2-l^_ lm

P'-= ^l'' V
.1

I'
-- "ov - 0.5 v
t/ : v. : 150 k()
- 'n
'o ! D

;,1"-
For r, --)
;t
Rin _ R" : 4.7
It

Auo: -R,Ro - -15

Rnu, : Rp : 15 k

For r, : 150 k, R. : 15 k
: \''YrrL" V,,v
_ 1.O v. R'" : 4.7 M
A'o -- -8-(Rnll rr) : -13.6

- 10v Roo, : Rol| ,o : 13.6 k

R,n A,,^ Rt ..
D
c,' -
R'n + R.,, ""RL Rn,,, -
.o

r5K
Uns : 7'o : Vor* 1,
= 2.5 + Gv(o.4 P )

6 is a2.8 V , sinusid superimposed upon

"
a2.5 d, voltage.
Ex:5.39

8^g" D

- lOv

g-----4
:2.5V +

-R- : +15

- 1m/V 9mrogs ro

G
% ---o
+
\/o _ 4.0 v. S
ii

RJ

I ('l) () _ ",-:!!L
' RD-rolRs
: ,1 ^ -t
R.*ro*Rs
"RD -rn-Rr(l l g.r0\

(3)uo: \
8.r R o
Rn _ r _ R'(1 i 8',ro)
\\'e \\'an
 Exercise 5-1 0

Ex: 5.41
nl 1 |
-t.l _'
U'
l, |Rr:
using (3)
" n

8'ngs
Rin
-8-roRo _ 1 - g.roR
(Ro+r)+Rs(l + 8ro) 3 Ro * ro

^
2(Ro 16) : 21s_5 k
' 1 I g,nro

R, :
basedon 15 , r : 15 K,
g,:1mS

Ex:5.40

8^: 1mi V
r _ 150 k
R'n : Rc
8u,o
z,o
| - 8.'"
, : 8",\rr ll R.l
^u e'o] )
1 rr
^
:6nl | ,o
.-

a)

f.J ro : 150 k
8n, _ 1m/V
For R.,, : 50 Rin 4.7 M 47M
t' _ 1 : lk 4,. .0 0.993
6nl
0.932
tn,, : R : 15 k
4,, 0.938

A.,,o: *1nR_ +15 R.ut 1 kf,) .993 k

Au - g,n(Rpll n.l : + '7.5

^ : R,n
: ',:
;J^' -
U, .l G,,
+
'l (b) 0.768

''x5.42
See the next Page
For other R"r*

R.ig Gv
1k 3.',75

1 k .68

10 k 0.07
 Exercise 5-1 1

F 6 ' 5_ 07) n page 324 of the text:

W, s',o*'nfz;vu*ffil
=
IW, = 0.8 + O.4[ J + 3
- J'll
r= [j
 Exercise 5-12

Ex: 5.43
V.,.: *1YV. : -2V
.-y,:3v
To OPERAE N SAURTON REGON:
VDs- min - V-.-V,::lV
J

io: )"Yr{V"r-V*)2
:lxzxJ2:9m
2

i
 Exercise 6-l

1r. tu
lsa : : 10
- 10-18 A
= - ( B'T
10

,;, : Is : tr. + 1l : to-'u, J9l

"""f1,l [, ] 10

: ) - usrn Q_ll
.01 1_'6
L1J : : ,sh
= ,] mV
vtt V-n
' &l
La"-l [14]
: 25 x 29.9336
= _} - zsln !!_l
L1l : 748 mV
= a5! rnV
Ex:6.6

- m-]l V6r^: -|5

{,s { -""
150
15 + 1

, < .3

= f,"- ,
*]iii.ffis1 m-\
-0'01446 m
illL,rltffi m_q,

4rr
- l.JJ6 : 099
][r :'_4]5o

4r.- -$t6:,*
4 li ftl_J6
u3, : 690 mV
- f, 'l 'r 16': lmA
- ,l]].

d,r 1.446 ForactiverangeVr>V"

ln d: - 25
vcc-0'690
--u)
# R.(max) -
ff : l_l5
C

ff
-5-.69 1

: 4.31 k
Ex 6.7
1s : 10'15
rea.: l00XArea,
1r. : 1 X 1s : 1_13

Ex:6.8
VB'V VsC'vT
lc:1se '
-SCe
fori.:g
vB'vT . VBc'|l
'
lS : sc
, V/ V
SC e
m-" - : 10' c : 1mA l, - uta'ut
ll
lilfi * .il
- r,.[r +
]]
: r(u', Vc\i
 |--xerclSe o-.

x:. 6.12
:.V c : V ,, - V,c: ,.' ['f]
For colector Area : 1O x Emitterrea

l_i] -
l001 l15mV
Vc:25|n

Ex:6.9
vo' vt v^c/vl
ic:seo''-sce"
sovr'u' '' u'
i."
- rrru"

,,,,."o: !l
,a|*o
<

- Vgr VT '
B|,VT
^ lc -sc
''
+ B rre
,'B'
- \Vg
vBC\/vT
_ Fig6'12
re " /sL :
- ^
P : 10O, V"u : o'8 V at . 1 m
ts( -tr"", --
:1;, , /s.
V urr' V : Vr|n | gr/ 6'l
-.Sal/v
^ e'"
'_Sc/S : 25 0.693 : 0'1733
y y^_si/ y-
'-Brr/' .'.Vsz: 0.817 V
e"
p. __ Vcc: Vc _ l.5
.(' -
.5 k
:
200/25
n,"" 10o - 10
EC 2
7#" + 1;1 :50
: 0.2219 :22'2
^ Vrr-V"'
100
_- -(ts
Ex:6.10

':
, Vg/VT
-:g - l.5 0.817 x
2

51 / v :338
2m -- ,o_ nv
50
Ex: 6.13
Vs: ,n''l
2srn
[4 " H, +10v
650 mV

c : r: !xz
+1
1.96 m

" :S:
* 39.2 A

Ex: 6.11

,: r"uu''": l.5A
!.V : V. ln[1'5 10-1]
-10v
: 25 x 25;734
: 643 mV
Fig 6.13
: 50' Vg5: 0.1
V: Va-0'7v
 Exercise 6-3

: -0.7 Ex:6.15
-7'+ l0
m!
l
: .91 m
ffi
imr _-91 _5

ftfisv
: l
r '
p

-l0v V66. decreases approx 2 mV/ "C rise

for 3oC rise
_2x30
5 k[) ^vB:
: -60 mV
v
: -60mV
^v 1, is constant
Since
+1.7 V
f. is constant
olmm vc .'. z.: 6

Ex:6.16

_ f

&M

r_7

A+C, ic: reu""'V a

ro
_ : vA
ar,d ro

A
.'. ic : rru''u' *'rr''r:u'''u'
-rfl vA

: 1""v/v l + 9sgl
: l_ffs _ " L voJ
0.99
il*6fi QED
u'-ff _
165 ic: re'B"'v *!! inFig(a)
rlll ro
* c*c
ll^ffi x 5 : - 1.7-5 v - !
,.: rv/v

:. iC : piu + k as in Fig )
ro
QED
 Exercise 6-4

x:6'11 c _
vrr-vc
VA (V) Rc
,o_
h ()
- 1-5
10

16(m) 0.1 l.o 1 : 0.5 mA

10
Vs _ Vs+ R
ro 100 1
1)OO1 0J01 l : 0;7 + 10 x 0.01
: .8V
ro l6 1O5 t4
(b) edge of saturation zl., : '3 V
ro lM l00 k 0 k
,- -- l0 -0..l _ 9.7
'( - O.97 m
lOK 1

r': g/ _ 0-97i 50 : '194m

x:6.18
V ug : 0.7 + 0.O194 X l0
: .894 v
(c) saturated V 6u : 0-2

/. : (lO - o'2) /0 : 0.98 m

B -- C/ F : 0.98/ 10 : .098 m
Vg : 0.1+ .098 X 10 - 1.68 v

,x: 6.20
_lo 0
Vru: rl V'u_'l1 1
+ 10v
Fig 6.8
By similar triangles BD AC
l-Ic k
ro LV rt
vc
D AD rl'. lm - l00 l l
C A ;r 100 + 11
-
:1Xll110 :1.99m

:1.1 mA
Ex:6.19

Fig 6.20
F Vr6 : 0
s: 0
Transistor is OFF
6 : 0
:.
Vc : Vcc- cR..
: +l-0
: +l0v

Rc:lk,:50
(a) active Vc : 5 V
 Exercise 6--5

x:6.
+10v
* ]\'

/c

$l vc
*-|'c
'a vE

*0
li]]':

- l. Vt: Vt-0.1
= 0.1 m
IM :4-0.7:3.3V
1l [:_{L\ _ 3'3v :6.6k
R":
.5 m
$ lid]
>r{ru 90-ctive)
Vr: V'+2
:4 + 2: +6V
:rr69:0.3V
_-_ p^ : Vcc- Vc
t-0.3 : 'I
- 5
1.94 k
* 10_6:8k
,(,,-

:'r- : 0.2 V 0.-5

r{ ,hanged)
: t0x0.1 : lm
, x:6.A
frl_ r!-: : +10v
9"8 k)
l[l rifr

4.7 k
*[Nv
{
0.2 v

3.3 k
ii*: \'

$.o oa
po.""d: 5
:, Then , -- 5 g
r= 6 "
Eg 6.22
m ;,;5 : 0.3 V : 5x4.7+6x3.3
1 * 0.2

* ,i-: - R :0.226mA
n ffi.i * _] V":6,3.3
:4.48
lL:
: 1.]25 m Vur: V, * 0.1
iJ
1i'.

*
: 5.18 V
{*

{ jj-0.7
 Exercise 6-6

E;xz 6.21
x 6.25
+1v
+10v
+5V Rc
2k
10 k C
v
+0.7
- 0.4 v >- 0.3
+0.3
-
Rc
k
50<<150
-1v n actie range

I - 5_ 0'7 : .O43m
10 K
vr:0
lowest for largest
%: +0.7V V,-
,: ": 150 X 0'043 A
- 10-0.7
2 : v^--o.3

:4.65 m 15 X 0.043
, -- 0'99 '
: 1.5 k
For : 5
^ 1-.4+0.7
:
0.99 x %: 1 - 50 X 0.043 : 6'78V
For : 150
4.65
:2.2k :
+.3 v] V. 0.3 V
[Vlmax):0+0.7-0.4:
Ex 6.28
x:.6.26
+15
+1
Rc
5k

-10 v :50
vrr:1l:5
n: r,

: 9.3k : 50ll 1
R,: !'" : 10/3 k
V,:V,-4 v"u-vt"
: -4 , = ( + 1)]
R+ LRBB/
p- - 10-4:6k
'' _ 4.3
^
"J+-'-10
1
1

.l 51
: 1.18 m
 Exercise 6-7

_ tr. 5C)
_ 1.l5 m
Ex:6.31
51

r .'hange : 1.28 - 1.15 +5V

1.28
: 9.8o
,:0_
OFF
: 6.29
( + l)1B
10 k " 3.94 m
+15 V
2.78 mA

ON 1k
] .-uent drawn
@+
=: ]1_1 + 1.252 + 2.'5 mA
= l .':5 mA , _1 5 -0.7 < \/
0v
r''r'::Consumed : V X
'az 1 1116 x l ''yu_(-lR
: 15 x
1

4.135
: .39 mA : (-)3'e4 V
-62mW : -394
Ans: V'
0l fuil
E.xz 6.32
i +1sv

J, n +5V
:-5 c,:/r,Satn
_. Y
__{ . +1

o
: ( + 1)1,
:-r I l0 k - /
v : 7.0] m x sat'
,,{ g

+
OFF k)
i-0

rr:0
*5V v
. @v":7.03 x I
illl liil:
: 7.03 V
]]il!,n. il[-lj:[]i:
_l
) 5 .'. Saturation
iiilln,." ll]]ru.'e,c

-,_:-0.7V
v, _ v+o.7 \/ ^v cc - o'2
ilrlll1t1*

- '1
illi]t =-" ' -o'7
1r :5.5V :4.8V
- I
, - 10-5.5
,lili

,,
{1
' 1, + 4.8 mA
a_-l
1^^1
l0
2.7 ) : 0.45 m

: - l
v---0.2
ll":_ * l: 2.7s +
@1cru,l -

''17 2.7 kJ .. --9J-

( + 1)0.47
= 4.8 - 0.45 :4.8V
:* iir': = - -6 V
: 4.35 m 1, + 4.8 mA
- : 6.36
.7 C
} .
, 1 : 13.4 m \'/ Ptrced - -
B
11
- 435 : 9.6 <<3o
0.45
 Exercise 6-8

Ex:6.38

A,' : - V c' :
_V cc - v/V +5 V
T 'o:!-r,
.025
V
-.]2

R"
)Vc:10-8:2.V l0 k
R^_ l0_vC _ -2:8k 1m
' 1m l
0
: l00
V,-, Swing : 2.0 - 0.3 : 1.7 V vb"
lF
A',:LVc_- 320 : 1.7 v"o
" V'' V
'"
+ ]V,.| : #": mV
o : , - lm :4mi
5.3
nl v 25mV
V

Ex: 6.34
;lC Au:b:-g^Rc
ub,
Given: g-
I

aV :-4 X 10
"r1.
'1c: C
: -400V/V
But 1. : ,2''v' Vc: Vcc- cRc
-15-1x10:5V
hus '- : r"'''u' Nc(O:VC+CQ)
d
V vr : (Vcc - gRg) + Au6nG)
', _ (15 - 10) - 400 X 0.05 sinr
: , :5-2sinr(r)
v
ib!) : B + 6"G)
_10 + 2 sin r ()
Ex:6.35
o :.-::
^ .5 m _ 20 m/V Ex:6.39
v 25 m

Ex: 6.36
C -- 0.5 m (constant)
:5 :200
0.5 m
m
o::
vT 25 mV
: 20 mA/ : 20 m/V
. ' .5 _ 0.-5
5O
:10A :
200
Note: g,, : C
r" :
!.
u-n
2.5 m VT

,n:-:
50 * 200 g1en ,c : i _ ('r")i,
N 20
: 2.5 k : l0k : r"8.1( uu
\ -ro )
: 8
'"no

Ex:6.37
: 10 c: lmA
:- 1mA : 40 mA/V
rn1 25 mv

.' __ - l00 - 2.5k

8- 40
r_
: _--!- -
'e 25 tL
+l
 Exercise 6-9

*1][l
t: *:39'6m/V

$ -*" :
{lils l'

t'-
fo:
? x: 1O1 :1 k

X
'-; vo
I Lbl
tl Ec RL

Q.
To

l"
ys

t
tllMm

i'
''n
-. l]

- l{l
: r.ll Rg ', *
,t
-
- " l-5
- Rr_&'-)s'o| Rc| R,)
;1.4_

: 1
39.6 (3.s5) : -76'2/
;a(-)
l4

ro|l R, | R
Rcl R, - 3.85
4.
thus effect f r is - 3.9o

ilffi.
* i] \_ x6.4t(2)
M
Avo : -.vol Rc)
Ro : lroll Rr)
*: i\-

t sk
,
-JF---o v
Au: R,
' -8^RoV*
vt RI+RL
_ _8^ , . RnR,
" 4;;
: _, v lroll R)n,,
"'l|-1+
: *8.0ol n. n.)
l
I x:6.42
lrr' For1.:1,,a
lmr
rrA ^ :_ c -lm : 40 m/
ffi " : aO;
][
:iq9 rn: : l0: 2.5k
rMllr

g- 40
]m1- . il:2.18v
,o : : ]-a9 : O k()
sl l"t9: -0.99 C
- -0.1
1

- i1fl:., - r-: -0.8v fr : ro : 2.5 k

Avo : -^(roii RC)
-: -#r''..,
 xercise 6_1

5
6.42 (cont.) +R -1x5 - 0l -.35k:35
t- Rt :L O
: 2.5
: :40.a k
U Rs + R 5+2.5 3 Rr 5 k + ( + 1)o.35

7o .oo :
U| : -32.5l (rol R. I Rt) lo0 l0
Gv: -'
97.6
t,|{- U5 | -!3 - R^ l0 + 4.4

: - V/V
: : 19.8

|6| A" 32.5 - *fu '49 V

x6.44
Fr 16 = O.5 m and Rc : 1 k
. : , -
b
l -_ 4Oms
"m :

0.5 : 2o mA/v v T 0.025
.2_5

, - 1:5.k " - o _
l00
4o
__ 2-5k
ln
20

._:1:20k 'e 'o :25d1

" : +1
' .5
Rl.': ,: 5k Rtt: r" :25
Avo : 8-Ooll Rc) - 8,,Rc
A\o : -20(200 k Il 10 k)
: - 19.5 V/ :40X5:20ViV
Ro : Rrll ro A:Avor*: 10 v/v
: 10kll 2k
c, :
)5
:9.5k Av: 100

: 19.5 X 5
#t-^ 500 + 25
|\' 5 + 9.5
: 0.5 V/V
: -65.6 V/V
Ex: 6.45
G,, : ''o __ l , os. : Rs:
_.12.8 V/ 50
'r"2 v. 25mV
R: ": - tO
!'_ 5 = - l=.ig - lOmV :
u5 5+5 2 + :25/50: 0.5 mA
l?,rl :
:0.33v
:z.X 1Om Avo: *LRc : 205:10v/v
Ex: 6.43 Gv: 1x',: 40 v/v
2

+Av :80: 8"rR;

... R; :80/20 :4k

x 6.46

i,: i

Rst"
N
R,n.: : fnl(+l)RE
b

v, _ &.-." l_!_']f&
vn r
R" R"- P nsert 30
-1+--i+
r r./ ( + )
'
it' : !)-: and o: 2'V nR7
r
:1+&*RqED (g-V l i)R'
re r . U;_
'' r
s
- l00:1+1+-,r=,
- 1o 5-lll
R : - '" +(] l)R
l6
 Exercise 6-1 1

]1l1]l||]itllli," laj_ ro: f , : ,3'3 : .995 m

_f11
151

7, : 0.995 _ 0.984,
,oo
1-
0.91 V/V : 1'7

Ex:6.48

il:: : -ll V

l
0.3 v

$*.
1r{

^ :_rRr' /glven ... maximize R.

^u ;
iffilt * 4 : ]57k
*r{ Vr: gRg+2+o.3+R
]M+4 : a -
'L VF-0'7 1
* rs]
R;R7G+ :1m
fr,tI
= ].l]1 m =}RE+ R/(+ 1) :4.3k
Forindependence from
, setR, : 0 (o for C6)
9 RE :
4.3 k
V.(min) : V* 0.3 V : -0.3 v
;; VCQ : V.(min) + 2V : +10 V

- g17 R.:Vcc-Vco - IO- :8'48k

lC
,1 t}

00 9
x:6.49
= l11{i,*:
+10v

Rc
* :_6T k
ffii .4.
2.4
lffi|
#41
* [
\' R

l- l-
: ]. m
: 10

0v
ili} Vc: V+o.4+2
* 1.,i
'_i 98-1 m : +2.4
R.:Vcc-Vc
'll - 10-2.4 :7.6 : 7.6 k
1

F
'_-ll:-o
I
-
1
 xercise 6_t 2

6.49 (cont.) Swing: _1.4 _2 = _3.4

_
'" - V'-' Va -- ll(2.4
5: upper sti 8 Y lower
O.7) - |7|.7 k
9 g: 0.0196 m s V, -

Using 5% resistors: -1.96V'0.4-2:-4.4

R, : 7.5 k R,, : 18 k - 20 : upper still 8V'
o.7 + aRa+ RC-Vcc : 0 lower + 18 _ .005 mA so V, : -0.5 V
a
l - 0.7
-.5-0'4-2: -2.9
18 + 7.5( + ])
v: l00v
' : 9.92 p
' _ 101 x ' .-" : l00 _ 1O0 k
lm
: 1.002 mA
o -, _ lm:40m/V
^m
V: 10 7.5(1.02) vr 25m
:2.5 r" 40m l0 _ 2.5k
8,n
6.50 r_
V:c '. - -----:!-:
( + l)
?\ ()

t Ex:6.52
Example 6.5
i*.
)
-{
R,}
o-f- Q,

,",o

I
-v -V _
_10 R,:lgk
R,-: 7.5 k R, ::o: 2.5 k
u: r/(+1):/|00 lt,

_ : R l : 10ll 2..5 : 2.44k

Rllv
0.01 m ',
Vn:0-'R': -1V Auo ! in'Rc o 40X8: -320l
V:Va 0.7v:'1'7v _
Ro ftc - 8k
7.5 - +2.57 Ao _ -s,"(ro R. R):-4x3'5
v^-
. v---
( +l
|l 11

: -r19V/V
_ ls..] - 19.3 k : r1l Rc : 100 8: 7.4k
-'^ Vrc_0.7+V
R
Av : - g,n('ro li Rc)
|I

1*,,0 1

_ 40 x'7.4 _ 296 l
Ex: 6.51
Refer t Fig E6.5 1
'-RrlR^nuur;"
^R,",R,
1. : (1 m): 1 m
1a : 0'0l m
2.44 /|ol- .5

- 5' 2.44' 7.4 + 5

V6 : 10-8k(1 m) : +2v 39.1 V/V
Yu:lOOkx(-0.01 m): -
;.:RsIR'7-
I

V: -1-0'7 _ -1'7v - R,*

l.smv

: 100 : pper limi = \' ,, - V , - 8V 14,1 : c,l?,,1

: x - 586 mV
lower value + V, Vc - O.-1 \i (where
39.1 15

v'c - l.4v)
 Exercise 6-13

with:
J.*: s+20
5mv -
_] = "=V"',
s : 6.25mV
w/o:
,n$t "**
- " 0) ]
5 mV - llJ*: i * ', :
-5+(2.5l 15 mV

lvo! : vlx Av : 512'4 : 62m

Ex:6.54
mAN Vo: 100
g,": 40
r,: 100k : 1
' r- _
ro:2'5k :0.99
, : lOV
2.5 k r":25 1,:1m
s,iMl,ill R,_8k &:R.=5k R',:=25
1OOk
Avo : +g-(Rcll ,)
e,, ]| .p - * ;< R.; : 20 k
:40x1o_3X(8kl 100k)
o; : -296l
= : '*' 0.22k = 223 {L Ro,, : Rrll ,o : 7.4k{L
-r*fl,,_ , = +g'(R.l R. l r)
* f-' - --40(g)
40- : -32 :4ox3:12O/
fi:":25
/"ig Rrig * r, 5 + 25
-'fr,- ] .
t. * .fto
-8Kli 5K = -12.4N : 0.005 v/v
25 + 223
R,.) /:
vv-- _
(R.|j R,1
I iir, + RE) -9.9 N R"ig -| r"
: 0.6 V/v
f* ,, 2K..
&-.,*-ff'.*"^' - - ^ 12.4 - 1R.|| R,;
, {, : -e.Gcll R,')
GV
R.,. :
: - 123 V/V 54

t
-:--i
r11fri']

*'.
i,
-
mir
 xercise 6_ 4

Ex:6.55
:. Ri : : ,'+ ( + l)(ro1| R.)
tut lt,
R.
:0.5 + (11)(201| 1)
: 96.7 k
R,*- :R, |l R,, 40|| 96.7 : 28.3 k

Gv :vo:vttvo
vs ys vl
:- R," * ( + 1)(rr|| R.)
Rs + RN (Rs| RB) l ( + l)(ro | (ro|ll R
: 0.796 V/V
5m vo ++o" 20
(1OK|l 40)(_5E+5 +2K)
V ll
c
Gvo : 0.8 V/V
100(25 m)
Rnu, : o 11 (r" + tRr ll Rr]) / ( + 1)
={ 5O
5m
: 20 || t0.05 + 0.79] k
ro: Va - 10 :2Ok
c 5m -84
/
'h
1/
'o andVo - (] l\iblro|| RL't f, -Voxrol|r"1 -O.l Xo.95-l\/
r e r .00_5

: Vo + )(ro| R.) For R.(k) .5 l.0 2'0

G,. (V/V) 0.68 0.735 0.165
.'. b
r "( r
 Exercise 7-1

he minimum value of 1, ccurs For/r: 1p

il i.1] _ ' :0.1. that is

L
:J2l9oIXl=2
ill
l,. =:
_ - o.-0.8
I'.':

lirll lltllllr:r,r' l :]ue of Ip occurs when - -;L 20x0.5

k
D 1m
10
,l,.*
= - . i.j } _ tO, ta is
L
8-r": z
v x
4 O k() : 20 /
:ul} _ 1;,
J "'--3.l m
/l]llL- = .,-'
=
Ex: 7.A.3 Fr an NMOS fabricated in the O.5 m
ll ,xrr..i: rense of cuent in an npn
CMOS technoogy specified in Tabte 7..1 vith
tlffitllltlilllfl-lll'

_iie
illllllliilll]i11li1],r,: M*
: 0.5 m, V *- 5 m, andVor: 0.3 v
We have

:
" :
"C.^YrVu :)o 4, a, .:'

1, : 85.5
2 x 85.5 :0.57
on Vou- .3v
R^:2lo m/V

,.-y;'-
'' D 85.5_-
?9E05 l17k
q]u]i u = ].- mV Ao: g.fo: 66.7 N
_')
'r,:iwLCn,+Cov
] ;:r' a: \\oS Fabricated in the O.5
- : : , we want to find the - i X5X0.53.8 l0.4X5
')

}
.and the intrinsic gain btained Cr,: 8.3 fF,Crd: Cou"W: 0.4 x5 :2tF
lain currents: (L : 0.5 m)
O.57 4
= i \._ -^C-()h 8-V
f: 2r(Cr"+Cra) 2 (8.3 + 2)

] 4j /. : 8.8 Gz

Ex: 7.1
.1') X1 -o'2mA For this problem, use eq. (7.11):

'-: F{^()
:
h
Fr 1, 10 ,
=*.+ X1M:200
l 8,,-m:O.28m/V
]..\ }e using eq. (7.15):
lll4] ha\ie:

-- 1/
.o Fn;ew
, =---.-
= 1,:JzxlsXl0Xloo
M_


]Mr-,l
Jlo
"111I

,-mA
-svlrffiJl
-i- , n<
-' 'J :
10 k
Ao : 50N
'i'
Since g. varies ith o anda, wih }
'- v ) k{) _- 62 / ',|
J o
 xercise 7_2

x: 7.3
I
vr,.
1 : l A=+8,, _ .z,nl.)' : .89 m/V
1 \ /
)
-
**,''
A^
" s(-l9)'
\] 0/
l58 /v

i1
Fr/ _ l m:

- .28mn/v( | 'l' _ u. *elv

\.1/
I
^
" - 50r.l0'l'- rvlv
\l/
,':_10
n'_
r,- 0'l _
V 25 mV 4m/V
x-7.2
R,'_ _ l00 -25k
"' ro-r 8,,' 4 m/V
r, -vo- 5ov
1 0. l In - 5ooko
r. _ 1 0.1-5V m
-500k()

Au: g'' r" _ (4 rn/V) (500 k) : 2000 v/

, : 8,,,, (r, ll r,,2) : (4 m/V)
(500 k || 50 k) _- 100 V/v

Since all transistors have the same 0'55 m

W 7.2m
x:7.4 l-L is halved: L -
2L,
ano

- .36 m'
we hae lv^1 - lvol L,
: : z: _
Ivol - 5vlm19_'
Inp 1o: /1 l00 A _

"
D- ly,'l ]] _ 21l..175V)':
v;,, (-]v),lO0)
:
.'z A /','
ffi]
'l'l.. (l00 ) :126ko
/z
: 1.24 ml
Since l, - \*,,c,,'1(f)u""r(' -
,'-
''1
VonL, .5 V/m (0._]6 m) _ 8 k ffi)
^ - t *a
w 2 (100 )
, ^ -|vi,,|, _ 6 Vzm 0..]6 m} _ 2l.6 k L -
v)'l
r/ ..1 V\
lz 0.! m 9 /V'(0._] " l \'
+
Llas ,
Vltage Gain is
: g., tu,ll tu,) w
Au
L
- 20.i
Au :' (.24 m\l) (1s k l| 21.6 k)
12.2l
 Exercise 7-3

xz7.7 8" : .25 m

*: 0.25 /2
1;*= V 2
1"1
o-_J
:2mAN

b;: v ,'' :uo: 5 v :20k

= o'8 D 0.25 m
:!_l
(a) From Fig.7.l3.
D, - -1'
RL
,\in -
8- \8^ro)
R. : :

"]
^l,RL
2 mA/V (2 m/v)(20 k)

:5+3-+-
40
R.:lM:
R._ : _5+ |M : 25.5 k
gre identical and the gate vltages '" 40
!U
i,,,,
: 0.7 - .5 : 0.2 V
R. : 100 k:

e,_:500+]!9_!9 : 3 k()
'" 40
)1*; "-angois lVrrj : 0.2 V
R : 20 k:
= 1;. - V orr: 0'3 + 0.2 : 0.5 V
R,_:50+20 k: t k

,*'.*
: l'sc: _ .7 V "' 40
_ ,M',l. : -G. + Iyl + lvrrl R: 0:
- - .2 : 1.5 V
- 50ol 0 :0.5
11fu,,*
,i_
R,_ k
6 :rs i,:,l as |Yrr], so '40
= fu1. - '_sp3 : 1.5 - 0.2 : 1.3 v (b) From Fig.1.13,
mtn
Ro: ro +Rs+(g.r,)Rs
]s'm : 9.: -- 8n3 : 8m : Rs: 0:
Ro : 20k+ 0+ (4)() : 20k
8m

Rs : lk:
Ro : 20k+ 1 k+ (4X1 k) : 61 k
Rs : 1 k:
a fl,,E : r" : o4: f

= ilj V\ :10k R : 20 k + 10 k + (40X10 k) : 430 k

Rs : 20 k:
1(!ll&el",: r.. : (2 m/V)(10k)2 Ro : 20 k + 2 k + (40)(20 k) : 840 k
'M1. .
is : 1 k:
(,l|g'o,,,, ,. r r) : (2 m/V)( 1 k)2 Ro : 20 k + 10 k + (40)(10 k) : 4.12 M
M .'1

o" 10 k Ex: 7.8 8- : 8^z : 8*

_ -\u, n l) u
m/V)(lO k)]'? -mA
V ou o.2 /2
, ,r, 2

frrl:fo2:tn
 xercse74

: -grRo
:Vo:2 :20k so, the gain rmains the same
D 0.1 m f R,- is connected to the utput'
:
so' (g.rn) : 1 m/V(20 k) 26 A,, : 8'- t1l g,Rs)r,l !| R1
* g,,Rs-
(a) For R,- : 20 k'
1
_'-' (l tg,,Rs)r"R'
R1*ro, - 20k+20k: l.9k :
'"r:Ttr},
^ l+20 1 + g-Rs [+ g,Rs)r"
+ Rg

Rr
: -8'(rol1 R"') _- _rc',")
R;;i7,,
:"'Av
-1 m/V(2oKI 1.9 K) : -1'74N
l*" ."" the approximation of eq' (7'35)' Ex 7.10
R'
n'"'-8-r."r-g-,,
- 2ok!2' V : +1'8
2o 'l m^/
= 2k
then,
Avl: 1 m/V(2Ok|l 2k): -1.82v/v
Eiher method is correct.
cntinuing, from eq. (7.31), vi q Vcz
Av : -8mi(gmrr"rr"r)ll Rrl
Av : -1 m/v{[(20)(20k)]ll 20k}
z=
- - 19.04 V/V
^ - Au,.
.l A -19.04 : 10.5v/
- - 1.82
(b) Now, for R. : 40 k'
(a)- _ and or:
R,- l : 400k .
^'''' - qnzroz I Since V v, : Vov''2 0.2 V we have
-'tf,z -
-8m2 20 - 1 m/V ,),
:21k- V2ovz
22 ) *,'""(
Avl : -1 mAiV(2kl 21 k) : -10.2l
-
o'
Av _ - m/vtt(2)(20 k)| l| 400 k} L*.r",()'u'",,
-
r& :
- 200 v/V and

A,,, : Au - -2oo - t9.6 v/v

A,, - 1O-2
{"(), '=(vr),: ?,(o'),: ?"(or),
xz 7.9 The circuit of Fig. 7.1 4 can be
modeed as or

o- (),:
+ '(o,)'
v (b) The minimum voltage alowed across cuffent
source woud be 1Vo|
1, :
0.2 V if made with
-l a. single transistor. f a 0. 1 , signal swing is to be

allowed at the drain of Q1,the highest dc bias

J-
I

voltage would be

V oo - |Vo/ -
0.1 vPP : 1.8 - 0.2 -
Where G-"' : I'
1+ g-Rs : .5_5 v
and Rn- (l + g.Rs)r., (c) V scz : |vor + |vtp| : 0.2 + 0.5 _'.
0.7 v
The pen-circuit (no load) Voltage gain is
V,,", can be set at 1.55 - 0.7 = 0.85 V
Auu : G,Ro : (t + g.Rs)r.
#*"-
 Exercise 7--5

llll"::- . is impemented with a u.,, occurs when Q1 and Qrare selected and bias
l;l.l:': ;iilar o Fig. 7.10, the
sothat ro1 and ro1 ae>> r
1it.[:9d acrss it fr prper
. = :' :v) : Then, Ron : (8.ro2)rn2 : 2ro,
""',]]'
.4V
: jflc : . he alowabe range of Rn" : 1(25 k) : 2.5 M
:r1lt ]i(l! is from 0.4 V to 1.55 V Rnp: (8firgz)ro: lrz
Roo : 50(20k) : 1M
Finally,
ffiitfrillr4 : -' Ao^u" : -(8 m/v)(2.5 M ll 1.O M)
'g. 19.

iri1l{ll|i-",
', r=r) and ,r"* : *5714N
1tl_'il]",, |--' r-:)
,':lllllt -!irie.--;'tJ and biased so that
Ex: 7.1i : :
i]l|||g l*1 _:gn
and have insignificant
8.
#: ** 40 m/V

:ilD "- ll]c:. ro: - 100 :25k{)

lrililllrir",., r"r
8. 40 m/V
-' _-VA _ .-lOV __ lk

-C lm
Refering toFig.1.2o,
Ro- rofl + g^(R,ll r)l
R. - lo [l + o6 ,A1o.s
v '''- k -'' k
'--- l|ll 2.5 "-- /)]

Ro - 176.7 k
withut & (that is, R, = 1,

Ro: ro: 10k

x:7.14 Fig.7.2'l(a)
fol : z : ' : v! - 5 -- 50k
l 0.lm
tl]lm
^, : fi"C.lW7ryo
8il -
/-a-

i "l2(200 A / V')(25 -- )( l00 )

,lll{ll"m,i ,"" -: r-:.) 8^: 'm
|'Un:
^
8n : mA/V
,l, ] l,:.: 'r k ]I 12.5 k)
(llt n1]' ^ * lrl
8.2--4-ffi-4mAN
m O.1

, .1- -
-+gm2
l
=25k
0.2 mA : 8 m,V 4 mAN
l_5 mV
Assuming an ideal cuffent source,
:50 : 6.25 k Ro : (E,zro)Qorll ,.r)
R" :
8 m/v
(4 m/v)(50 k)(50 k 25
ll k) : 3.33 M
: 4V : 20k A,,6 : -G.R : -(1 mA/V)(3.33 M)
0-2 m
: -3.33 x 103 v/v
] _l :ir k |l 6.25 k)
1lllnl ]iiu",,

il
lllMililll,il 'l - '{Q
li 0'762)
-,l lilit l '
 Exercise 7-6

Fie. 7.21 (b) w 10m_}4z:50m

5m - 1m
S the dimensions of the matched transistrs Q1
and Q2 should be changed to:
W:50mandL=5m
Ex: 7.16 Fo the circuit Figure 6.7 we have:
Vc , :(w / L\.
*''1ff,
. \W/L)\ : *n'@T,
w / L).
and ' _ '(_w
lL\o
Since all channel lengths are equal
L:Lz L._1m
and
1tl, : l A, z: 60 , 1: : 20 A'
: : 2 and 1s : 80 A,
we have:
From part (a),
: 1 m/V z
w- w, : r::
: Rl'l'fl;|
' 1*n,, 10
g,,,3

8.:g.z:4m/V
o: roz _ to: ro : 5k , w\
: 'Rl'W| w1 : , :20:
- l&. /*,,. lo
nl -- 2: r': 25k
G,,,:8.: 4 m/V , _-,Wr-W'-L-_+
'owo_ wo 4 l
From Fig. 7.19. R'g : G,'zro)or\l ,'r)
n order to allow the oltage at the drain of Q2to
R" : (g.o.,)R" so, g down to within .2 V of the negative supply
Voz=o.2
R,, : ( 1 m/V)(50 k)(4
vltage we eed
mA/v)(50 k)
1.s k l| 25 k ) ,: : \"('l),v'",,
R, - 167 M
A.9 - _ 1'nR', _-' 4m/V(|67M) 6 : ir.
'"c,,'()"v'o,, =>
s() ,(o.2)2
: -668 x v/v
t20 __15*w,:15xL,
rw) _
103

\ /, 20 X (O.2)2
Ex: 7.15 n the current source of Example 7'15
we have o : 100 and we want to reduce
Wz. -
the change in utput current, 1,r, correspnding

to a 1 v change in ouput oltage, V o, o 1 of w.:

wl
o'
n order to allow the voltage at the drain of Q5 to
LVo go up to within 0'2 V of positie supply we need
Thais /.'' - oz _- 0.OI1r=J
' ro
vo' 5 : =V'ou,
: 0.01 X 100 'rn,,(),
,o.: 1 : 1M :
' 1 80 ir.s(fl.,0'2)2 =>

_ 20<L
(y). _ x (0.2)2 :50=Ws:50Ls
,n^:Vn"L*lM
'"z 2X8)
r', l)
80
L - JJ-
20 V/m
-_ 5 m ws: 50 m

To keep V, f the matched transistrs he same wt- 4+Wo _ 50m _ 2.5 m

w4 4
as ha o xample 7.l5. he ansi5r
}
shuld remain he Same. herelre
 Exercise 7-7

Ex: 7.19
]..f u,:_ !1', : 15 m, Ws : 5 m See next page:

,]'! ur 3Jd w5 : 50 m

\
ll l ] ll * --QJ) : t.2 mA
-_l|\ l /
n /
]ll]lfr[ r,

1'' = , : ', =98 k - 10 k

il
',,

t
$0"=
l,--

== (
-:_,|) +2-0,7)
50 )
_'ll: _ 0.497 mA
"'*"5 m
- 'y= o Vcc V'
I - - 1*uu

tl: - 4... 8.65 k

[m !.197

,ffiflr ga.:gion (7.74) we have:

.
fr, - 1-. - Vr.\
r\ )
It0ll 50 ]
 Exercise 7-8

: Ico*
//+1
1n Ico*o,. +

1o..
1*.o 91co:r
-+-N+ I

Thus:

: z _ "' ::1-ryll
, /o,-.n

For an eor nt exceeding |oo le nend:
gnoring the effect of finite output fesistances, we

have 1orlr(| _ 0. l)
: z 1, : 1co*',, ' /+l

1.o*r,,.t1:1*tt.(*) /*nn >0-g/--,+ I =0.9
_ sQp'r+ B|+ ...* ' 1*UjJ llll

/"*on 1.,
,: * ...-"
- =l+N+l=l+t+1<l.ll
0.9
' : t^^ (! *
'gn-\ !.... , 1) ''=O.11+N+1<O.11 +
l
+1=11=N<10
:-^'vREF N+l The maximum number of outputs for an eor nt

exceeding to be lessthan l0o then we need N<l0.
From (*) we have:
n this case the maximum number of utputs for
1co*on *1 : .*or,+
and errr f less than 1 07o is N = 9.
 Exercise 7-9

ri::rg Fig. 7.32, whereas for the simpe mirrr fom equatin
* = !:. : o : 1p : (7.69) we have :
]i
10O
-
l,, = 7'::-:o's
1

*,C '()r'"" 'Rl'' 1

t -


lr r
.r.. l'o -_ l
- _\ x
I

lo0:2a
,lL'_ -;l 1* r-.,
' Lt
For the Wilsn current mirror we have

R" : l0OX l0Ok=5Mandor

"22 -
r-:l oltage is

]][',,,,,, = . - \'
+ 2(0.23 ) : 096 V the simple mior R, : f : 10 k
ru:rn: resistance, R, we need
o
g,,,r"
x: 7.22 For the two cufrent sources designed in
, - ]l0.1 mA) Example
w ,I
,,*, 0.23 V 7.6, we have :

,.,,. = ;. ll __ (5Vlm)(O._]6 m) s- __
!: ' : 0.4
m
' -' O. l m
Vr 25 mV
ancl

,n : b : l90 v: 10
, lOA ' M, rn: 8' :25
,tli'f :{.
"
1 i. / /)
k
','': : a.87 mA/ v)(1s k)2
For the current source in Fig. 7,37awe have
Ro:roz:fo:1M
For the current source in Fig.7 .37b fom equation
lffii,n uu :trln mirror fiom the equation (7.98) we have:

&- * 7-(Rl ,)1r.

tl
n Exampe 7.6, R - R: : 1 1.5 k ,

therefore,

: &=[l l
(ll.5 kl| 25 kl]lo v
lll]].F]
10 o.o2o O.4
il,rr,,,,,

9Ro:54M
 Exercise 8-1

Ex:8.1
Reerring t Fig.8.3, l V
f Rp is dubled to 5 K'
Ro:5k
Vn, _ Vz _ Voo _ 1
I
R,
Ro

- l'_5 - O'4 2m,, l : .s v

Vr"-u": vt+Vo:0.5 +.5: + 1'0v

Since the currents or, and 1p2 are still 0.2 mA

1: .8 m
each,
Vcs : 0.82 V - vrs
56,VcMin : Vss * vCS + vcs
:
'ov: 6- : fo'z,,nz2)lO0)
|/
- - V -0.28 V
- ^-:
1.5 V + 0.4V + 0.82
O.2 v
So, the common-mode range is
-.28 v
to 1.V
^/-'(y)
Ex:8.2 o __ o - 0.4mA(2) :4mA'/
m
(a) The value of uid that causes Q1 to conduct the
Vv/2 0.2v

v ou ro: vA 20 :5Ok
entire current is
D - 0.4 m
.316 : 0.45 V
-+
^zx A: g,"(R.| 16\
thn, Vr, : V - 1X RD
A: (4 mA/V)(5 Kl 50 K) : 18.2vlv
= - 0.4x2.5: 0.5 V
1.5
Voz: V _ l- l'5v Ex: 8.5
(b) For Q2 to conduct the entire currnt: With 1: 200 , for all transistors,
i,l : - ^l1 ov : -o'45 l^ - ! - 200 -_ l0
hen'
)2
: 2(0.18 m) : 0.36 m
w
V:Vo:+1.5V
V2 : 1-5 - 0'4 X 2'5 : 0'5 V
ro, : roz = tol : fo - D
(c) Thus the differential output range is:
V or- Vor: from 1.5 - 0.5 : + 1V _ (10V/m) (0.36 m) :36k
m
to0.5-1.5:-1V .1

Since 1r' : z : \ c"'()v",' ,

Ex:8.3
Refer to answer table fr Exercise 8.3 where val-
ues vere btained in the fol1owing way:
(w\:rW) - 2o
\ /, \ ), 1Co'(V
Vov: t/W-WL : )2

V ouz 2(100 ) - .5

(40 A l211o.z12
Vv /1v\ /4l\ 2
\J,: \)^_;^r",|";r
(!2\' : O.l i,l: 2vJj
A)
--+
\vov ) 2(100
- ,o
2
(1 A/v2)(0.2)
Ex:8.4
o _- o (100 )(2) - l mA/V.
m -
^: ! - 0'8mA: .4m |Vov|/2 0.2v
22 S'

," : !rn"()(V,,)2 Sothat A : 8^(ro,ll ,r,)

: 1( m/v)(36 K |l 36 K)
: 18V/V
 xercise 8-2

l : l_.-lf CMRR(dB) _ 20 lo_s'o 20 og,. (#)

J(lli111]] ]$,
m
H_
= 86dB
;1

llllllll1ll llllil]nr,, ::r r.1] ransistors is Ex:8.8

]]]] l a From Exercise 8.7.
W/ L : 1, "C"'(0.2 mA / 2),
]llfrll]i ,ll
:
:: ,j# : .4m
i
' -:6 un) : 36 k "
-. $

, :i.

=m Fs*19'"
=
=lr.
] ,"o}u o"l' for all NMOS

'l i,:rW) g.: 4 mA/V

:'. \)o :
using eq. (8.64), and the fact that Rr, 2_5 k
* 11 ) _
lt
---------_----_
:'l -\ 'i v'(0.2 V)' - -..'
1

CMRR -
(2
. Rss) - 2 mA!.)(25 ): 20. O00
r,\ 0.0l
Ei:(w\ \-)
_ t/,
]'1
i
CMRR(d) : 2lg 10( 20,000) : 86 dB
i 100
-------------------- ) Jw
Ex: 8.9
-l' .\ '/'(0.2).
+5V
,lrill
=d+P:lm/V ,5
tr
=
: 0-7
l|!l11,l||||,,
:4.3 m
Jtrnr

l]r,lffi{*
,,"
, r-, : I mA/v)(36 k)'? ac _ +0.7 v
illtfriU

tll1ffi". 'l; ,,, l' _ = i1i v)(36k)'z

+.5v

ill/rfr],, {," ucr: -5V cz: -0'7

aJ- \l jl
(-5+4.3x1)
, I.296 M) 1ko 1k
*5V - +.: ma
'f,
(: l)
: ':'each transistor is x:8.l0

il iil
G : l_+ mA
:
-, :tt fl-:ntia] gain for matched
'}oI
.. _ :- :8-R
,:
* frl rer:.

= :l .{. \ )(5 K) : 20 V /V

1:0.4m4

-2J \r
 rcirct-t

c:cz::I2:!: 0.4 mA Li
2
tVcc
: 0.2 m
From eq. (8.66),
VC" -u"- Vc + a.4
= Vcc CRc+0.4 Vq

= 2.5 - 0.2 m(5 ) + 0.4v _ + 1.9v

From eq. (8.67) Voz

Vc"-in: 'V+VcS+vB Vz
Vc" : * 2.5v + 0.3 v + .7 V : -1.5 V
^1n
nput range is - 1.5 v to + 1.9 v
Il:zoo"
Ex: 8.11
lfl l iz :
Qs
Substituting 1 in Eqn. (8.70) yields

lrt:

-V
o.99 : 1:2A
31)/V'
1+ r(z Since>1,
UB - Us2: v. l,(s- I) -- ez- / _ 20-:
22 l0

= 251n(1 / 99)
P- : 6m!
omt P-C : 6m
- _ |Icl - 1o0 : 4mA/
= 25 n(99): 115 mV vT 25 mv

Ex: S.12 Rc:Rcz-Rc: ro:lVol

C
(a) The DC current in each transister is 0.5 m.
Thus V6s for each will be 10v :lk
- l00

V,u:0-7 +0.25ln(T) n -Vo - 10V =50k
,r_- / 200 A
= .683 V
+:5-0.683:+ 4.317 r-'| = r-'2 : r- _ V - 25m : 0.25k
F . l m
(b)c.:
#:#:ro Since R", >> r",
|A
(c) j61 : 0._5 t g'oru, =
Rrll'o 1OOKli lK:2.0v/v
= 0.5 + 20 X 0.005Sin(2 x 1o00) re - 0.25
= 0.5 + 0.1Sin(2 X 1000r), mA
R,o : 2rn ro : : .'=' :
i62 : 0'5 - 0.1Sin(2 x 1000r), m " B^ 4mAN 25k
(d)
R',1 : 2(25 K) : 5 K
cl : (Vcc - cRc) - .1 X RcSin( 2 x 100t) f the total load resistance is assumed to be
= (15 - 0.5 X 10) - 0.1 X 10Sin(2'1000r) mismatched by 17o,
= - 1Sin(2zr X 1000r), v
1 |A - Rc - (.l)(lOK) - .Ol
|"ll _
62 : 't0 + 1Sin(2' 100r), v r' 2(5

(e) cz _ Cl : 2' S|n(2 0r), v CMRR(dB) : 20 log,,, |!"| - z log,,,|200|

Cz - Uc
lA,,l 10.011
{) Voage gain : :86d8
il - tsz
Note: f only the 1oad transistors are mismatched,
_ 2v eak=2V/V andsince- l,
.1VPeak
 xercise 8_4

t; |1 10 K)y,.. Ex:8l5
llllll/rfl - : ;r - --(10O
2 K) + r5 K FromEqn' (8'127)

' - llllllllll[ l
l,m ,,, : ,,/xT),. (^t'1
-' 1 i,il _ ji rfv i,*
[{liih:

* -"j: ,1___j!_L-.]!9 l .Vi,. : O.50ly,,,,

: 2.5 mV
l 'fliii ,{. - : :5 K
- l -__]_qq
l':ffil-r"-=0'5
qlffim = ''' _,=='*
_] 0.499 - :
_ h" s
,,, u ()
'il*|Illll]],"l1|lli{fl{ll|lli

:0.5X0.1 :50n
__Rc
_
- }d "', u'!=
o- Ex: 8.16
= - -)p -
tr (l)(5 )
w lL|" ,, - 0.2m x lOO: 20 m
+
ro

,* i]llll] ; (W l L\X . : 0.l m x 200 :20 m

ll||]
( +
li({llilllr]l 1llu
Since al1 transistors have the same drain current
( l 2) and the name product w l L x . then all
transconductances g,,, are identical.

lv orl : : @:o2
m/V
/20
thus,
',ln due to R,, l Ro , :
n : vnu (0.8m/2l
o.2v -
]1fllfi ,,: 1/,,
+m
V
1+" From Eqn. (8.138)
fl., G^:8.:4mA/
Ro -- 162ll roo

,^":von- 20 :5ok()
n, I (0.8 n/2)

,^" __
y-4" : 20 - 5 k
oo (0.8 m/2 )

thus,
Ro:50|| s: zst
From Eqn. (8.141)

A' _ G-n^:
'- -m 4 m X 25 k - O y
V v
rr,rg :: l lVt is obtained FromEqn. (8.148a)
A'.'- |
"'-2,q-,R., 2x4x25 :O.o05v/
ll!, - Te rta] input ffset is:
CMRR: n : :20,00()
: - /2 |A,.| .05

: ) - v,i'I -+ 86 dB --.!-qq-

Ex:8.17
Frm Eqn' (8.156): G-: g"'

2 } '. m
(.8 m/2
25mV '" v
E /
o"'- vt
From Eqn. (8.1 59):
Ro : 162ll roo
 ,g:e :_-

: l'., l'" _l l'* Lsing fun- (8.179r

r.'rr-2 1 ,_ _ (t1"/ L);
,1,
(w / L3
1v :125k
- .8 m (W/L)l*16
=t-
Al _ G.XR]: 16X 125 : 20
y
thus. (Vl L), _
200
20
(b) For 0,,
Frm Eqn. (s.162)
R': 2 rn l _ \,C,,'(),u"":
V-
'B-: 2x 25 mx 160
--2x ( /2)''' (0.8 m/2)
:20k =)V- /-.l29V
'' ,. zo
For a simple current mirrr the utput resistance
'J] '
(thus R,,) is rn Similarly or Q'Vo-: o.129
-+R--: Va l00V For Qo,
1 - .8 m -
l25k
10:1X9O2oV^-u2
From Eqn. (8.1 67): 2
''
^ - f o Vov _ 0.105 v
,n*
' :
2^
k)
^
'' -2xl25K v*
16 X K
'25
A,' : -
\/
'01257

? - l 20l Q' A 0.129

50 0.775 m.V
'"** | 1-llrsl
Qr 50 0.129 o.7"75 mA/
Cunn: 16,0
100 0.l05 v 1'90 m/V
20 lg',,(160, 00) : 104 dB
Qn

(d) r-: l0 / 0'05 : 200 k

Ex:8.18 6o:10/0.05:20k
6o:10/0.1 :100k
G^ : m : /2 _ 1m/2 : z0m 6,:10/0.1 :100k
v 25m
(e) Eqn. (8.176):
vA l0 20 k Al : -8' Qorl\
/2
'oo)
- _--v
.5 m
+ Ro : ro - 5 X 20 K :10M 0.775 l2o0l| 20) 77'5
i
Eqn. (8.177):

Ros _ : oo": 10 M Az: -8noul| 'or)

s
: -95 V/V
From Eqn. (8.174) Overall voltage gain.is:
A,: x : v/v
n, : ,",|| %]
A, x 1".5 95 7363

[,
Ex:8.20
: (10l 10) M : 5 M Referring o Fig' 8.42, a1 1, values are the same.
Ao: 8. X &: 20 X 500: 105V/v So, %sl: : V,,,, * "
i.e. 10 dB Using the equation developed in the text,

@,
Ex: 8.19
2
Refer to Fig (8.41) Rs:
l
(a) Using Eqn. (8.178)

l.--(W/L)o,,2\
" (w/L)4
(W/L)s'5g Rs- 2
('-,)
+10: zv1ll al
100 ^
thus, (W/ L) 6 : 2 5'2'7 k
 xercise 8-6

\ Vourr: V.r,t - V.
- i; : 0.15 + 0.7 : 0.85 V
ill
.',,
* ll
I

thus, ,.,, :V"r,, * 8 y.r,

-
lh@]:
iltu a' : 0.85 + 0.15 2.5 -
1;
- _ ,.
l

/
I
: - 1.5V
Vo : |vrrr| : .: v
* : _,) : m/V
,ffi1:
t.:- d ,,
r0 )
0-38
eVcs,,:0.3+0.7:1V
Vc: -1.5+1: -0.5V
Finally,
Vo": V- - %n.: +2.5 + (-0.3 - 0.8)
* {i{lllfr ,'.\: : +1.4V
* ffi ,Jr'*:
;, ffi [:JO/0.8 Ex:.8.22
flxrre 8.5) R'=20.2kdl
_ ,,:8-513V/V
- Ro:152
l1-' ' {- L)
With R, :
10 k and R,- : 1 Lg1

-= _:.X9"
."p. :Q.-lV
A,' - 20'2 85 I.1 X I

.. 40 20.2 + l0 (l + .I52)
Ji L
' '( .8
- :4943l

*.a, _- ]x90 Ex 8.23

',, ,r', .3 v
:
s
r+1:101
{l - l .l Q'. are identical to g,, of ir,r--Rs 15.7 :0.0492
,Mllmmr
i".t Rs + R,4- 15.7 + 303.5

" t ltl- ,,
:,:l
l
--_ts
]tt{li1
'u T' )r: il* R _ : 0.01.26
ilil]
u"]1 - i,s Rr + R,3 3 + 234.8
s n0 / 0-8) i_
]rr$ Js *ide as B,,, then :s:t00
ls
{ ] J0 ibs _ Rt+R2
C-:-
+ _ 40 : 0.8879
0.8
i,z R\ + R2+ Ri2
} :
i[,
40 + 5.5
.r l__ ') 'i2:z:10o
\{tw/L\t\ '
*^-- ",
I .r, r
Thus he oeral cuen gain is:

: .f@_r)) -s!
|
: l0l x0.0492 lOOXo.Ot26X lOO..
Jl \/ |2.5
[rlllfr a, , i1
-i x 90 u 0.8879 X 100
]':tT r._]
: 55993 /
and he overall vlage gain is
t ft, is:
ru.: 1-i0mV vo _ R6 .i"s
.:
,1llll1

v R,, ir
e Ji,.
'a
Jf) : , 1i, 55593 : 8256 v/v
1].8 20.2
 xercise 9_1

Ex:9.1 Cr' : 2rwrco"* Cou

A""' : =- ,Ro= x g-1R1 ll Rp)
Rc + R.is : ? x oX 1 3.45 + 1.72 : 24.''t2 fF
l0 .. ^.. 10 K 3

10+0.1 2 Cga: Csy: l'72fF

A": - 9.9 V/V 1 : 6.1 fF
f : 1+y9 ([-l- -
2C61(R6 * R,ig) vo 0.6

I
- 2x1X(10+0.1 :o.o16Hz : C ao 10 : 4,1 fF
;6vo
M) Ca
l 1+2+1
, : | __.]l8z 4
IPz 2Cr/g'- 2l/2m
.6

,:l:
J P'\
xz9.4
(t0 +
2CrrlRr'+ Ro) 21 x 1) eak current occurs t V 1 : Vr1, : 5
:8z
:
f1-fn: 318 z i Peak
'r""()"(vil'-vn),
x:.9.2 : lxzX2O(5-2)2: l80
Ccl: C: C62: | F 2

8. : 4 +c : 40mX25 m : 1 m Ex:9.5

: + : o : , - lm :4mA
or v
r-: 2.5 k lO0 vr 25mv
6m
Co": "r.8-:zox1 12X40X10 3

,'e -V, -25mV _25 : 0.8 pF

F lm
Ci" - 2 Cpn: 2 x 2 : 40 fF
f p: ;Cr'|R+ R"r 1
Co: Ca, + Cie: 0.84 PF
Cno

0.w
^
21[l00K11 2.5K+5K]

fpz =L"l
fpt = 21'4z
1 - - 2ofp :nrF
(**
,rr:@
,:1

J - ;\C
f n1

FC)
: 40 x 10-: : 7.47 GHz
2(0'84 + 0.012) X 10'12
f,,: 2.2Lz

fp x:9.6
&
2'1(8K+5K)
lh"l
|''re --fJ-+l:
'f 50

f,.:72.2H2 +f:5OOMz
o

Ex:9.3 l' f m

2n16n1q1
^ e.' l- |l 10_] -- |2..7 oF
4 X
*o' .].45
l X l0- 9
c'+: too
"'

:
: 3.45 X 70_3F / m2 -- 3.45 fF/ m C : ',,r,
12J - C 12.'7 _ 2: 10.7 pF

C6u _ WL6C." : 10X '05 X 3'45 Ex: 9.7 Diffusin cmponent of C at /.' of l mA
:172 tF _ 10.' _2:8.7 pF
Sine C4. is proportional t 19, then:
 Exercise 9-2

,tiil,, rl : l 87 pF Cio: 7 +
: i,87 pF 1 (1 + X 1_3 + 1.5 + 13)
|il. lu,
:68pF
Ili., , = 8.
:'rcn + C) =u: : l.42z
2 68p . l.65

Ex: 9.11 Using equations 9.61 and 9.63, we can

wrie the general form ofthe transfer function ofa
direct-cupled amplifi er as:

,4 (s) : ''Dc
where ,. is he DC gain
1+1- s{
L J 41B

of the amplifier and,f.6 is the upper 3dB

m/V
frequency of the amplifier.
n this case we have r. : 1000 and
l7.14 l_,r, : l0 Hz : lO5 z

Therefore (s) : l0
rr s
)," : 4.26pF 2' 1o5

x:9.l2
: z
-1'7 M)
3.7 For this ampl ifier we have:

F/1s1 : AM

('-*'-*)
: (i By definitin at : rwe have
,,,.t_,-_., + 17.14)
:
1

]l{1 |Hti"'1|'
+-
:._-l->1MHz
;-_, R.. A,M
|R5)
2-
,,, - _:F -8.\4Crxrl ('-,(#))('.(#))
>
*,, F' - ''t ( 4.7 \)
1 MFz
l,
.(#):[, -(#)'] :
n: :
* |l'

f Kp1 and rr 0.9 1, then

L,
,(F)'] [, '(d)'] :,
(1 +0.9'z)(1 -()') :,
*" 1l],ll -. - + (RB + Rsig)
,-()' : 11*()' :.1+:2.78
:_:,J.1_3XR;
:r ": - 1.05 + (100 ll 5) lf ":0.99 p1, then

:,
:

[,
,-()'][, -('#::i')']
I { ,"," : , R.| R.
{l{lfillri]}:' *
"q, ) k {1 +.9rz,1, -()') : 2+
1{ {
: 1'O1*()' : 01 +
|lll||ll|l j;'
'-()'
R.," : 1.65 k : 9.88
il t l

]]]]l - i" R.)

 xercise 9_3

Ex: 9.13 Now we want o lind the vale of R.

Frm Exercise (9.l2) we have: :
result inf, 180 Kz. We hae:

' ,(#)'l' (#)'l -,,.o -/c' L-

' (,/
I
a" - 2"f
1

alp2: p1 "
T{'\_ _
(4 X l80 Hz -
884.2 nsec
K: l=lr., (9t)']l '(:?]'l _ z 2:
| \,lr'i JL
r :
\r2,/
80.8 nsec => 884.2 - 8 8

'|'94)' _
|
\r'/ z=(:9i')'
\r,./ "o l 803.4 nsec
_ (R'+ Ri'l g,.R|'R')Ct
's,1
Rr,1Cg
." : ^z-1 ,,: .64n,(exactvalue)
R,: R',]l R,,* : 8O.8 k,s,, : a s,
(noethatinthiscasethezers are at c: ) we
ha,e :
Cg,l - 1pF
Thus
ll - | , F- l_: |, ', _-]- : lpF
' 803.4 nsec (s0.8 k + R; + 323.2R') +
{'r,' 'rr' {'r,' _r,:
\24'2R, _ 80'1'4 nscc _ k
g-lrJ,** -t
=,>
lpF ' 8.R

, - 122.6 k{ -_ ].]:t k
For: +, _ O.71 r' ' 324.2
k'r,: + R; : 2-23 k{L
For the case K - 2, the exact value of ,, can
For this value of R, we hae
be und ftm the folowing equation:

L' '(ff)']' (ffi)'l -' ', :

''
R'n
,n,'.R; ,
R;,, + R'i"'o,,",

420
''' -
,' 4> 2.23 - - 7.2l
ssuming
"
t
- x wehave 420 x 1(l()

Therfbre, the gain-bandwidth pduct is:

'\ t*x''l
(trx2,(
' -z- 7.2 X 18 Hz: 1.296 Mz - 1.3 Mz
2]

1o*[r,l)x'1l - 2=)
Ex: 9.15
Kr \ K'/
k()
4+1K2+t)2'K2: = 1

v: -(K' | )+.,K']l l,)2-4]

2

-H:
I

FrK: 2a':0.84rr _ 0.84"' Using Miller's theorem we hac

l
, lQ_\! ,, _ R,n V ,^ and
n this case, the apprximate alue of ,, is: i,' ',
A| *lk'.'s'""
' _tr
g-IrJ, _.89l Vu: V'
ssuming['.:1Vwehae
F _ 4, using equatin (*). the exact value f
r,is: (v/V) Ri,,({)) (mV) V,,() VJVre
,, - O.95 ",
n this case, the apprximate value of ,,is :
()
g _ Pl /'a
ll -' : .Q7r
/ l' 10 909 476 4.76 4.16

0 99 90 -9 -9
Ex: 9.14
We hae , : t 000 9.99 9.9 -9.9 -9.9
10.8 v/V an|.f,, -
128.3 z. theretre. the
l000 .999 -9.99 -9.99
gain-handwidh prducl i.:
l8 Xl28.3 : 1.38_56 \Hz - ]'_:9 \1z

FI'
rl
F'
l
illtr'
 xercise 9_4

; ::
solution of Exampe
-=::-mined by the exact
R;_lXI0:2.5k
'4
|A'l : 8^.R' -- 2.5 x2.5
: 6.25 A/A
- -].:5 X l : -12.5l Using equation 9.93 and assuming, -rr
jdth product (f,) is: we have:
a:
Tiril:_

= -" CHz f
i,, = ].}1 Gzandf.:
:l l'; : :.lrl approximation of 2{|Cr, + Cgd( + 8^RL)]R"+ (CL+ Cg1)R;}
f n :
._e >.uion of Example
; : ' nected at the output 2'[[2o f +5 f(l + 6.25)]10 K + (25 + 5) f 2.5 K
fl f : + f'zf":
_':en
im r'e have 250 Mz 25ol]z
"'li tlltl
imr j]:i:::'are f,=|'1' f : 6.25 x 250 : 1.56Gz

Ex: 9.19
: 6.25l
; Ve, l3OV:130k
ll .l* .ls'.lmin f' :fo,
r^-^^:
'nn
1 - lm
r :lvo:50V
,npnr'-7l -lrA -sol
R. : ,onpn ll ,opnp : 130 k |l s
x{r1r - r;F_ ]
.R.,e + (CL+ Cs,)RLl
R;:36k
*._{5)].10K 1 lmA - 4.'.^m
m VT 25mV '- v
-
r_ B
" 8' 4 - _sk
,d,"
20C)

n]5 , ]]-r= 1.4Gz v

(a) From equation (9.97) we hae:

Au:
^ -
rn

-rr(e.Ril
5 (4ox _ l75 y
;l r'*ed b} .1 and Vuuby 2
36+0.2+5 36 k) - V

.^-mA
A.. -v- _ nsy
-' v (b) Using Miller's theorem we have:
C,n: Cn+c(1 +c.RL)
: 16 pF + 0.3 pF(1 + 4 X 36) : 448 pF
C'" : 448 pF
ll''|,]]ltl,. = . Q in example ,1:l
''' - znc,nR'",, 2Cinlr, || 1R.', + r,)l

lll:|!gil: 1__ bv 4 reduces f":+:82.6kz

x (36 + 0.2)
2l 448 pF 5 ll l

- 4.3 k
(c) Using the method of open-circuit time con-
stants, from equatin (9.1 00) we have:

1 : CoR'"rr+ C[(1 + g.Ri)R"1. + RL] + CLR;

We hae R.,* :
,, |l (R.,. + r,) - 4.3 k
R. : ,onp, || rorn, _ 36 k
 Etixe e-5

C", : 20 ff'C.a : 5 fF c
: 15 fF'
Thus:
n : 16X 4.3 + O.3t(1 + 4 X 36)4'3 - 36] R*1": 10k'R:20k'
+5 x 36
R'" : l *;;R, : 5
- ]5
: .-
6m m'o
; X ]
n 2'72 nsec
| _ 20.8 k
f,,: -75.lkz
R, 5.-
2 r: _- -_ 16.2v \
(d) Using equatins (9.12), (9'13)' and
(9'104) "' h.' + R,n- l0 - 20'8
we have: To btaini:
4 Rr, : Rsi 1l R," : 10 K 2O'8 K :6'75 k
I v 40 11
I 8,
f z: 2C"- 2.3 pF Rra : R 1l Ro
-- 2l .2Gt1z

Ro : ro1 R.i + (8^r)' R",* : 280 K

fp =
1_ (same as in Eq. 9.1 2)
: 179'5 k
2|C ic*it + g,,R.)1R.1* + (cL+ c)R'L R3.1 : 50O Kll 2s0 K
1 : Cr,'Rr. * (Cr,1 * C)' Rg
"
+f : 75.l kz
: 20 f x6.75 K + (5 f + 15 f) X 179'5
{^-
a : 0.135 ns + 3'59 ns : 3'72 ns
l IC"' Cu(l 8.R)lR.l* +(C C)R
2 LC,(.CL + C) + C.C*1R"igR Thus. / : ;:
1
42'7 z

f o
: 25.2 1z
Hz
Since$r <<f. andfp1 << f, ths f" - fo = 1 5'1
Ex:9.2J a) Lo\-requency gain
(e)f'::|AM|f -- 115 x 75'l kz
: 13'1 Mz
A'' g.ro40; Rr: r
l, : 3.1Mz
CS - mplif ier'. Au
: -g",1Rrlt| 16)

Ex: 9.20 Referring to the slution of Examp1e Since: Rt: ro-+

9.l1 we hae .f , : |A"I ' /r, since |r| I
: -)(g.rol -lx4o: -2ovlv
to place A
remains the same as that of the example'
f',' at 2 Gz
we need CscoDE mpifier:
:'. l,l Av: -Sn,(Rrll R.) : -g'1Rtll rs)
2Gtlz:1r:lAvl'fn 2(C+ Cr,1)R'
where R, -- rz * ro * (8'nz'roz)rol

, ^ |A"
__ '_----------:a /-
tpd sincerr, : f : roand g*2: 8^ : 8^
2R}'f7
R6 : 216 + (g.ro)' ro : ro(2 + 81ro)
12.5
-5 XfF :42ro
ix10kX2Gz
+ Av: -g.(42rsll tr) " -8'' ro
+C':94.5 fF
: : -40 v/v
For a CS amplifier fed with R'ie
0
F;x 9.2l
y.'nsc,,n __ _ 4o : 2
we know that:

A ucs -20
t:
J l b)f,,: Neglect compnents of , thatdo not
2(C 1+ C r,1)

include Rri*; also Cra

: O'25 Cr,
J, : ;C;,l
o
fr
and
CS - mffier
Therefore,
'
,1 : Cr,' R"lg * Cra[(l + g-'Rr)R'1, + R1

f, - 8n/(2'Cr) ':C'!^C'o (cL+ cd)RL

%/Lrcr+ Cr)1
+
Ca
T'
Rl : ,oll ', : 2
L-c, *,*4:t*+(*,l
T C, [,
where:

9 ll : C,,' Rsig + c,a[(r * )o.'J

xz9'22 R : 5O k ' and from
since Cra : 0.25 Cr. and g'rs
: 4o
ExamPle 9.12:
g'o : 1.25 m/V , r, _ 2 k '
 Etise _5

Thus:
C_*,: ff.C.a : 5 fF C : 15 fF'
20
10 k, Rt : 20 k '
_
" : 16X 4.3 + .3t(1 + 4 X 36)4'_] 36] R.,. :
+5 x 36 - R, l - 5
n'" : l25,n {'o
n : 2'12 nsec g- ;.=

1 : 20.8 k
t': -75.1kz
JH 2- cUl' -- Rt __ 5.=: l6'2V \'
(d) Using equations (9.102)' (9'103)' and
(9'104) R.; R,. l0 + 2'8
we have: T btaini:
40 Rr, : R.i ll R," : 1 Kll 2O's :6'75 k
8,_ 1 v _-2|.2GHz
fz 2C 2 0.3 pF Rr,r : R. ll Ro
" Ro : roa R. + (g^r)' R"i, : 280 K
f:
(same as in Eq. 9.12)
: :
1

Kll 2so 179'5 k

1C"+ c(1 + 8,tR;)]R.jg + (C1+ C*)R R.q.i 50

ll : Cn,'Rr. * (Cr,1 + C)' Rg

fil:75'1 kz
: 2 f X 6.75 K + (5 f + 15 f) X 179'5
fpz:'
a : 0.135 ns + 3'59 ns
: 3'72 ns
1 [c, + C(l + 8.R;)]R,ig + (C. + C)R;
2 .1
/g :
_- 42'1z
|C"('CL + c) + C.C*lR"igR Thus.

f n7
: 25'2 Hz
since$ l .< f , *d f t << foz, ts fa - f1, = 7 5'7'7z Ex:9.23 a) Lo\ry-requency gain
p

x 75'1 kz : 13'1 Mz
"lf- =|A|fa: |'5
Au'. g',ro40: Rt: r
l : 13.1Mz
CS - Amplif \er'. Au: -g.iR, || r)

Ex: 9.20 Referring to the slution of Example Since: Rt: ro-+

9.l1 we have /. : |A"| ' /, . since |r| ' : l -- lxao- _20V/
Au - 2'
remains th same as that of the example'
t plae Z(8.rol
f, at 2 GHz we need cScoDE mplifier:
l,l Au : -g*(Rrll R.) : -g''(R6ll rs)
2Gz : 1r: |A|.f n 2(C+ C*t\R'
where R, : toz ro * (S,nzrz)rol
lA^,1
sincerr, : fol : roand gn2: 8^ : 8'
' i"' ', -L
- "L -
=C, 2R''" f ,
o,t

: 216i (g.ro)' 16 : ro(2 + n{o)

Re
: 12.5 _5 XfF :42r
;vo{|xG'
: -g-(42r9ll .r)
+ A -8'' ro
+Cr: 94.5 fF =
:0 : -40 v/v
9.21 For a CS amp1ifier fed with R"',
F.'x
ycnscr,', : _4o : z
we know that: rcs -2o
J
:1-

m
b) /, : Neglect components of , that do not
2(C 1+
C :
C r,1)

include R.i_*: also 0'25 C*

and f : ;-
LRJ CS - Ampifier

Therefore,
'
: Cs"' Rrg * Cgal(l + g,' R1)R'1* + R11

f' 2., / \2C Cri cra

+ C,,)R'L
+ (C
g'/|2(C1l
",1)
Ctsd)l Cr .

R; : :
L=Crrr-!t:lfg ,o1|
',
T - c"' "- f,
whee:
c,a
a : Cr,' R.l + C,,l(l *
)o.'J
x 9-22 Rl. : k and from
: 4o
5
'
Example 9.12: since C.7 : o'25 Cr and g'nrs
g- _ 1.25 mA/V 'r,,:20k{'
 Exercise 9-6

,,1i11.,, *,::' C., X 21 X Rsie To ca1culatefi \,e use the method of open-circuit
time constants. From Figure 9.30 we have:
: r'||(r'* R.ie)=
t,,,Jll
R',.ig 5 Kl|(0.2 + 36)
R',ig : 4'4 k
uty::l' he tems that do R,t : R'.ig : 4.4 k

]]xlx1
*
i.R.)] Ro : roll R,", :,,,
[,",[_.t+ll
il2r
' 8-ro
L \'r, - o; t11
R1 : 130 K|l 35 :35
Rr1 : R',r*(l *g*rRo)*Ro,
Rr1 : 1.6 k
- --'...(' -))
n : Co 'Rot * Cr1 .Rr * (C",t + C.z)
Ro + (C L + Ccsi + Cr) . (Rr l Ro)
' : 16px 4.4+ 0.3 pX 10.6 K+ (0 + 16 p)
x 3s + (5 p +0 +0.3 p)(50 Kll 26 M)
, : 339 ns
|
t.: 2'" -469Kz
2 X J39 ns -
f, =|l'"1'f n : 242469z
- 113.5 Mz

-i*(r,._) Compared t the CE amplifier in Exercise 9.19,

|"| hasincreasedfrm 175 V/V to

242 / V ,fi has increased from 75.1 z to

] \'_.iion of
469 z andf, has increased from 1 3.1 Mz to
113.5 Mz
o increase/, to 1 Mz we need:
: : !59 ns. thus
::r_iner considered in "" =J.l
r
. i 16 px 4.4 K + .3 p X 10.6 K + 16 p x 35
:-.l
+ (cL+ 0.3 p).(s0 Kll 26 M) : 159 n.
,,-:T1-\
1 + C, : 1.4 pf
-' u-l _ 0] k : 5.2k
, 1_ :52v/v x:9.25 R' : Rl| ,. -- 20 K| 2 K
= !r[l

r] " :{] tQ
:10K
FromEq.9.121 wehave:
*,t -iK
4,, ' 8^R't .25 X l0 : y
'il ]|] + 1
''' l-l g'R', - l + l.2-5 X l O.93
v
s*
- 8' l ., |.25m
J_ r"("J%) (20f+5
:8Gz
1.8' - l.l.25m-locHz
r_= 2r
i:k: 26q
Cr, 2 20 r
R*7: R,ig : 10 K
.. R.) R,in*R' lO ll
1l n
^'"-- 1ll-f. l-125l
: l.48 k
 Exercise 9-7

R : 1.1 kll z.s + (10 + 1).99]

R,. - Rll R. - o.il (,,
*) R : 1.09 k
:20 K 20 K l 80
R._. : 0.74 k we have:
R', + R" 1.1 + .99
,
s!ts
-
''l+--t-.1
P : "
To flnd : " R'rl*'R' .99
fF :
1

: Cr : k X 50 ps 'l---' 2.5
r, Rgax 10 5 r re 2.5

8' : R8' X Cr, : 1.48 k x 20 fF -30ps

11

c -- Rcx Ct _ 0.74 k X l5 fF -11 ps R,-51

-
lH - |rd | rr, ..] .CL 9l ps . - we have:

The percentage contribution of time constants to

,:1
rH - 2rcu;, q"R)
H associated with Cr, Cr,, and C. are:
f -- 55z
50 x t0 : 55o''
30 x l0O = 337o''
"
9t 9l
x:9.27 (a)Vo :
!!x:zqo (]/ / L)
91

r..: | - I -
'n 2" 2 x 9lp
l.75GHz

: Vr g. : tou
0.2
, .8m - +m
x 9.26 we have 0.2 V

- :-V -|00x25mV-2.5k (b) Aa : S.(R, ll r,) where

r,,
'M
/ l m
- Vo 20
o - - lm -40m/V ' : ( / 2) - 0.4 mA - 50k
m V 25mV
noting that in this ase Rs J - , we have: =Aa-4m(5l| 5 ): l8.2
c,: ( + 1)(r,I R.)
R'"is + ( + 1)[r" + (r" || R1)]
and
(c) For a CS amplilier, when R"'* is low:

{-t -
J (Eq.9.106)
r )n(Cr+Cr,)R''
r:-
' + where
R'.lc : R.ig * , Assume r, : 100 R't: R1| ,":5 Kl 50 K: 4.5 k
andC, : 1OO fF + CDB : 110 fF
=G -.965yv hus.
we hae:
, : | :2q5Mz
.1 +1 JH 21 ll0f l tf) X4.5
J
' rtcJ" r_ 2C.r. (d) Using the open-circuit time-constants method
2C -"+
''
for R" : 0 k

/. : - _ !_q9.85)
6n
weknw
2(C' + C) .f
" z H

oo wl' from Eq. 9. 84:

^8r:
L" - -2pF ro e' cr"'R, I csl[R.( I ] g,R'.) + R'11
,- 2 400 z
+ cL. R'L
C,: 14PF
thus,r:50fX10K+"'
ThusF.:=l' : 459 z ftl K(1 + 4 m X 4.5 K) + 4.5 K] + "'
" lL -r.
1o

we have:
(10f+1f)X4.5K
R : R',igll ['" + ( + l)R'] 1, : Q'J ns' *

R'si R.ig * .. : 1 k + 0.1 k 1.96 ns *

" :.1 k 0.5 ns : 2.96 ns

R'1 : R.||r,,= 1.1 kll0 k _ 0'99 k fn: /(2x 2.96ns) _ 53''7l1z

 Exercise 9-8

:9.28 Using Eq (9.1531to (9.157) we have:

R': Rll R, _ 20Kl| 6K:15k
' 2' Css ' Rs, Rr7 _ R.ig(l + G.R'L) + R'. : 235 k
: 15.9 MHz R.;n * Rs R'ie * Rs
2 K Rc. -
1*g.Rr"#o, 1+2#
' (0.4 p)2.5
: 9.29 For a laded bipolar differential
. ;1ifier:
t 1 :R'ie * Rs
-- ;8.'f o 2
I
R, : 2 = l kRn, - -
'J :lO.5k
''2 .5m : B- ^' 2
20 m/V
vr 25 mV _ CgrRg,+ Cga'Rr* CrR'
i'o 10v :200k :20 f(10.5 K + 5 f X 235 K + 5 f X 15 )
'2 - 0.5 m : _ Mz
n 1.46nS+/E 1O9
1xz!4X2k #-:
2 GBP _ 1 X 19 Mz-1.l Gz
_ 20 v/v
.:inant ple is set by the output lad Ex:9.31
Ri,= ( * 7)(r"' * r"2)

Since in this case fe| : "2 -- r" and

::i;;
1

1
,:r:wehave
:-'1pFX(20Kl| 200) Rin : ,,l n -- 2r' :2PV' - 10 k
-'- \1z - .8 Mz C
we hae:
,, r-1J :r o 1( R',=
v.,* -
v
)*,,R.
- '- - R', : -g'(R''|| r") +
2\R,n Rr,. /o'

-+X(2k|l 2k) - _ro !-e-: 2\ 10 + 10 i /c - 5y

v.,n 11.,=,9,=)]*.
:: :s using the method of open-circuit we hae:
] l - ]:-:-S 'e can employ Eq (9.8a)
pt:
' f
'': + C3,l[R.ig(1 + g.R') + R''] ,"(7 + c*){n,,,ll 2r -)

" :+5 f[20 K(l +20)+ 10 K] ftt

+ 2 pF)(1o K |1 1O K)
K
'1
---lH----:6l
1
.2z -6.4z
lT' g
we have:
l" :.:; -dh product is:
: ^l
:..] \' 1.22Gz tz:
Jr! ;_-;
2C"R,
^ 2'2pFx10K
it lll _j-_: ]eseneation of R, _ 2_
-8Mz
Therefore, the transfer function f his CC-CB
-.*R,.1 : 3r, amplifier is:
-: -! :60k : AM
(s)
_.-R _ p_ :*2x2o ('* #*,)('-;)
'l
' '()

.,lr V A'" ';':r

. ,,, : |) or
,^ l
1] lsll (s)l2 -

'-)"' 2
2_
^A
3V
 Exercise 9-9

Thus: Ex: 9.33 To obtain Req:

A," At" Req : Rrll 162 ll r"'
R2 _ 20k
(, , zof tznf '
'l')(, t 'f)
\' ,-^;)l'- ,^t;1 ,^'-uo
1.,
_-
l00
m 0.25
-4OOk()
("&\(',&\-, r.s-(' l_ ll 2imy
I ri,J\ f,) Is lm
Slving this equation fr/ we have: _2525
fn - 4.6Hz Thus.
Using the approximate formula, we have: . Req : 20 K || 400 K 1| 2525 : 2.2 k
T obtain Ceq
[t -L -5Mz
:

/l Cnq: C"z* Cns + c5(1 * S.rR.s)

l-+- 1

il.,, fL, C*z:Cns:2PF

Rs -R: :3 k
xl. 9.32 From Eq (9. l78)
r\
o-::-
s lmA _ oo
.,' : 9.rm
'c
Examp|e 8.4 v T 25 mV

G' : G,nl'z : 0.3 m/V Cn5 * Cs :

znJ,
thus, for} _ 10 Mz:
..3 m/V * Cns : 4m 2 :14pF
^
Cr__-4.8pF 2x 400 m
2rXl10'' thus.
Frm qn. (9.1'73) Cnq:2PF+ 14PF+2PF(l +40x3)
.7 Gurz
Un,2 _ : m/V :258 pF
' - :'-------=
l' L 1
8n(, 0.6
Finally,
_+ [. = 0'6 mA/V - 2oz .1p
2-X 4.8 pF J
,'. Rrs rq
From Eqn. (9.177) 1

1., : G'z : 0.6 m /V _ 48 z 2x2.2Kx258p

2z-C2 2x2 F _ 280 Kz

'
_-.
 Exercise 10-l

,l.,',illl 1]]l"_ ; .1 :1v/vandr:197 Ex: 10.4 For xampe 8.1

' ', -3 - l - l -
_:4 Ao-60o0.:10_]
Ar 0
I

l
_ (1 +):(1 +(6X1O3)X10_31 :7
tlr[ .'.fnr: fn\+ ): 1x7 :7k.z
;_
;
1
lli]ll_-:1 Ex:10.5

V,:v AtA, *,' A' :

3:-=--1:10.11 V'r + Vnf
lA|A2 V"1 + A
1i

+
u
(l Xl00)Xys lxvn
"'il
Ll -l:-:: lf feed-back is: - r (l00X )X l l J (X
l:lj = _ 1l x 0.09 : 10 which is 2OdB l) l

= - \:lo -- AtVt: lOx I : IOV = 0.99 + 0.0099

1; :0.09x10:.9V Thus, V", - 1 V and Vn, - 0.01
] ]l New Sri rati - 100/ 1

il- animprovementof 20 lg(0/1) : 4O dB

]i i!i]:T1:ses b' 20%:
r- : 80 V/V Ex: 10.6 Replacing the amplifier by its small
signal mode
: 9.7561
- !r . 11.09
. : _ 1.--61 -+2.M ofzt1 : 10 vo

,r.., 4ll.,,.] 1_ V/Vand/:lo3

_l _ I l
-;: -a_ AJ IOr l4

r11111

i:
'-1', Open-loop gain: without R2 and R, ang the gate
', -rr : :etd-baCk iS:
,,''*'
grounded:
tl = --.,'x9X104 : 10 which V6: -g'Vr"Ro
Vr,: -Vt+A:
rIilll

]il , = 1 ''\. B^Ro

Feed-back factor:
: 10 V 10' X .
:
* = 9x1 ax10: .0O9v
=
2+\f
ClsedJop ga1 Af
# .Vo) :
#t
_ :0.001 V Vo
A. :
' V,
lll,,,,i '*A: .,.]n, xn6:1o Vo : *B-Vc, x {(Rr + Rr) ll Rr}
q v (R2J Rr)Rp
_ l: 4l=.
.1 ''- - I+
l
L.
= or'r'\ R, + Rr * RD
butR2 + R >> Ro R2 + R + RD -R2 + Rt
_-.*. he larsest close-lop gain
+Vo-( .V,,,-i-J#)
a__rj

1lll1]iliJ:'' ril':i-:] -{ : 1000V/v

ll i 1!0:10v/v : -g^Vr'R
:l:ljfiers are cascaded:
-Vr": Vr-vt - Ys
l|llttll]l*

)' -*tuo
!'
- ' l : 1000 V/V and Rr+R2
lLl: llli il':l : ;:

lli,
* --__l !'
_ 0.3 maximum
-
 xercise 10-2

+Vo-c.n,ty,#} :i V,

v,
V, - o'Rr-# - R= --
&
R,
v, : o
{l
+
#*} 8.RVs
Closed-lop gain: A, :

'-9
Thus
6 _ A1gn2V, andV, : Vs- Vp
tr,:vo: 8'Ro
' V, I * g-RpR1l(Rr + R2)
o: Ai,nz'vs-vf} : A.z{Vs- Rr}
if ,4' >> +(8.Rp)'Rr /(Rl +R2) >>1
+ o( l RrArg,,,2) : AS,nz'Vs
' g.Ro _R+R2 o A8'z
"': g-RoRJ(R, * R) ' _ ys
''' - | RrA,g'2 which is the Same
&
:l*&R as,:
j 1+
A

f >> 1 * RrA,g', >} 1 and

Ex: 10.7 Frm Example 10.2 we know that:
A8'z
n'-
^
4,t _- -8':R3 where g,rR, is he pen- i,g',
, ',rRo
l*& -+t,-J-
, -R
RM
oop gain
Ex: 10.9 The equivalent small-signal circuit fbr
A >> S^zRo t2 Fig 10.11 b)
if loop-gain 1
- 1

1+&
RM

thus: , =
##R") (,.ff) =
vo

-AV
lr *
\ RMl

Ex: 10.8 The equivatent small-signal model for

Vo: _V,--+v' : vo
Fig 10.10 b) is:
i
s: , | , ' :
v'-_ vo
:,t
^
, v,- vo _ -vo_vo
'f - R, A &
,,( 1 , 1)
-'oR, &,
(1) + (2): 1' : ,.1*, ,#r*".1

: -vnl I
-1.,1
open-loop gn: V,=V' & iR,,
n _ '1nzVg,, and 7r. : AtVt vo -RF
9 n : g',(A'V -+ A : 'i,: o,r*' Is (l*1*& t
') \ A R-u,)

if >> 1 and R,, >> Rr

=tr1*+-tandAr--Ro
A ARi,t -
 xercise 1_3

Rl, : R,y - Rs : 201 - 10 : 191 k

1

:103 Rnr: (R",,, l R,): : 1':: : =: l8.8

! + 9.57

- {6 to3lxlo-31:7 + Ror, : 19.1

_ {) _ 1x7 :7kLz

] w Ex: 10.L2 The feed-back network is composed f

the votage-driver resistors R1 and R2
a) The loading effect of he feed-back netwrk at
rn
theinputis: R, ll R,
rx20 = * 0.7
b) The loading effect of the feed-back network at
,-0 the output is: R, * R,
The A circuit is:
: 5, r"3 : 5

Rt R2

"'qil'-"x N'o
9K
For the CG amplifier:
2
A : 8-[R|| 1n' + nr)1
To obtain :

= 85.7 V/V
- l)(r", * r"r) I R, ll Ro

- _0) + (1l 9) : 21 k o
P -Vo
R
- - RJ&
. ' 20 l:rll
r+lJ A,: ''A'= Substiuing:
l ': ' 1+
'
^, 8.R
R
,,Rr(l i g,R,)
_-1//V +
.Rr + R2
if Rr + R2 >> R, we obtain the same result as in
t,
i*, vl,
Exercise 10.6
From he circui:

Ri - |/g.=R'n _ -j-(lr )
1

6n

R : R l (R, + Rr) + Rnu, _ (Rp ll R1 + R2)

1+
I
- 85'7 g.96v v
_ 1 I + 85.7 x 0.1 *{
r=.:, /

il,
- 219.57 : 201 k
 Exercise 10-4

Ex: 10.13 Referring to examPle 10.5 Ex:10.15

'-1=:R.:
"r l ,-2OO
'''-R 5XlOr
A ,nz
Af - 1 -f Atg^rRt

w 20ox2x 1
1+200x2x10'-3x200
:
3

4.94 mA/V

Rrn : Ri, + RF + (Arg.rRt)R,,1

:1O0 K + 2oO + (2 x2X 10-3 X 2O)' lO K
Feed-back network:
:8.1 M
Since r2 >> Rr, i.e 20 >> 20
Rou, - ,oz(1 'l Atg*rRp)
: 2 K (1 + 20X 2 X O_3 X 2)
:1.62 M
lf g',r: lmA-+ Ar: 4'818 m/V
Ar _ 4.878 4.94 : - |.25e
AJ 4.94
^ r - -|
o-
_ *'
R-' ' R
l0.l4 _
.
Ex: (a)if >> l Ar - ,_o,
,;ir,. no i
(b) A-circuit:
''J
A" -'ov __ ' ''
lOm/V and A, =\
'- v
o
: - s.v ,,(r, ll Ro) - ano
Vr, : Ir(Rs ll Rr)
J - lO: *#--+R.: 8OO
v
_ -(Rs
w:ith / = l0 m/V =1,: -!
/.s
|1 RF)8,(ro l RF)

vo
- _ -6v/v .A -(Rs Rr)g.(r, ll Rr)
v -1Om600 :-
''F
11

,s 1+ t * (i, ll Ro)g.(r, 1l RF)/R,

This figure is for 10-15(b)

*
s
 Exercise 10-5

: -1/RF _ -|/10 K: -O.1 m/V

rrmffilll li11r l;

nt
|lftlth;lllrru lL1tL -:: _:: -:sed in Example lO.7 : -3.3X-.1 :3.O3
'm''' ''" =- = 1+ Ar -
' t,4
--
_ _3.03 - _7._52 k
13.o3
]]ll11]ii Ri: Rs ll n.: 1 |l rO:9O9
m iliii
Ro: ,o |l r. : 20 |l 1O _ 6.67k
]]m,'
Ri. __--_-]q-
l-5m(2|| lok1 - t'
__
]]]];,,",

,R F
"' 2g1

',{}- '_nll
liil{it
-'-"_. j
/ -
--, llr

-
" - -J-
R,, : 2 :225.6l
, i p
l+ 4.03
=; ,.F.
j-
R,,, - _ __ 6.?l
ilil1111
;_
''' l+ 4.O3
- I.66 k
K
{itlll{i
R,,,,, - 20 K l', _|
l-5.l= I'66k

: 1
Ex:0.16
]lll1] ,;l]
-;
_ RF Rs_-ror:1KRl:K
1- Rz:9kg.:5mA/V
ro: 20k
1il1

Reer to Example 10.8:

i
Ri : 1 , unchanged
:]_,-:: _led in Exampe 10.7
A: _.=jL:
:illl]]|'

'R, ll R, - -l0O. 1-l

10
rilll'
j
;RR
oo : -1.1t X 103 /
j ._,ll n-l
' : -.1 /, unchanged
: 111
if we call
1lil{i i R.)
_.ll.lor : _9.9l
,J - /
+ 1I1
,L
*,":
llll
ff:9OO
ilil
R : 900 K, unchanged
'r
rl

rillll
R. ll
& Ru,, : (1 + 11).9K : 1O M

Rl : =+: : -,
111

= 1,=
Ex:10.17 f
Rl+R2
xlf!

:JR.: A11 of o is fed-back.

t. :+ if >> 1 -+ idea1
,', * j- R. R.)
A,:-|:1lA
!-: - 20 k
'
R;:Rsi| ,, ll R, :|| || R:R
f, Ro : roz+ (R, il o) * g,ror(R,ll o) -- ,o,
Replacing R, for 0 in Eq 10.69
' ,] K |l 10 K)
 Exercise 1_6

- R,r^.
''o':
A_ S,Ri:_8-R
1 ..
-xr
o o1

-l-l'8.'Rr
l. g,'RI
,
Frffi 10.77: -,
sF'
R",i_ '3''.'nr'R1 - F8'rrr'RI

To obtain Rin:

o.: R' : Rr
x : t0.20 A( 'i)
_ /\'
l --_------
"l l+ 1 } 8,,RI \l '.lll()- 1

Ri" : I
Thus : -3 tan-(z l04)
T--J 1(,*,,'/l0j) :
, : 18 + tan
:''
R,, RS At ,,r,f
_l :
: '6 x lO'
ra'j :
Rr: -+R'n
I
+ ll
('r,,/104) ^ =O
mplifierstableif ll < 1 at
-Rr 8()'

1^
Since g. >> '- g R,n -_ l / g,, When ll : 1:", -
l
t(l")l
:
., _
0.008
Ex: 10.18 Small-signal equivalent circuit: .'.
-V 8,,2'RD2 ,oo, * (..F)')"'
v' r, , n, F R l l/8,,
Ex: 10.21 Pole is shitted by factr ( l + ''
o,'
1_--,-; _ 1+105X.01 : 1001

o_ffi 4ml0K 'f ,1

: .f ,(. +r9): t00X
l, :
lO1 : 10'1l::

For clsed lop gain = 1

( lK ).r:l6.6fl _ l
\t ll |/4ml r _ / (l ^F):
'rf
10'(lOl) -

1 0'4
Cmpaed t 17.39 btained in Example
xz 10.22 Frm Eq. 10'92 oles wi1l cincide
when
) 4(1 + ,,) r1"2 : 0
(r, rr)2 -
Using
o : 10O, pl : 10a, z : 106 radls
:
(1O1+ 16)2 - 4(1 + 10 ) X 1l0 0
l+too _ (1.1)'?Xl0i4
: 0'245
Corresponding Q : 0'5
Formaximally flatresponse Q
: 010'7 and
ro r---------,
J(l r l00)X l = - O.5
9,,,
..i ,"... V,:
." R.. y, l
t
.
Fi-10.19 -_--
r, t_R, LR. _4 __
^
ll l- + l0
,v
_'.\ _ 8. rn Cresponding gain is
-_
''Y rrtR._R'
=' ='R.. , A _ l0 -_l.q6\
" ' . l -t lO0 X .5

no - 5m\2K/l
11 _..:2
20 K . l ' l
3.03 btained in xercise 10' l5
as compared
 Exercise 10-7

ruMmm ]]illlg i:,: ples are found using

lilli#-__n:0
,rMi* jl 1i]-
&:!-
"i'l',__:
-:-1)__ 2019lAl
]]ffi rl-

d - i]:l:',, - :.' s1 1O0) : 9 1o.

10 dB /
*s$ 201og(1/lBl)
llill \
:t]:lon ae: 0dB
-'-5''l' j5J3'', 1Hz
u:'"s-.rhle when complex ples
Rate of cosure : 20 d/dec
ut'rtr:".
x:.10.27 Must place new dominant ple at

4_ A
' - fp
Jo -
106

{]= '
- 1+jf/fp
jJ _
:'f:100Hz

' N

- - *
' f In
Ao Original response
_
--::l
11-r x 0.01
100
r'-20
t" _ 71 lt00 80

]1fr
rtflillil
= .-'= f -10az 60
1ffi11]1"l{r
40
1|i''' --9' A:A^-20 d
20
!,l'|-9:90.
0
-40
:1 :- 10 102 103 104 10s 106 f
= . and
P
low fre- "
Jo _
-- -! I
f"'l'
1lll1 = $,'' Phase margin
tillllil'f =.5' Ex: 10.28 The pte must be mved /", to
,t =,9-r /, where

. - ----------
Frequenc f 2nd ole
: tD A +4.

il rS = r.707 -1X16
1o4 e- (1 dB - 20 db)
: 13 Fz
The capacitance at the controling nde must be
increased by same factor as/is lorvered.
.'. Cn"* : Co1a 10o0
 Exercise 1.1-1

Ex 11.1 Ex 11.3
For Q,
a.P - (v"l J1)'
- / J')2 : O.32W
, v ,, - ycnru, _- 15 0.2 RL 10
lkft P, :2V',,x1:2 x 10 x 100 x 10 r

: 14.8 mA :2''
o _ -V_ (-Vcc) _ _0.7 _(-15) Efficiency : Pt .. ,^^
l
" 14.8 I4.8 ;X
: k
0.97
: 0.32 x l0
4.*:V.,.-%t*, 2
:15-0.2 : 16
:14.8V
"-.: -V,. * %o* Ex 11.4
*ii*"-
: -1 + ,
_ l "
(a) r.:1&
.^.2

Output signal swing is from 14.8 Y to - 14'8 V

Maximum emitter current 2 2 14'8 : :
: 29.6 mA 1
- 24
(4.5)2 : 2.53 \

x||.2
At o --
_ 1O V, the load current is - 10 m and (b) P+: P-: VrrxL9
R
the emitter current of Ot is 14.8 - 10 : 4.8 mA'

Thus. rr' : .6 + 0.25 lnr) nxlxll:

4
z.tsw
\/
: 0.64 V (c) rl:
'P.
P,
--3x rco: _2_xrco
Thus, U = - : -9.36 V 10 + 0.64

At o : o V, i : 0andi61 : 14.8m
-- 59 o

1y:
Thus. lr., : 0.6 + O.O25 ln$
(d) Peak inPut currents =
1
+1R
: 0.67 V -4.5
:+0'67 51 4
i:10 mA andip;:24'8 m 22.1 mA
t n:+10V,
Thus, 9g1 : 0.6 + .025 ln (24.8) (e) Using Eq. (12.22)
: 0.68 V D
vtrc
l : 10'68V
Dmax --D:DPfr^x
n'R,
To calculate the incremental voltage gain we use
,o : Rt :6,: .91 \
i Rrl r"' n'x4
t,, :-1u i:4.8 m and
x 11.5
,,'' : : 5.2dL (a) The quiescent power dissipated in each tran-
4.8 sistr :ax v.',,
Thus. lj'1- -iiG' __ .995V/v
Total power dissipated in the two transistrs
:2a v(
: _- l'7 --2x2X1rX15
Similarly. | ,, __ O V. r,, :60mW
+'' (b) In is increased to 10 m
_ l : .998viv AtV": 0, i" : i,:
10 mA
an'
^_l ao
;, t + .o tz Fromequation 11.31
At,:+10V, ig:24.8mand r"1 :1dL v- 25 :
ou -:----- -
1.25
- P t 10+10
Thus. "o : =-l_ __ .9ss v / v 1

!1 I l- 0.l 0n: R 100

) ai R. + Ruu 100 + 1.25
 Exercise 1 I
-2

: :0V ir:o'^-lr.-:3-2:mA
- 11] ;ff

'l1]1ll1;;l, ' i ,il Vm:2',[' 'o ' l

i
.l = 00m l{ " ''';
{t111 ,._
-- ris
.rff]m]|lL]I|ul||11]T
[1 caculate {
is because biasing dides have
J
area ot
4 ln

,,,,, rlllllir
,,
* -- : Q
the output devices.

:!!]]i{ : !!]t i: 'i{

*Vcc
lulllllll']l(lllll]ll]ll1rt] :5

" !:
'tl

,\

l]t*t. ' ,,%a -0.2475

,frr;

:--| l
llili -t. n|0.2475_
-'*ii

.j,:]rA.andfor4:g {t'
_ 1
ll]

ltfllt. l(n
-, ,il,,* ', ft
lffil,l - 6.25

-vcc
llllllll
:r-\
u!

lililflil "l

lllfulllllttu . j:r ,': : 2 m) using equation But %, : V"^ + Vo"": (1)

*
,.,,(il)+/.ln()
l|||llrllih|h m,

.s -:- : '.-I1 m
: V'ln;lr'r-
illlfii
* Nf

' L t? '.)1I 2\
'-'
rlllllll|*l
*,, .ii-0.4 Equating equations 1 and2

]
,ill{,,,,,

_
-
il
,, i'a _ 6
""'[-fr] :"''()
,o.. ]'-,,,,,
''
,"'1
Mln, .mr '27c u.,,
(l0-

. t
-'r:rpated in each transis- ti ,
iNGN-0.1):9106
-:,l0103X1_5 f is in m, then
i"(i' 100):9
#-100i"-9:Q
9 i,ry : 10.1 m
l r l : -: \:. R.:
' 100
io: i" - l. : 0.1 m
]iirr : 1] n0 and : 59,
: -lV : :
1lllilu]j

Fr 6 and r -O.1
r}'. l R #
= Xl:
: -10m
s a first apprximation assume ip
= 00 m,
" -"l.1, lr:,ir"-
- 0 since : 0' current through diodes : 3 m
 Exercise 1 1-3

:
:Vs,-,r,',[l V: |3 : 1'3 0.54 m
2.4
,,,
-.
vs: Tt.3 0.65 V
But V,, : V',ln(;\)+ V.ln (;h) r' : 1 e ^vBFv l X e'05/0'25

: 1.39
- V|nffi)+ yrln (aa) +l : 1.39 + 0.54 : 7.93 mA
For Vr, : +20mV:
ere i. : 0.1 A 1.4
Equating uations 3 and 4 Vp:1'4 n: 2.4
= 0.58 m
/\
Vgg:0.1
z-n|:xlO_'l-
' :
[ " cl : 1 x e0'/0'025 54.60 m
'o-'''; 1

: 54.6o +O.58 : 55.18 m

,.,"(ffi) ,-v,r,(;n) For 7r, : -50 mV
Vg: 1'15V
_ 1.15
'-= 0.48 mA
, , ,o ,)'
2.4
iP(iP - o.l )

[j " 'o ''1

(lo va _
l--

- _
rr)2 1.15

i"(i" - 0.1) : 81 X 1 u : 0.575

Expressing currents in m -
': le
0 025 / 0.025
: 0.37 m
i"(j"-1):81
i".]1j"-81 :0 : .48 + 0.37 : .85 mA
: 100.8 m
+ ip For Vr, : -100mV:
i": i" - i. : 0'8 m V66-1.1V In : o.
\): ^
Ex 11.7 vBE : 0.55 V
Lc -- 8''X 2 mV/'c X 5 "C'm :
c : 7X e_'5/0'025 O'13 m
where g, is in m / mV
: 0.46 + 0.13 : 0.59 m
, - 10mA:
6m .4mA/mV For Vr, : -200mV:
25 mv
Thus, 1. = O.4X 25 : 4m yBB:1.0v n: l2.4 : o.tz.n
V1g: 0.5
Ex 11.8
Refei to Pig. 12.14' ct : \x e_0'1/0'o25 : 0.018 m
(a) T obtain a terminal voltage of 1'2' and since 1: 0.43 m
that V", :Vnz: 0'6
1 is very large' it follows,
Thus/6', - lm Ex 11.9

- |.2 __|-2: O.5m

Using equation 11.43
(w / L\-
Rr + R2 2.4 ,o
-I ,rtu"
qW/L1,
Thus, - : c* n : 1'5 m
(w / L\-
(b)FrVrr:f5mV: | :0.2
rwfl"
V:1.25 -:#:O'52m (w/L), _
(w / L)l
: 0.625
Q,| 'lu" : Lo' ()',r",
- V,)'
V g'V T: .025 i .025
6': le e
:2.12m1' o, : O.25(),(.2)'
:2!l2 + 0.52:3.24m
For Vr, : + 1 mV
'40
= () --
 Exercise 1 1--4

.,
__ _ Gain Error : -0.35 t}o: 3.5o
\v,112
mn -' -2o
om - ;:
2XlXO-r
l- V o,, 0.14
X (0.2)2
L :14.14mAN
Rnu, :
{8' t 8.n)
1

- l'')2 10x(14.14+ 14.14) x 10-3

-3.5
D.2r
x1l.t2
See solutill on next page

* ]li
mr

* r1
,,,'iV,)
.iil1lriir * ::-.5)
,

0 yo2u

'
 Exercise I 1-5

Ex 11.12 (Vcpz - V o) : - V scpQ+ (V 62_ Vi2)

Need to prove when Voz : 41R. then VGSlz :
[yGsP2 oR] - V scr, : - VscpQ+ (Vor-
V,n
Vi^l
ssume Q off (V"'": V,r) so ll,,z = and
using (l):
- 2V scpQ + \v' : - V scpQ+ (V92 - V 2)
: 4o (V iz V o) : - V scpQ + 2v SGP, - 1v t|

(v SGPa
V,, : +V n, + |V,||
- v o, + 9!-Q
4a: )o; (o,), (v ScP"2 - |v,)2 "_
Plug this va]ue for V nto the value for V 62

and show V sz : ',V,v

- u/' * V + (V z - V'z) : V c*'
"s"a)
:
ul- r/')
- |v,o)' ,o,rn* ,",",
2(Vscps- |v'ol)
: (Vscpz - y,o) where
V scpz : 2V scQ - 2|v tpl
+ |v t| Vove: (Vcstua- V,,) : (Vscpa- lVu,l)
: 2V r"rn - lV,,,l (l) ,n- va+ V,, _ /,;sr, Q'E'D'
Find V,, for the gate voltage, Vor, :
Same proof or p transiSor.
V cpz : ('V - V s.ro) + (V o, - V 2)
 Exercise 1 1-6

Ex 11.13 Vq:7a-7
Tl - T: t Po and,
200 - 25: 71X50
': l5-'1o'7: 0.86mA
,5
'^-175:3.5"C/W
5

But, l : lc + cs + s +15V
3.5:1.4 +0.6+s

= sa : 1.5"C,zw
Tl - Tc: rcP'
Tc: Tt * JC\PD
:200 - 1.4 x50
_ 13"c

Ex 11.14
a} From symmetry we See that a1l transistrs will
cMuct ual currents and have equal V3r's Thus.

+ 15V

Neglecting /63,
=il -"/t :0.86m
But at this current

Vs :
"'(?)X
- O.o25nr0.s6
lO_J)
\3.3 x 1 'ol
:0.6v
Thus, VE1 : + 10.6 V and : .88 mA No fur-
ther iterations are ruired and 1c,1 - 0.88 mA.
To find 162 we use an identical procedure :

-15V V"- - o.7

vn: 1o*0.7: +9.3 V
ff lrr10,7 v Then
/, _ 9.3 - (- 15) : 4.86 mA
W. : O-7V and 11 : : 2.86 m '5

1' lect 1r, then Yg : O.25 lnr4'86
X l0 3\
*J
\:.: lo
t'c, - :86 m "
: 0.643 V
ffii lhrg rrrent, V66 is given by
Vs2 :
1O -.643 : +9.357
Wr : .ozsrr|1JC'l - 2 _ 4.87 mA
\l.l x r 'tl =.:v g2- 4.87 mA
ll]h,f$ {o : 0.63 V and 1' : 2.87 mA Finally,
Err iefatins are required and
= ;:: icz: ic-2.87 mA cz : c: 3.3 x ,o_
"vr/v
Where
f : *1g'
1
"":V''-Vr':0'62V
frr iterations let V sBt - 0.7 V 2
Thus, /63 : 6a:1.95 mA
 xercise 1 l_7

The symmetry f the circuit enables us t find the

alues for ur _ -10v as follows: V,,' - O.25 ln(]!9 {q-.)
\_].3 10 '"i
' : 4.87 mA 62: .88 m : o.'2
cz: c+: 1.95 m Thus, ,, :V-V
Fr _ * 10 V, z,, _V-Vsz :10.-58 o'72_ +9.86
: 10.6 - .62: +9.98v Vg64: ' - VB2
7 : - 10 V, ,, :Vr-Vl : : V
For 9.86 - 9.36 .5
_-9.35'7 .62 : -9.98 V : 14e0'5i 0'25
Thus, 1.o 3.3 X 10
(c)For 7: +10v'
- 0.02 mA
- 10V
For symmetry we find the value for the case
-100m ,l: -1V as.
163 - 100 m :4.87 m C2:0.38 m
61
,
a l0 6:o.02mA 6a:10m
- 201
U.,:-9.86V.
- .5 m
Ex 11.15
For Q1 :

'''/V,
C\ _ lSP e

i ' "s/V
,+|
-:.be l-^/V^
ic - r, n'o

Thus, Effective scale current : Isp

le
-
1ri.=
ffi+rc
+

Jli*tl*
v,*
B <_ [^ i.
ic ,t ] !lc
ls= lP+l]
"("
ssuming t!atVgil has nt changed much from i(.
0.6Y then -#- Q
v., - 10.6v
{,
/,,5_ 15 - 10.6
- 0.88 m

g _ 1-: 0.88 - .5 : 0.38 m

1c'1 - 0.38 m (b) ffecie curren gain =
B
- , ,
V gr : 0.025 Inr9 -]C) :2Ox 50: 1000
-1.-l x lo
\ r'1 /
|1
l0O X lO ' -_ 5 X
- 0.58 V etLB'l1'|2

Vr : 10'88V 169 : o.0251n (2 x O 1)

1

1,,5_ l5 l0'58 -
:0.6.51 V
.88 m
\
Ex 11.16
Thus, 6', - 0.30 mA
See Figure 1 1.34
r. :
ow for 02 we have:
When 15 x 1 'X Rr,, then d..: 1r'".
V2: 0.643 :2mA
V62: 10 - 0.643 : 9.357
r:4.81 mA Vll:s _
ga:0
'.'(f)
Cr - 4.87 m (as in (b)) :25xO,h(?+)
Assuming that 1g - 0 m.
:
]

.651 v
 Exercise I 1-8

l_'{] X 1 'R", : .651

.- _ 4.34 , - (v"l"D)'
L
[: eak output cuffent : 1O m &
i,= : R., X 100 mA : x
: n.43a V
4.34 1OO 10 r
Thus z, : Jx28: 8.2 V
or 16.4 peak-to-peak
;.:Is,5/v
: l 14 e0.434/25x10_\
Ex 1.20
* .35 Vltagegain:2K

whereK: I : 1+R2 : 1.5
11.17 R3 Rl
-,ti Thus.',-3V/V
t-llren out of mode : \ r o"
: :
R3 R2 nput resistance R3 10 k
-ls eak-to-eak uo: 3 X 2: 6V
]- o
Peak load cuent : J : A
-..\o/"-_
-
8o 3.75

:. ' 1_R) _ _2R,, P'B: (3o/-j5)2 : 56.25 w

.1 R,) R, ",
_3R x1'1'.2|
R-l
We wish to vaue
:- R
4R, ::: -3-3: _6mV/"C
dT
* -lR:1R3 but From Eq. (12.58)
: - R. /R) Q.E.D
tvcc :
[1 1R:)aVrro
aT \ R4l ar
*6 :
ft)" -,
rhus (t *

-R,R4 -.
,&
i
E;x11.22
ReFer to Figure 11.44

l, : p: - v,;,
)*"C''}{1v"r1
|ffit,l,ilffi| >> 'P: lXI0 l:12(lycsl 'l -3)2
2
!]ii, :il. 0.1 : (lycs -y,)2
-*--
x111l1
+V"' : 3.32
tfrMM.Jt Vro: 2Vo,: 6.64
rm
*-].
ri r{ R: Vcc : 6.64 __???
ri,!:B - ,
T. 2 m 20 1O_]
-
- Using equation
, Ltrffifl{':: l : ].9 W
vcc:(r*ft)r,,,*1t *ft)u,",* 4v,,

,.. e
6.64: (1+2)x0.7+(1 -fr)r 0.7_ 40.7
'e: ha o be less
or dissipation
@ff{Lln supply vo1tage f 2V is
R,
o, :9'5
ll|hrr 1-\-rply curve intersects the -+
irre rr a plint for which the output
$i:t
 xercise 1 2_1

From the above we can write :

Ex:12.1
V - |yrrr| - |v u,| '
v
V lc(.o"| |V ou nu, : G n'zV l, + -!J where
'1

<+1.65-0.3-0.5-0.3
<+0.55V V,, : -G-lVrn'R, and
Vr, * V ou + v," - Vin : - Vnu ,} V z -- G*|R|v :

V,c'(^rn)= - |v t| "u|herefore
Vor,
>-1.65+0.3+0.5-0.5 lnu - 8'o8'R'V"u,+d
> -.35 v
Vu(r,n) Voo*\Vour\ /o", : V.,,(g ,n68ntRt.
*-r)-
<+1.65-0.5
< + 1.15V "-ffi 1

8.t8^(r^z|l r,,ol +
Vn1in)> -vSS+vov6
>-1.65+0.5
Since r,n || r,,7 is huge. we can neglect
> - 1.15V i
and have :

xl2.2
:
1

ly : 3v' 1 0'5 m' '' --------------:

R_ =
8-n8-|,roz'1 r")
Vov : 0.2,vo6: 0-5 v
x:.t2.4
: (voi2
ForQ6:.5 : K(0.5)'? +:2m/2 Cc
For Q2:, : 2(0.2 + z: O'8 m +

'^ -0.8:4mA/V V'

8.: Vo+8'z: o' Gn rVut

4q 0'5
'r -' 0.5
- l m/V
G- : mA/V G'z _ mA/V
" _VoJr'-?9_-zs I 2
'.' '''' 0.8 Cr:1P
=+fo6:r':#:40k
20
fo2 : fn4: 1O0K,|6 : '7 : 40K
A, : -|-zrnz: -4x25: -10 v/V G'n __ l m/V -_ l0O Mz
\' JF| -
(^\
2C, 2C
Ar: -1'rn _ -l X 40: -40 v/v
A : AAz: (- 10)(-40) : + 40v /v =C.:1.6rP 3;1r,,.
,. At: -G,tRr: (1 X 10 11 r,,,1
Rn : (r,,,,11 r"rl : -2 : 20 k
40k
- (1 X 10-3)(10 /2): -50 v/v
x t2.3 Ar: -G'rRz: (2x 10-3)ir,,oll r,,r;
The small-signal equivalent circuit for the op-amp
= (2x 1
3)(4O( )/2):
-4 vi v
in Fig. 1 2.1 on page of the Text is redrawn below
for a unity-gain buff'er.
A : Al'2 : (-5O)(-4) : + 2000
From Eq- 2.8' 12.7 '12.14,12'15 on page of the f : f,/ : 1OO x 106 /2X 1O3=5 Kz
Text: G., - g.1 G-2 : 8.6 (b) to moe zero to s :
R : rnzll ,"o R, : rn\| rol
R__J-__ ,=500
/or,
G,,2 2 X 'l
<_
Vout

R2

Gn':,
 xercise 12_2

i:'19-3:318X <+2.5-0.3+.7:+2.9
106
] ;1 V,c"l^rn.)"= - Vss + v ov + V ov + Vr
IO106:.4 > - 2.5 + 0.3 + 0.3 + .7 : -1.2
_]18 / 1 .'. -1.2v < (V c)ll < + 2.9
- -. ; (b) By Sym.

-2.9=(Vlcn)p< + 1.2v
(c) -1.2 < (V lc)s()T < + 1.2 v
= -t_ \Hz
(d) *2.9 V (Vlcv)n'"al < + 2.9 v

]; ;] l0 X 16 X 0.2 x 1'2'9

*S l, - )rwlL\(Vcs-Vr)'
I

",cc
lz :
)w/ L)(VGS2 Vr)'
1

For ' : r:

(Vcsr - Vr)' : 4(Vcsz- Vr)'

i.e.,Vor, - V:2(VcS2- vT)
lll'il-i,-;.-Vrn or Ycsr : 2V6sr- V,
']
* "_: - 1.85v
- i,, . L vovl + vt,
,,",,, Ex:12.10
' - :.i - 0.5 : : :Is , : :125
-0.5-s ;
npn 10_laA 2oo,V 1

- i,_-,rr] pnp:Is : 10 laA, : 50,v :5v

- ]'': : _ 1.5 v
i';
: 1r"v/v
-l'ovl +Vtn
-l.:-[|.5: .55v Vn:vrh!
1(

Vr, : 25 rvln lo ,'' : 633 mV

10 A | '*

8-:/r5:2/5k:40m/v
1.0 m/V
fn-."-2oox25+5k
ji l":
]l0 k : Vr
r.'lm
---!
25mV
tili

.'\'':' ] Vo l25V
" C - lm :
,^:
f1'roarosf t25 k()

x: l2.ll
' ''
_]
=i3.33M -/v-
: 'e Vr|n( / s)
, : -'
V uu:
lr
l-1.33 x 106
and13: a,1: 2
Fromect I v + V z : v + v B4

v-rnal !f] : 1'lo

l
= tL..: 'u i-r : 0.7 V
' L/.rl v.ln
' L/srl+ v-nl ' L/{s/s4l

" /i j l, /i l
-
Llsr . /s:.1 Llr,/ro
...
I

':
' i - _r
" ,J1''l1'l'1]
". '11{r/s,-1
 Exercise 1 2-3

xl2.|2 x:\2.|6
12.22 on page f the Text, Let R' R'
vB -- 0.' Vfor/. :
See Fig. =
1 mfor8!1
Rz = R + R ssume >>t and r"5 - r"6, then
/c : l0 AforQlO Vss = Vso = i(res + R1) = i(r"6 + R2)

Vr^n _ t v,ln|ffi] - o'ss .

.'.!c6:,4r+*o7
r".*R

Vltageacrss R. : Vnto- V''' io=ia6-i=i

= 0" - .585:0.115 v
: rg5*R : ';,
, R
*ll n
g /^. : -= ,: qry * ll.5 k
.'.,o
'? n -
- 'R4 R l0 A R
,n
r"5*R*R
Ex:12.13
: -R - 0.02
V lct('o") V o - V r - v rut + v B tior
-R
:

= + 15-0.6-0.3+0.6 0.02R -
-: R10.02Rr"' .02

= + 14.' ,.,,. ,
,^'"5
v'c'1.,n1 - * Vas * V sl * V:.or *
- Vrs V nt
_ 15+0.6+0.6+0.3+0.6 Substituting R = 1 k and re = 2'63 k for 141
=
op-amp, we have
= '|2.9 0'2 l
(neglecting R1 & R2 droPs) .'r - :5.5l0
t.z + '6i
x:. |2.1'4
Assume Q, Qrl (now dide connected transis_
x:t2.l7
tors) have normal area From Fig. 12.23 on Page of the Text:
*
Q, Qzo have afea = 3 nrmal Ro = Ros l| Ror
. ^ v^ _ :
1,0 : 0.251*,,Jiffi /(,'g:u:_ 2.63 M
19 x 10-6

Ro)l=
: R,,lr: rn1,1(l+8I,{ ,tll|
,fr.
-* 8OX3:540A (, 'gXlOhr2oX25lt x '))
- t s
Ex:12.15
[' ;;, '\ ,n X -6
Assume ct - cs* c:9'5 Rolo = 31'1 M
(a) V : (Rz+ re6) : i"(| + 2'63) R,,: 2.63Il :t. : 2.421

= 3.631:
Ex: 12.18
(b) /., -
V='o
* 1orr uo G,". _- 'orn
Rr Frm q. 12.93 we hae: ff"
2 :r..'' **
=Vuu *
_ x. 12.'6 and 12.|'7 in the Text, we have:
& *t 5 2o1 , - 5.5 X lO
l. R" : 2.43 M
= 0.08/, Hence:
,l - _ 5.5 rqj- :
V
(c) /B7 :
- l:
-0.08/
n
- v'Ut'
.4/.
U,..:;;;."10^ .l3 X 10 " m/\

(d)Vw: Vrul'rr,1 From Eq. 12.95 we have:

CMRR : 2B,t(Roell R",n1 /e.
- 3.6.]/ l- .o8/' X
9.5 6\(2.63
=+ 1(q.5 X O x 3.l'l )
= 3.84k X / '\ r. l '/\ z'o: 3l'l /
r,(,(-5 " x
\,,in
l\ _' ( + |)V gl = 3.84 k{} 5.5 l0
'
 xercise 12_4

(z)o]" : -G.'Ro.
: -6.5 X 8.1 : -526.5 /
x:.12.23

- 3360 or

:l}11]]]l

= "-i: k
i] ] il

lllllIln]J ,u,,'

r-l : 25 mV
= r:_ Q 16 A
lllrn

- K
]]]l
= 1.-56
,fi
= :,. _<
: 200-
r_'
:-- 40 x 0.16.s
i' ]al 0.455)] : 30.3 k
vT , q'gVr(Ro ll ,,'r)
T
.",,) (R;l .,")

t Vr, Vr,
';ill
*., l
'Ll8.8 l8.8K
';
6.60.9171
: ".
100
l
+5.-s + 145.5 : yr[0.05 + 6.05]
V-
=)R.=+ _ 16_]
tT
--P )

-'JlI : 29.2kdL x:.12.24

+ Ro,
t ''",,, * ,^',
,,
2]+1-]
J
Ro = r"ro *
- r+1
(+25 +_t ,8lK\
iL\'
- so.q k , -0.O25,\ l80 st)
_ _ lll- " 0.05
;-;;;_--_--------^---
201
l - .-l ssuming z: : _50 and ra _ 2O0 and
-:- : r;Q Icll, : 180 fromTable
t (l: -]lg+ ts) :
- -- - 1t \:
*,=5
" 20t
5_94
Ro: 14.4
" " i.

-.,r - l1 k
 Exercise 12-5

xz|2.25 xzt2.28
SR : 0.63 V/S
using eq. (12.129)

using eq. : b*^(*,') ',,,"." V : 25 m

'
n : iiG-^o*
"sR

0.63 : 1 kz
2(|0\1X10'6 R::Rl:ffi:2O,oO
F,x:12.26
-,: ^(,
?,,(*)
I \1.r
n, : : 1,'733
ffirQ)

A,,:2-43147x10s
G^' : 12
1 ''
{=zX
.'. o : G.' R
.'.R: Ao/G.91279z

v'
SR : -- where
7

'- -- %:+ SR
2
__
2L
G-'
*.,

ith R, inserted in emitters of Qz' Q

l ..ll
' '' 4r" + 2R, 2r, l R,
- 2r' * R'
. ., O.25 ffiV - p
I

for I : 9.5 X 10-6 A

R: 0.050 -- 5.26k
9.5 X 1'6
now SR - ?
I
x (2v + IR)

: 4[V+ Rl2"t QD

new ^ G' : G.l

L-:
' -c, -2L,
.'. C. must be reduce x factor of 2

C.'..,:
"'ncw
r+, -
2
{:
2
sp
Gain A G-, :. A also haled
n"* : or-6dB : 11'7dB
f ,, : f ,lA -f has been halved
f n". : 2 f o: 8'2|1z
 xercise l2-6

:0 k
Find 3 lorrii"r
t
s
lli ' ::lm Exercise 12.28 Assume l - i: and ir'- iu2
' _ '**(f),: (y), .'.i' _ iP :i ,
i"
(;:)('")('")
' : 2,** (f)" : ,()^

' : !** (g),. - i(o,),

1]] :- -:l the original

- ',
'. c 0.2 s R3, R9, and R1 Qo

llll'lil
{,
,----: o
,.o

i]

(b) iB] -! /run,, , = 40 )

;
io, : 10\ : 6.25 A
(40)"

iu, : _ (ssume - lO )
;,
. lm
l,l - _ja - 2.5
(])".40

^l
P\
 xercise 13--l

Noise margins stay unchanged' because

Ex:13.1
n the low_ouput State, the transisto is n and v oL,v oH,v L,V., onlydependn
V oo'V,' and

.' - ,os __'__u-

1 V,. Since V, has not changed, noise margins

"C^,;(vGS -v'' Stay he Same.

norder to calculate the power dissipation'
we
Therefore. the current drawn ttom the supply in need t first recalculate
this state can be calculated as:
t'D' DD
Voo -Vor -_ l.8 _0:l2 : 168 \
von -50=-Rorro,
^^'_Rr+ RD l0 k
'DD rs : 302.4 \\'
Poo : Voooo: 1.8 X 168
2.5 :5Ok
- 50 : 15l W
A Poo',,,,r,:
l'ro
lso:Vr, - vDD;f;S Nte that keeping V, unchanged resulted in

highe power consumption, but noise margins

Substituting for stayed the same.
r,
Rot ,or; 6. 1 _ 2.5-J2J-: = rr, -_ 2 k
Ex: L3.4
and hence:R, : 48 k To determine V, , we use:

K.-R -_ -!- and wih R, _- lO k and K,

T obtain
f , we use:
v,

|'S :
1

-wL unchanged:
V,z _' Ro ' :
'C.'(Vo, - V,)
')' O.O8g X l() - o.zz
Ro,=>V.'
To calculate the new noise margins' we have to
= 6
2x 1o3 X 125 X 1 X (2'5 - 0.5)
indVrr' V ,"' V ,r' V o''''
.w _"
" Von : Vo : 1'8 V unchanged

When the switch is clsed o in low-output state'

Vlr: V,}V': 0.5+o-22: o'12
the curent drawn frm the supply is 50 ' V," -_ V, | 1. fo;l ,- v '
Po, : Voo : 25X 5OX 10_6 : 125w _ O.22 __ l.-rl
= O.5 t l.6] /22
When the switch is open, no current is drawn voo :
,, O.ltr$
fromthesuppy: P : 0 voL_
- . .R -0.5
'Vn-V,
''h- '.-61'-
Ex:13.2
t NMu : Vo"- V,": 1'8 - 1'3: 0'49 \'
When input is low, the output is high and equal
V o".lnthis case, the switch is connected
t NM: V,r-Vor: 032 - 0'26 : 0'46 \'

R.r, therefore the current thrugh R., is zer' The power dissiptin becomes:

: Vcc: 5v' : lruootoo :

ence,Vo" Pdu,",ug"
\r": u""
equal
When the input is high, the utput is low and
Lo v oL.The switch is connected t R.,' ence =voo-vot
RD
:
Vo : Vcc- Rr,r, : 5-2X 1 3v
P,/n'.,nr. - r'. x !-926 : 1.l9 \\'
}
Ex:13.3
uncnanged resulted in 1oe:
T determine
' |. \e use:K"R^ _ ly, and sub-
Note that keeping f

noise margins and higher power dissipation'
Stitut y, : .089V, Ro : 10k '

ft,' : 3o A/V2:
_ ls
.lO0 X lO ", ' l X lO' - * ='|

 Exercise i3-2

Ex:13.7
-----: : -.1
FromEq. 13.35we hae.. Po"n : 1CVoo2
.o-V,: .3V
Po' = 1OX 06X 1X 1o_,5x 1.82
= 32.4 x 10-6 : 32.4
w
Ex:13.8

= (_1.8
- 0.5)2 PdynC'V2oo= Pyrt CV'or'
iz_l-11.g-2.5) -
P,ynz ;v;
-5 s2
- 0.5V =
* :- : 66.73
= o.

Ex: 13.9
- l8+(3-1)os v'(t1 = v.(*)
- (v.(-) - v.1o*11"-,t"
-t+l

: Vo _ (Vo _ ()1"''ea tl '

rr-]) = -(-tp')
\ 2) "'<
--l
|'oo-.l,- 6)2
:. tpll :
'oo', . o.un
]l] ',- - - ::! for p1rr:
-':,- 10 psec. with C =' lOfFand Voo: l'8
Jr l - .8. |0r' U.69 :
ltr
-
l.2 m

1-1

-'-V,-Vo,
l- : 1.8 -0.s-0.12
. : 0.61V
- 61 :.69
,l -.38v

c{-: K,and

= , _.L ' and

= .-:, - k,W,,
 xercise 1 3-3

tp = 0.69 R.C = 0'69 (20 K) (10) = 138 pSec

Ex:13.10
For tp1gthe output Starts at Vq1and goes to
yoI For tpo1, th output stafts at V9 and goes to V1
is 10 k
through the u which is 20 k: through P which ]

v o0) : v o@) - (v o|) - v o(o*))e 't" Vor'-(Vor- V o')e
'PL
)uo"*Vo):
v oo
* V o) : V o" - (V " - v or)'-'''"'" -
(Lu
", lu ",- 1u ",) :, ,'HL,I

* - voL+ vo1
?
Lrv
Lv "" "r) : ,',rL/
- (voH) + voL :tplt
"(-''(i))
__ lptl
t : '69'R'c : 0.69X10KX1/
:69ps
'_ ''(;))
,, : trr.") : p + 69 p) : 10o p
\{to"',* }l:
 Exercise 13-4

lT{x -1o1o'11e ""

_ O]_'': '100 f) :

,f' = "-16 nsec

 Exercise 1 3-5

x: 13.12 : n"'(Yr),[,r, - v,,)v o - i" :)

"
t

a) From Eq. 13.58:

r(V o _ |V,ul\ + ,'
', _ :
V
o, 3 X 10
r1 +0.2x10 50 '>< (),
1.2 - 0.47 + 0.4
: r(____J7- -:o.2'z)* (). : '
r 0.6r
'o = 0.6 - , )0.2
[,,
=0.8r+0.4=+r:1 :
From above: w, : 2wn
= (), 'o

+(w- 4 X 0.13 m:0'52 m) Ex:13.14

o Using qs. 3.63 to 13.67 ''e have:
b)Von: V:
''2'Vo': nC
v,": !;svoo-2V,): }r>< |'2-2xo'4) '*': ;();
= 0.65V V,"
(
v,r: 4 '\V,,
o"- ^1 '
vno-\voo)
\t
lqzvoD+2v)
= 0.55 V _ .,1 :r x o.s * (91)' __ t.es
: v -'4 t.8 \1.8/
Mg : Vo"-V," -- 1'2- 0'65 0'55

NM: V,r'-Vor: 0'55 V Ntingthat V,":|V,u|' thenrn: p: 1'99

l.99 X 1 t0
5
: 24.1ps
c) The output resistance of the inverter
in the low- t ur ux1.5x1.8
3X10
outpu state

S :
is:
1 ,tr":ffi" -.C

"c"'()",v o" - v,,)

1 *.'()"
tptn:
43010_6X1(1.2-.4)
t r
= z'
" '
= 2.9 k
Since Q and Qpare matched, th utput resis-
= 49.4 ps
'rt
tance in the high-output state is the same:
flsp : fs : 2.9 kd
I
,n : + tPHLl --
z.l*49.4):31ps
(PLH

F-(), : (). : l.,wehae

Ex:13.15

r: [i : os'
,4
From Eq. 13.68 we have:
:
tpn O.69RNC and if we substitute for R

hence: V, : 0'53 V from Eq. 13.7O, i.e.R, -- + k then:

().
Ex: L3.L3
Using Eq.
.13.-58
and I3.59: ..,
PHL
: .os
" "
x l2'| x l0' x. __
'9,?:' "'
,., _ r(V oo - lV ,ul
- V ,') 2.5
(
).
(').

r*1 =
' -l) R62_5 X 2 X l0 15

_r(5- l)l l+r- [

5l x ll
ri7
y)"
' {,r, n l/2 .(ry)
"\ L ),,
- r5
When V, : V adV o
: 0'2
'Q opefates we btain
is sien as: Simiarly, using Eqs- 13'69 and 13'71'
in triode region and hence the circuit

&
 Exercise 13-6

J: _r 59X3X13 c Ex:13.9
a) s mentioned on page of the Text, C1n, is the
(r), contribution of intrinsic capacitances of e1y and
Qp. Therefore,
il: =50x1O_l2 C1n : 2er + 2Craz + Cdb + C.il,2

.'. Cin, : 2 :
l', 2x

0.1125 + 0.3375 + 1 + 1 2'9 fF
C"^r: C8 * Cgo * C," : o.7875 + 2.3625 + 0.2
s ,.., '=r.)
t \ L 1
- 8.3 = 3.35fF
b) From q. 13.19, we have:
/t\
-
.69R"uc", + jR"oC".,J Th" exinsic

part of pis: O.691R"q Cex and in order t reduce

- ll,gil * Cn"* the extrinsic part by a factor of 2, S has to be

C..r
increased by a factr of 2. Note that s_& .
R"u
,*'rwr - Therefre, R* has to be reduced by afactor of 2

,ilJl:.-<r-.r, or equivalently ()" ^r(), nuu. ,o o"
rtr' increased by factor f 2.
Cn"* c) Frm q. 13'19:
'iaLD
* --
L old
: .o(n"oncin6 + lR"o.C".,) ,"n...
: l-6 psec
t"* : Cinr* Cur/s
t
od Cin, * C"*,
'],
]5 l to 0.375 m For S : ); tone : x 28 ps
##
]'

i :efr-cion = 20.5 ps
{iliF ff d) : W Lad''*" () is doubled and L
is constant, then or area is also doubled.
* _: - ll _ (2 .7875f) + .2t
Ex: 13.20

:
Using Eq. 13.35
-,r *
tr) 16.6 psec
Payn : fCVoo' : 1 x 10e x 6.25 x O-s x2.52
_i:
* : = 39.1 w
#) 21.3 psec
The maximum possibe perating fruency is:

= ; 16.6p + 21.3p) : 19 psec

f^ : |.
lp
"n"",

PDP : Parntn: f-*CV2oto

= },
'2to C V292 t' :
" 2

nh he inverter can 6.25x10-tsx2.52

_:9.5fF/J

_i_ I
,j 2r, 228
 Exercise l3-7

Ex: 13.21 is scaled

a) For NMOS devices:
The power density, t
"
,
*fu"
w

__
"
t\ - 0..l8
18
X t.5 -_ .27
.l8 y_ : s3
t/s'
Fr MoS devices:
Y __ o - O'l8X4X.l
O.l8'
- Ex: 13.25
0.l8 Using Eq. t.1.94. we hae:
6X17X1O_:
b) For NMOS devices:
V : : .25X1
:qn:X4Xl.5:#
So,
#"u,., 4ooito4
/. .1 8

For PMOS deices: = 0.63V

w .l8 t. " 0.54
xzt3.26
'' .l8 0.l8
For the NMOS transistor, V 6, : 1'2 V results

xz L3.22 in V6, - V,n : 1'2 - '4 : 0'8 V which is

(a) The minimum cuffent available to charage a
gfeatr than V D,o, : 0.34 V' A1s,
load capacitance is that provided by a single
MoS device. The maximum current available to V o5 : 1.2 V is greater than Vpro,' thus both
charge a load capaitance is that prvided by four conditions in
MoS transistors. Thus, the rati is 4' q. 13.1O1 are satisfied and the NMOS transistor
(b) There is nly one possible configtration (or wi1l be operating in the velocity_saturatin region
path) for capacito discharge. Thus the minimum and thus lp is given by Eq. 13'10
and maximum currents are the same 6X 1.5X o.(.z-o'4_ !>
ratio is 1. iD: 410X 10
=
(1 + .1 x1.2) : 154-1 pA
Ex:13.23
if velocity-saturation-were absent, the cuent
's'
Since dynamic pwer dissipatin is scaled by { would be:

;^ __ 1
' x4J0X lo-n l.51l.2_ 0.412
and propagatin delay is scaled by 1. , hence' Pe 1

x l-+ .r 1.2) : 231.2 1l"A

'.s2 s -
isscaledylrl rst _ l8 snpp Saturation is btained over the range
Vr5 : O.34V to 1'2V cmparedto
decreases by a factr f 8.
V s : Vov : 0.2 - 0.4)
: 0.8 v t 1.2\r

Dxz\3.24 in the absence of velocity saturation'

are kept cnstant, the entries in For the PMOS transisto, we see that since
ly"l :
f V, and Vt
Table 13.2 that change are as follws:
:0'8 V and
Ivorl - vn|
1'2 V are

bthlargertha, lVr-,| : '6 V thedevicewi1l

obiously. Vpo and V, do no scale hv {
anv-
be perating in elocity Saturatin and
more. They are kept cnstantl !x
io = X l-'' X l.5 X .6(l .2 0'q _
o V'
|lO
, , oC since
' ,thus remains
k'Voo- Voo
(1 + .1 1.2) : 55.4
x
unchanged. while C is scaled bf ' and K'
1r is 0.6 yDs < 1.2
without velocity saturatin
scaled by S. herelbre tn is scaed n, s'- l ;^ _ 1X 1l X .5 x O.6(l.2 - 0.4)2(l ] 0'l
2
Energy/Switching cycle, i'e',CV2 o, is scaled by = 59.1 A
1 V uv V os< 1.2 or O'8V = v DS< 1'2
s Note that the velocity saturation reduces the
: MOS current b
p , o CV'o and hus is scaled y !J s NMOS cuentby 33 and the
'r/\7 2tu l/S- - 7.

thus P6rn increases.

 Exercise 13-8

i]* !-}' ,e have

1 -

f the straight line represent-

amm*rion is given by:
 Exercise 14-1

4.3
t4.t
(W / L)" : 1.5 (W / L), : o'32 V': V,o+{]vljfi,- Jr)

rr., : 0'5 ns sinceVr, : V-V,,

: V' -_ * '!i , 2, _ 6,l
tpr .03 ns V ," 1r,
-=n,
TE NoSE MARGNS wLL NO CANGE Suhsituing alues. we get

v,:0.5+o'3vr'2
v - ,fis vl
14.2
Usingeq. (14.11) ("/T3 - s5

_ (V- r,)[, - : (2'5 - 5) X V,:0.5+.3v/2

V1 :l
J.65 - v,- 0.3v!'z''85V
l-
L{41
[-!l v'- 0.223:o3J-65_v,
V6r: o.27 Squaring both sides Yields

using eq. (14.13) and (14'14): v? - 0.446v, + o.o5 : 0.09(2'65 - v)

v,l[ :
- f'+ #r] t- 0
M v'_ (vDD_ s that,V] - 0.356V 0.189
yields one
Soling this quadratic equation,
. _ _ +l _ 07
,-_ 0.5_(2,|'_
practical value for :

4 J4(5).] v, : v 0'648

: Von : Voo- V,: '8 V -'648 v

'
Mtl: (yDD_ V,)l -2-) (2) x
J:/ = 1.15 V
: v
\ - -L)
(r 0.85
14.4
./:.+,
(a) Ret'erring t Fig.14'12, without lading'

*"r""()" ,1s *(%#) Vo"_s5

- --4 oL_+0
':;-"),- 30 (), (b) Ref'erring t Fig' 14'12(a)'

: ," - V,n)'
(), : 144
io,(o)
\"(Yr)
'v
using eq. (14.12): rnru'l(ffi(s v - l V)2 _ 800 -t
= }ro
l.,", : )0.a4Qs - O'5)2 86'4 A
:
|{:
: io"(o) : V,)'
Po : "rurVoD : 86'4 '2'5 0'22 mW \,',(\),v ""'
using eq. (14.15) and (14'16):
- 1v)' :320 H
: (t] :
=
\rzo*ozv'l(})sv
-, 168
'll1-'(t)- Capacitor cuent is
:
7lO-''- : ic@) : i(o) + ir"(o) 800A + 320
tpll : 1.68 X .11 nsec
3, 10,'' ,, 1_44x2.5 = 1l20 A
situation is
To obtain iol,ltpr'we note that this
using eq. (14.17) and (14'18): can use
we
: identical t that in Exampe 14'2 and

-" zf|- 1(' )- - +)(t)-t] the result of Part

io"Qrr") :
(c)
50
:

: t.9
1.gx-7 x 10 rs
= 0.03 nsec i,(tpll): o,(), r,
tpu
1rsx10-6,(#)><,t
L,,,,_
u,,,,
t 0'03n) = .07 nsec
,, : :(t1 1 l7g\ - )'ln
2
'(l\
 xercise 14-2

o, wil rn off lhen :

",() -:(+1
V
where
" |V,o|

lv,ol : V," + {fi o; f) + z$, - Jrl

* 1"5 :325
A Solving for lV,ol ,

* _i!_{1 : 722.5 A v,:1v+.5vl/2

"i[t:,j_,'}F() r/'v r]7; + O^6 - "Fl
|V,,
* 0.613 : g.5yl/2
r5y -s
_sr 1_6) squaring bth sides and setting one side equa to
zero, we have the quadratic equation,
!$ 'tr.at r-
lv,' _ * 1.0242
o.g76v,p| : 0
,, - t--.)' solving,weget lV,r,l : 1.6 V
(d)
-trV-)2:8O0 : Ir 1 tpl\: ns + 19 ns)
)(rm )o.z O.

'- - _ t: - 0,22 ns

14.5
-]t-l-:320A R.^ Rct I Rcz 4.5 k + 6.5 k
'".4t'- 2 - --
: 8 + 320 2
= 5.5k
tpll : 0.69RC: .69(5.5kX7O)(10 15)F

tp :
0.27ns which is close to the value of
0.24ns obtained in Exercise 14.14
ili,l ts r* it-
$:t 14.6

',()-;()] ()': (f)":,,

Using Eq. (14.36),
,fu'ine Vr, when
voo
n'o-#il: #:8'3k
,t1' - -
2
14.7
- :.b' - jr- Using Eq.(13.71),

Ro, : j9 k _-
k: j5 k
#*o.uv-".6vJ
: l.4g ()'
(2)

with Eq. (14.36) we see that

:
(w\: lr) :
nr" ,?:?
k I2.5 k
(
_ l49,-j :l
: 20 A \ )"
' Using Eq.(14.38),
* 0'. gr. )
to: 0.69|(Coutt * Crcr)R * (Cinz Ccz)
= _17[ffi x (il + R2)
ffim - : 4 A = 0.69[(1OfF + 5fF)(15k) + (1fF + 5fF)
X (15 k + 12.5 k)]
tn : o.64 s
: 0.19 ns
 xercise l4-3

=1x5Xl(5-1)2
2

= 400

ir1(,1 _ v,\ _ |"(),o,|,u on _ v,'v, 1,,:

2''

' l,l _''<rl

=50xl(5 -l

= 115A
i^,l _ 40 ] l75 _. 28s
'Dl t,'' 1

(c) jr' _'r r' ou,,

|,,,r
C,,(v ^^ ,\ 40 X l0 |' x 4
o|,,,,
A' ---_----:---l- ----------- 4
288 x lU
-

A = 0.56 ns
Y=AE+ (d)Follwing the hint we assume that Q*
xoR l
remains saturated during .

i'
-' '_ .lV)
\"(|)",, -
__
ioz1u,' lrr( ,'.,

=AB+AB .2
XNOR iozlo,:|*sorl(3-1 )

A
= 100
14.9 ipzl..,'Lt
(e) ,2 :
v,)' C
Since lr(Vrr) -- t-t
\"'c.,l(|)"oor- X 1O_6X.56X1O-9
10

cloubling(f)'rl o*o,"()", anl io(V oo) 40 x 10-ls

: 152.2 = ,1.4 v
so ir(Vrr) : 2(76.1) Thus. '2 decrease o ].6 V.

Thi. **(y)", will also d*ble ,,() ' t4.11

Von : 0
2(68.9A) : 137.8 V _ -0'88 V
'"(): v
This dubles ,'lo 2(72.5 ) -_ t45 SULD BE SFTED BY - 0.88

he new r"r71 is V ol : 'O.88v F'ER SFTNG

V or : ' l.76V FTER SFTNG

PHL
'(uoo-)
14.12
',,,
5)F(1'8V Refer to Fig.'14.12 Neglecting the base curre
_ 30(1O - o.9V) : 0.19 ns of Q1 , the cuent thrugh R1,
6)A
145(1 D, Dz and R2 is
. 5.2-Vor-vo,
14.10
Ret'er t Fig. E 14. l 0
': Rr+R2
: 5.2 - o.75 ' 0.75 :
-)" !, - 0.6285 m
'''(#)",, i(v') 0.907 + 4.98
- -*, : v
(),,,: !)_)"!,-'
Thus,V, -0-57
Vn _ V-Vorr: -0'57 -0'15
(h),D(,,. : V : I rv\ (\/DD-v)2
o) ;A,i J,
 Exercise 14-4

{,,.r
t : ,- Fis. 14.26 Uon: - 0.49-.75: -1.24
"
-'
_ 1.24+)
: __il
- ' - voR* (-V) l
'l8z -_ l5.2 mA
R
:-0.75+5.2 better estimate for V
BQ2iS
-4m
i.779
V ro!z : .zs * o2sln[l!.2)
o = -x4xRc2=-4x0.245: \l/
-1
, 0V (because the current through R.-1 = 0.818 V
.=
Thus a better estimate for -l is
uon : -0.49-0.818 : -1.31 V
q.

. r ,' r:g. 1-1.28 14.15

]i 1 = \ 1,. n : 99 no,
REFER To FG. 14.32 for
V' _- V,u: -l.25
- ...:: _ Vs' F5.2
The vaue of IE we found in Exercise
.779 14.14 o be
1l
]] i_]i : . QR : 0.75, = 4.08 m
4.12 mA. he V
c!a" - 0.22 4.12 -
= -0.906 V
lil] " n.1.018:3.98m
"l I:'l . _c
:er esimate of
UoR- - 0.906 - 0'75 : -1.656 \/
V ru|nris
l
,|o] - -1'656+2
-----_-::: : 6.88 m
..:5 . O.O25nrg) 0.5
- \1) better estimae for Vruir. is

ill]] _:{:.-din_sy, V,rl' : .z5 , o.02.sin6.98)

\1,/
0 779
: 3.97 m = 0.798 v
and coespondingly
._]2v, Q" : no : r/2' _ - .906 - 0.798 :
Von
- -1.7M
0.75 + 5.2
: 4.08 m (b)For z, : Von :
).779 -0.gg V.
'i1
]L ll . -,.':-; asrimate for V ru|nris /L _-0.89_0,75+5.2
- --__i1g_-- : 4.58 m
Jli 1 = -_i -.25 nr2'09) better estim ate for
)
v B 0^ iS

V nlq : 0.75 + o.025|r() : 0.788 V

l ll r- -,,jino]rl

_ I :lA _ .88-0.788+52
Thus.1, - -_ 4'5'] 'q
]it1 = ". .. : v'
o.7;-
-1.25 Vrao : *0.22x 4._53 :
'i. -1 V
'
Von:-1-0.75:*1.75V
- 015 + 5.2
__-_______-_____ :
,|Rr -
4.166 mA -1.75+2 __ 5 m
i
).779 - -.---J:_--:
. -':"]
-_ .imae or /^_l
" ' '1lS
V r!, : O.z5 + ).O25ln)
\1/
= .79 V
Von: -1-0.7g:-1.79
(c) The inpur resistance
into rhe base of e3 is
: 4.12 mA (+)[r".+Rrl
').799
{Il
= lol[f + 5Ol : 5..55 k
'il
 xercise 1 4-5

0_y"+.79-0.1 : x
V clno (5.55 kQ Il 0.zz l Thus.---=:-- 0.99
vi * Rt
',leo vt-0.'9+5.2
- -5.55 l 0.22 : 0.269 0.719
(#.zzr)xro3 + vs : -0.58 V
!on
-
5 : 0.99 \4.16
','l
"( 1QA 5+5 Refer to Fig. |4.26' Fr the ref'erence circuit' he
current through R1, D1, D2, and R2
11-'rr.'
'on : _0.269 X 0.909 _ -0.24 /y
c| i" 5.2 2 X 0.75 : m
'" 4.98 + 0.907
.629

d) See figure below. ssume V

''
- 0'79
v rlo, : -o'57 v
Va _- .57 - 0.75 : 'l'32
Il _
'lQ|
l..l2 + 5.2 _- .636 m
6.|
(-0.79+.3) Thus he reference circuit draws a current of
(().629 + 0.636) = 1.265 m from the 5'2 V

,=^ supply. t follows that the power dissipated in the

ret'erence circuit is 1.265 x5.2 = 6.6 mW' Since
-- (-0'79} the reference circuit suppies four gates, the dissi-
|o r,0,, pation attributed to a gate iS
: 1'65 mW
{
_5.2 n addition, the gat draws a current

(because the current will be 4 to 5 m)' At the

: 4 mAfrom the 5.2V supply' Thus the totatr

power dissipation / gate is

range of saturatin,
6: u:0'99 P:4x5.2+|.65:22-4mW
 Exercise 15-l

Ex 15.1
Refer to Fig. 15.5 (a)
5 k )'''
when , : a, : ,n"nO* will be Vo____ l
___-l____--__

I *zpp _d__V
'
vDDt2

Saturatted'a : and Q2willbeintride

--..-_J -------------> |

+
ii
---------->
,
--->l'<-

O*'() _ t1 -CR ln2

-,,)' : o;(o,),
1v
- 10 "X5x103X.69
ir'()",('(}),, : 6.9 ns
-_(Voo-
u) -:()'1 Ex 15.4

From Example 15.1: (fl.1

k"' : 4k; : 30O A/V2;
l-.1 : 0.5; Vee - 1.8 (.,. [r-
/

\
"'"
17

vDD-n)
2
I

l ,, ,. ',()(),( - o,)'
(y).1,". : ,,,
'5 )'
-r] : ,,
(l
i()(ffi)[', - O 5)() - ) l'] I
\ 1.8 - .5/

,, 'l(f), -* 172x1o-o () =
= \ ' )"
z._s

' -
'^'-2.6m
l+'J_l
8ra Ex 15.5

, : '" \5 L': To find 15, ,Jie use

, : !r('C,,"'()r, - v,n - v
o)2
""
r^, ) : 2.5
\Ll"
l.'2- l X 3O0 X -6 X 2.5 (.8 - .5 - ._s)'

: 24o A
6, : 2x 1o-t2 xo.2 : 1.7 ns 6
24O10

,, () : 1.5
\Lt"
/. : l X3OX l0 6x l.5 (t.8_ O.5_ 0.5)2
'2
: 144 A
t2xo.2:2.gns
6r:2x70144
A
or:/ 1o 1
5 rW)
therefre,

\L ),'

r: 1.7nsX :2.ns
1.5
 Exercise 15-2

Ex 15.11
Ex 15.6
l :
CVroo
_J-')') FromEq. 15.18: o'
(}), = (). " ?,l'-('- x l.8 : l8O
-- CVo
r
-_ 5OPF
(l)., x - (' - .)']
0.5 ns

P: Vro : 1.8 X 180 A : 324 W

+
(),, = [r

(). = -
''()" Ex 15.12
Reler to Fig. 11.26
(), = 2.5 x 2.5= (l),, < 6'25 our decoder is an extension f that
show:
(as opposed to 3)
w" r.* n bits is the address
For minimum area: select wrd lines'
and correspondingly there will
be 2M
- Wo: to M
Wn: W 0'18m
Nov, eactof the 2M word lines
is cnnected
PMOS transistr' Thus
NMOS deices and to one
Ex 15.7 the ttal number of devices
required is
From Eqs. 5.14 and 15'15' we have: + 2M(PMos)
M2M(NMos)
1

V,l -
: zM(l + t)
C,y - : x t '1 :6.0 mV
CB 2 .:Xl0_'' " L Ex 15.13
Refer to Fig. our tree decoder will have 2
Vl - 1 1.28:
the first
tt ;i;ll"".. Tius it willhave N leels: t
c, _ -30 x 1o 12x1'2 : v
-Cr',,voo - at the second
-0.06 i""., r"." wil be 2 transistors'
, J"O 2
atthe Nth level there wil be
2N transis-
22 ,. ' . ,
- -60 mV tors. Thus th ttal number of transistors' can be

find as
Ex 15.8 : ^ , 2 r.r] + ...+ ?
Number L L
Area of the storage array
: 64x 1024 o24x2 : 134211128 pm" :2 +2+22+"'+2l)
(1

:2
: 134.2rnrn' o.equivalentlY Geometric series r

: 11.6 mm X 11.6 mm
Sum: ,'- - 2 _ |

,1 2 _l
Total chiP area

= 1.3 X 134.2 : 1'74'46 mm2 = 2x 13-2 mm2 :2N -l

Thus,
Ex 15.9 Number :2Q*1)
Refe to Example 15'2'
: \/e can Ex 15.14
Since r is proporional " '
'o
bythe
t"l 2x5tu
reduce r byafactorof2bydecreasing
1 :100Mz
6;
1
-
Samefacr. 2X5X1'9
8^' + 8'' Gn :
ence, G, has to be doubled'
be increased by a
and both g,nndfrd g^1rhaet
be achieved by
ru"to, or i. t e increase in g, can

f '
'us'
increasing lhe crrespondn

().
_ 10'54 -
- '" 6
.t8

()" - 018 :24

: tx2'16
 Exercise l5-3

(c) n one time-constant the oltage eached

is
ilr
M
s - 1)2.s -)rt'7
Vop
ull 1251
: -1

i tntlfri

__1- t,=2.2 <_

voo\-e-t): o.632vDD
: 3.16 V

--J 5 V--> {.5
+2.5

C"

-'lnrlx,
.ai,, 10' - o.l ns

'": *o"()^Q.16-2
: ]xsx9x2.l2
') ')
:0.35 m
. C"v
D

_2x10-12xg.5:2.9ns
.35 X 1O-3

l-: -:x103
 Exercise 16-l

Ex: 16.1
1:1
1() 2
,\ -- -20log lTl [dBl
: 1 O.99 O.9 .8 o"7 0'5 0'1 0 Q:\

A:: 0.1 | 2 3 6 20
1T]
.'.7(s) : k___-=-----:-- 1

1s+l)(s'+s+s+l)
x 6.2 since (0) : 1,k:
:
1

,",- : 20 log 1.05 - 20 1og 0'95 0'9 dB

I
-l Thus: (s)
a ,_)ornnl I
'l0.0l_4OdB
(s+1)1s2+s+11
1

c2
(1 - ")
Ex:16.3

' (slj){s j2) -

7.sl-o
('f
"t
'l "[j)(" i
' 11 '2)

';)
'r-;,l';a',2 I

=_'=a- 2 r
, (s:+4) ./l -'- .' -" t _"]
I-1
"44
{-+,st--j:
-! a.E.D
, (rt+4)
J*ro
- lrad '
s-'l-.s* hus: { ' ,J,lt-_
12^l(l'1,11;)
I

T(o) : _
,4
- 1

rg}
1
28'6 dB
:l 4 {3) - _2O
k Jl ' 'r'

Ex:16.6
1_- ]

Ex: L6.4
. : r/lT_ l - ^/lO"'
- | -- 0'588

r(sl -'ffi s({2 .4) l l)l

/'
(s + .1 + j1'2) (s + 0'l - j1'2) f '-.'|.e)'*
'' l

(,) _ -20lglT(j')l

J n oz: + O'65) 1s2 + 0.23

+ 1'45) _ lo o[l
r
' .';)
1/ . l2\ l

Thus, lO lg[1 + .58882 X 1'52]

> 30
:
N: 1LS 29'35 dB
N :1 1 LS : 32'87 dB
.'. Use N -_ l l and bain
,,',,, : 32.87 dB
Fr ,.,, to be exactly 3 dR
l 1g[1 + e'x 1.522] : 3
+ 0.3654 9 .a' + 2 lg ^h
- oa-a
: t).54 dB
ol2Q: lCos60 : 1/2
Ex: L6.7
The real Pole is at s -l :
ples has
The cmp1ex conjugate poles are
at
As shwn' the pair f cmputex
: l andQ: 1
s : 2cos6O" -t jsin60"
o/r.Q: 1cos60 : : -0.5tii,I
 Exercise 16-2

Valeys are obtained when

co,'[lucos_'(fi :
'
,""'_'(fr) : k'k : 0,|,2

;:,"""'(),k:0'1,2
r:"CsO:r"
6r:rCosf:o.lr"
dr:"Cos:o.s.,

Ex:16.9
0.5

for DCr*: 1
: 1Ol-1:o.3493
(,)
" : _-"" ,:})'l
Io los| + 2cosh'"o*h
"t ,)-J
: 10 1og[1 + O.34932cosh 217csh _121]

:5 : 64.9 dB

For.A.,'= l dB, e : JlO" i _ 0.5088

(:) : 10 log[1 + 0.5882cosh2(7cosh '2)]
: 68.2 dB
This is an increase of 3.3 dB

Ex:16.10
* u'.o,'["o, '(ff /
tl .: n/ l0'o_l : .5o8{
(a) For the Chebyshe Filter:
ten ('s) : 10 tog[1 + O.50882cosh21ly'cosh
_'t.s)]

fi :0 50dB
N : 7.4 .'. choose N: 8
-'f g]- : Excess ttenuation :
6 /_
1O log[1 + 0.5O882cosh218cosh _1l.s)l - s
= .t - l,n : o,,z' :55-50:5dB
(b) For a Butterwrth Filter
i'l} - l)rl :
i---- l'. :
,
0, r,2 e 0.5088

r :
(,) : r ro[l -.(fi
0.95p ]
![n,
: 1O log[1 + 0.50882(1.5)'*]
= 50
_

r' )
: o.so," N:15.9 .'. N --
choose 16
Excess attenuatin :
5
]|} ): 1 log(t1 + 0.5882(1.5)"] - s) : 0.5 dB
 Exercise l6-3

x: 16.11
9:IO3rad/s
a
selected to yeild a centre Frequency gain of
10.

Ex:16.15
(a)

104:!CRr R,:10k
C : 0.01 F
an az
.F. Gain - _+ -
D
l0 :ao
Rl
Rz : 100 k
r(s) : s2 * 'lb
Ex: 16.12 52+s/Q+lo
Reler t Fig. 16. 14 b-2
,n,,: 1 : lO-trad/s
1T(,rr)l
"cR
For R arbitrarily selected t be

l0kC: .l ,:O. l F
-
A2
10'x 1" t+
' "
The two resistors labelled R,can also be selected
(o3 - \2Qz
-l lr any two frequencies , and , at which ||
is
tbe k each.
the same

Ex: 16.13 ,lrj, ,b

:
2
(fordc gain = 1) ', _ o'1' <'l2o - <'l!)2
7('s)
-_-_
s+sn/2'l,, +i
,1

:
,,(r?r-r1) z(2o- ?)
, + ', : $
1
(),. (1)
l, rrl -'-=_:--:-
z
I(r'n 2,2 (2i -)
- ,')" +, ,.-.2 ,'2' Now t btain attenuation > A dB at , and '
:
2
where , - , Bv"

n'4+ ) ,","ol,
ltol *((l)_,i)2Q2l
.'']',,.1 =a
Jl)
l =1; r-'
=--4
2
SUB(l)
I . \n $ _ <'l| Q
/r +{lel
^/
r \,',/
" lo ]=7i6e,t,'_ 1

r2- 21 Q.
}
1

A - n, ll= which is 3 dB helw he

NL
1.1
l !="6l"-1
alue at de(unity) Q.E.D. r-1 0
Ex:16.14 'r, l=^a,,,,-1
BW,, Q

=o=_--...jq-
B}V,/!{) I'' l
o..o.

(b) Fr:3dB
This (s) : '9"
.r, I 0', '-l O'
I
o: ---+--
Btv,JIO"t 1
: t(t
BW

- lO5 ral / s oRBIV. : JQ Q..D.

i{f'nm
ffi1
Jr:*
]ll1]!lllry,
 Exercise 16-4

From Exercise 6.16 abe 3dB bandwidth

= o/Q
-, 210:26o/Q+Q : 6
- ,u-
.",-,12(l
\ - +)-'
2(.
Q : ooCR
t" o)2**-,
,',
l 2Q' 6:260 XCX 14-+C : 1.6F
* ll nfi' olo : 1.2 rads Q : C) o:
' "L
R

:,
L:+:,19o
oQ 260 x 6
:4.42

Ex:16.19
f : 1o kz /.o, : 50O z
"
0:=!-::ru
-, "f,u, 500
Using the data at the top of Table 16. t :

Co --C: 1.2 nF
a- {.2, - ,'.*)l R:Rz-R::Rr: 1

nC

t'-'' -.].".)2
- (%* : 13.26 k
2|0a x 1'.2x 1o-9
Ru: Q/nc: , '0 -:265k
2|oo x l.2 X l 9
Now using the data in Thbe 1 6. 1 for the bandpass
case

:@ _1 i( = centre-frequency gain = 10
5 1*rr/rr:10
Selecting rl : 10 k thenr, : 9 k
r kc)
Ex:16.20
- p : 210a
I
Eq (16.25)
':x215x13
:
5
-_
7(s)
8'1408(s + 0.2895or)

1s2 + sO.4684 o + 0.4293o2)

1s2 + s0.1789n + 0.9883r2)

The circuit consists of3 sections in cascade:
(a) First ordgr section

r
2.25 mH
!r - 1

the number coefficient was set so that the dc gain

=1

7(s): -0'2895,
s + 0.2895o
 Exercise 16-5

Let R, : 1 k x L6.21
Refer to he circuit in Fig. 16.24 Chsing
dcgain = Rz/R: 1 : R2: 10k C=nF
as i -+ c
R: | -l5.9k
0.2985-' _ nC 210a x lO "
lr(j)l 4 I

.Cn' : k
UsingEq. (16.62) andselecting R1 10

C: 5.5 nF Rr: R,:10k

0.2895X21oax10a Using Eq. (16.63) and setting R2 : 10 k
- 1) : 10(2x2 - 1) : 3 k
(b) Second-Order section with transfer function:
R1 : Rr(2Q
(s) : 0.4295')
ighfreuency gain= K : 2 - + : 1.5 v/v
s2 + 0.4684,, + 0.4293'12, o
where the numerator coefficient was selected to The transfer function to the utput of the first inte-
yield a dc gain of unity gratr is
Vnu _ 1 _Vn - sKl(CR)
vi sCR vi n,
s2+Sj+ 2

Thus the centre-frequencY gain

Q : o - l.52 -_ 3v/V
= CRn
F.x:16.22

"T"
Select R, -Rz:R::Rs:1k
+C: : 2.43 nF
JA2g3x2104xlo4
C:C:C--2.43nF
n
- - L-oiql'n
.4684 - l.4=> ^ - _9-:
,,('
14 k

(c) Second-Order Section with Transfer-function:

(s) : 0.98832
v^ ,,(Rr/ R"\s2 + (RF/R1)-2n
Vi
._
"
l s,,/Q1rl2u
s2
The circuit is similar to that in (b) abve but with
given C : lnF R : 10 k
Rr : Rz - R:: R5 _ 10k
Cr:Ca: 7
;: R_ - '' l ,_-_ll.8:]k
oC 25 X l'X o

ln X 10* J9s83x214x14
R:1k+R": 10k
- 1.6 nF
:
R2 _ 10k*R, R2(2Q-1)
o:J8&1
_ :5.56 :
1789 =-10(10 - 1) 9 k
ThusRu : Q/,,C:55.6k &-' : _2=R,
- "
: lor9]' : 25.6 k
Pacing the three sections in cascade' i.e. connect_ Rr*o \5/
ing the output of the firsrorder section to the
input of the second-rder sction in (b) and the DCgain = : (z ;)fr : ,
output of of section (b) to the input of (c) results
in the verall transfer function in eq. (16.25). R, : 3}:9.: 16.7 k
 xercise l6-6

jbr ,'+r[-___-+ l
\ "x2X Os \ :
l;;;/*
^

---------.:1.59nF
1
;,
{lll l
]10* X l0* ,'+ r13 X lJ) + 1Os _ 0
lM = :r. . 0:20k
,: -3xot^/qxo'-x
:1
-ein = Q
: t
2

: = -0.382 x 10a and -2.618 rc4 rad

:'_ s

ll1f, : 2 19 x:16.27

vi
]i :rd abe 16.2

1
,l,*''', *^^'-.,iE

Vt: O- vo
sczRl
1at ()
j:?+SCr(V-Vi-#\
V^

* v,-v^
o;;":o
&*sc u"*##,r
,l
2 X 1O*s + oV _ n
ffr;l
1'-l- sc2.R3R4
: : nF vo= _/ Ro
vi
: ]k sc + +1
.tc2R3R4
KQ

This is a bandpass function whose poles

:
f:
are iden-
ffillh',fr' = "
't
so tical to the zeros ofr(s) in Fig. (16.2g
a).
|::9,: C,_-l0 "F.R':2 O5&Rn:5,
10'
' ]&l;,llirrr*xt
Vr:
]Mhflrrli*
*
i:r:ltiln of the feedback
network is _.- -JX2XlaX
Vi s2 lsX lo4 + 0
l1sltu l : ].Ea t. he poles are the roots of
ffiMluilill|:lilf :: po.nomial, For unity centre-frequency gain

uil-'-_ ] --
- \ 2x1o4 X: 10a+: O'5
'cg7o
l
l' C&) -
nus & : l k: R.
ffit,,'" = -_- : ]0-9 F, R : 2X
l_ -- 00 k
1O5 ,
lffi = *' -'l.
 Exercise 16-7

1 ,
- _ !9--'--- : -l.s(
Ex: 16.28 .s;o
^+2.o
s9 -
"R+
!=.__-1x2--l%
)- O 2
vo
(c) Combining the results in (a) & (b)
vo
Ca
oo:-1'1:-2o
R2
o

<_ .---> LQ:- 1:0

SC3V6 Sc4 (y-y) o
Scayo c3 (d) using the results in (c) tbr bth resistors being
high we have:

2

,ro
(') - *" C,
ri:{-C' +.si:C,-z
'" C,
- _!_2l+
11
') '(-2-2
:2-2:0
Vn: V,, + SC'V, R2
- V,,(t + SC, Rr) : so-,^J) l sg,=C'-l
"L2
'C
O

1at() a
^Q
:o(-2)+(0)(-2)+0:0
- - n + V SCa(SC,,Rz)
SC3v
t ; f;sc.n,
vi * 'sc'Rl ] sc,,+ l
Ex: 16.31
- yol srcrc.R,
-n, R.
From Eq (16.96) & (16.97)
R1 I

C:C:6TC
vo
-
1 / C3C4R2
- 2loa l ,x20
vi . 20 X lr
sz + s.ft_,(r
ft). -
6.283 pF

<no : -J- "#_*

as in Eq. (16.ii)
From Eq. (16.99)
lc.coR,R, C.-C'::O.3l4pF
l C - 020
a -_..-.-------:_' as in Eq ( 16.78)
From Eq (16.100)
r,,R/Rr(l,) Rz)
\R, Centre-frequency gain = : t

D.C. gain: 1 Q.E.D.

2
Cs : Cs : 0'314 PF
x:.16.29
From Fig 16.34 (c) x: t6.32
R,_R,:R:10k R'' - l9.Q9 '_ 2106 X.l.2 lO
6 X 15 :3k
CR:2Ql.
R : R.ll ., l R, : 2 k+R, : 1'5 k
t-2Q- 2/J1 : .5.63 nF
,rR- 2(4 x 16:;10a
Ex:16.33
n : 4Q2 -- (!\:
\)
z Q _ G|| R'"; zrl
C, : 2.81 nF
10311 103 35
(2x455X103)X5X10'6
Fi,x:16.30 BW : f ,/Q: 455t35: 13 KHz
Refer to the results in Exampe 16.3
(a) R./R. : *2o 'l +in:_-;
1

hL
I ..
2 : '1a
S'o:
R3
- 7/2 *'o: 2 I

(2x455x lOr)2X5X l
6

-' +'Q/Q !x2 : 1

: 24'4" nF
2
':,: :
(b) R. i R,: 2a C : 24.47 - 0.2 24.27 nF

-
 Exercise 16-8

:.rlrjthr,;?s
,'lMirlll'ri mur; e: n caions C: 1_
'2oL (210.77 x 106;2X3 l-6
1fl. = 'iS __ ls5 pF
-
.1ll 72.8

,illll{i ' R: I:
,,,:, " f,' _
'=-l-i.-i CBt
l,- 72'8 x 10 L2
x 141.4 2 |03
,'
: 15.5 k
:li]m]il] ]il,i|]fil,,, = _: 5 X 455 X 1O3 X 5 X 10-6
For stage 2
t:. - ,fh,rtritt
,;
?- I
- k bzL (2 lo.63 x X lO'6
+r
O6;2 X.1
- | fili'
_ - an
: 74.7 pF
R: 1 =
-

-]l = _!_ :
* C, 74J x
zq..l 1o_|2 14|.4 2 1o3
.= 1 : 15.1 k
: _its tr
Ex:16.37
::e 1ltage developed across Ri is
Gain f stagger-tuned amplifier atl is propor-
ff;;]{ hu_s. Vr" : R/n & tional to
lJn,,'i-],- = s- R/n,here p-l-
"sae ^ -sage2
=#'-
lL
l9.*
L
1,'-s* =
::x15.5xl5.t
1
:7
Gain of synchrnous-tuned amplifier at to
Rrug"l X Rsage2
Eq (16.110)
: 6.95 x 6.95
- ']
lil'.fr .r[z : 48.3

1 .'.Rati 1l7 :7')

- 48.3
l|'l L
];X 1.7X106)2X3X10-6
* i ]F

'.i:, . --"' 2?-X 3.8X 103

-*D
= - (16.I15)
-
_ _ :rq on, -
lll
"{F-- .,-) lo.77 Hz

M]: :1'/.'l2 : 141'4z

--a
- _. Eq(i6.l6)
:
'- uf.:1': _:/2[2 :
illill
10.63 Mz
= :.JKHz

 Exercise 17_'

Ex: 17.1
_ 1kz
+(:d,n.n,r*i,
t6'
le frequency f,,
(b) The frequency of oscillation is (10s/16) rad/s
galn:
Centre frequency tplpt clt'l r 1 kz
peak ?6 the
: !vzv (c) Refer t fig. 17.5. t the positine
drop (0'7 V)
'

2 voltage at nde b will be one diode

which is about 1/3 ofV'l thus
uiouJ,n" vItage V,
x:.l7'2 v b -- 0.'7 + i, / 3. Now if we
neglect the cur-

L* : VR\'o'* Vr(t .ft) rent through D, in cmparisn with

the cuents

through R' and Ro we find that

Vn-Vu yb-(-5)
:''(;)+(r+J)
Rl R.'

:5+0.93: +5'93V Thus.

in-vu vb+15
L :'v*&,-v,(-ft,) t3
:-15]-(t-J) Vo: 2u,, *
-)
5

:-5.93 V/V vo - !(ot -)-s

_R, _60
Limier gain - 1 :
"- =+V: 1'68v
peak is
:-2 / from symmetry, we see that the negative
peak-
*1 ; the positie peak'
Thus the output
-F 5.93
Thus limiting ccurs at t-peak oltage is 2l '36 V
_
: 1:2.91 x17.4
a) for oscillations to start, R, /R'
: 2 thus the
Slope in the limiting regions
shu1d be Set So that is resistance
-R,li R.
: __' - -601
3 : -O.95 +
|otentiometer
k
30 t ground is 2

(b)"f":
Ex:17.3 ;fr: z,,-lEl', 16 X 10-9

(a) L(s)
Rl\
- - * i,)777,
Zp :\ kz

Ex:17.5
: ('*ft)('=+tJ woring from the utpu back t the
input and
continuing the equations we get
1

v t Vo ,
' '
-'scn]
I

:(t* SCR,R 'sCR

10
*(n*#i-r.) (Yr* Yn )
\ R, scRrR I
3.03
:--------1 Y, )-
3+scR*3i
..
y' : -Vo _ l(Vo,
sCR/ r\ scrR'l

.tc

where R : 1 k and C
: l6 nF
Thus
u": #,(r',#)
: 3'03 _ vo,- l -
scR *' '-*)]
s-cnrl', scn'=L
L(s)
.*, lo-s + ---l----
.Sy !6x l0 =
The closed loop poles are tbund
by settlng
f s' satifiying
:#,.#*#)
iirl = tt ut ir, itl"y are the alues

x
',
x : 303
-' r J/\
3 +.s 16 10-s + ---J--
5116x1
]
 Exercise 17-2

v"/ R Ex:17.8

$
\-Vo.Yo *s
&

[rk
v,:vorh#:r"(, .F;)
r*(rt.,*r&-r)]

Nde equation at collecor:

4*
]ffi'? s_c,
- jCR1
{;*.v'"k*h:'
*r'u.-k('-#")
-('-#) :'
a the value of ) that
Since Vo * D, (oscilations have started) it can
m{ rmber. be eliminated resulting in

b t,airred from s',rc(.- S21L,C + L2C)

*)-
*sL*,:n
R
Substiting S : j
lm;;S, t6 1-9X 10X 103
tz 1l-2C1Lr+Lr)l+jal

',t,, :
fosm- the magnitude f
l - G'- *), o
! l or geater than) unity,
R:OO:q...
JC(Lt + L2)

I,:01g^R"t:#
foe f R.is
_Lr
- 4R -4R
+ L2
L2
*, C-R: 1
3 + 8^R': L/ Lz
for scilations to start
g'R)> L1 / L2 Q..D.

_t x: |7.9
]lOr R : qll R,ll o
= .nk
w large as the voltage : ,I ,|| zxlo3ll xIoJ
:fu ak-t-peak amplitude 1OoX1O "
:l0l 2|l 1O : 1.64k
C.
t,-t.r:40xt.64:65.6
 Exercise I 7-3

Cz : 65.6 x 0.01 : 0.66 F Ex: L7.L3

,1
z CtC,
&),,-
''c\+c2

= 100
0.66 X 10
6
O.1
lor2 x
0.l + .66

Ex: 17.10
from Eq (17.24)

"1
\
2]LC' a_ sz'o.olzx 10-]2
:
2.015 Mz
from Eq (11.25)
.1
'P
1-
I
l
C"C"
o '
"^fr;ft-, Timedelay= ms=.125 ms
f
|.szxa9]
2
0.02 + 4
: 2.018 Mz F,x:17.14

a : g-&
=9! 3V
7

2x2.015xrc6x0.52
120

" = 55,000

Ex: 17.11
Vll:Vr:ltt
R'
-,: Rr+R2 ,13
R, : 1.6
comparator with a threshold of 3 V and output
R levelsof:t12V
R2 - 16k
Ex:17.15
x17.12 |V-|
l'rl
00 : 50 mV
2
v r" - V r,,: l'f ,R,
ft, 5Xl0 :10
5: R'x10
R2 &:10
Rr: 2Rt
R] .06

R, : k R2 : 20 k Rz : 200 Rr
Possibe chice 10
forR,:1k R2:200k
 Exercise 17-4

,#': #6: OO9 v

v

_
,- ' ]^ X lnr l.09 .)

\I _ 0.09t/

:: F{

Tt T2

During
V : 12 - (2 + V o)e '/5
R2 '(t1
V: Voatt:T/2
10k V: 12-(12+Vo)n-''''
: z."n(12+Vo\
\2-VD)
: 2 XO.l l0-6X OX lrx ln|2 + 7r)
\12 - V r)

Jt_-1_-;@\5oo
3
0 k

\12-vD)
fltr"":
,.(+#)
_4281z
t 0'c, V : .7 +.05
0.75 V :
lt : 500
J lo, _--
:-- : 3'995 Hz
h(12.7s\
\r1.25 )
t 50'c, Vn : O.7 - o.O5 : 0.65 V

/lrr., : - ':
r.rg.6s)
: 4'6ll Hz

\ 1 1.35/
t 10'c , V : 0.7 * O.15 : 0.55 V
/l,no". - :'ioo,
tnr12.ss)
: 5,45l z.
\1r.4sl

Ex:17.18
To obtain a triangular waveform with l0_V peak_
to-peak amplitute we shoud have
V7u:-Vrr:5Y
But/",: -a+R,
R2

Thus -5 : -10 x R2
10

Ru : 20k
 xercise [7-5

To obtain a perfect match at V : 4 V (i.e. to obtain

For 1 kz tiequency, T = lms
Thus, i : 1.6 m)

/2 _ gVrn -Vr 16:!*4--l

T .5 X 1O-3 - 5R,
_ R2 : 1.25 k
0.O1 X 1-6xR 10/10
for > 7V
R: 5k
. ' 3 _7
-RrR2Rr
F.x:11.19
Using Eq (1'.37) To obtain a perfect match at : 8V we must hae

: :
1O0 X t 6 0.1 x 1O-6 R3 -(i#) to select R, so that i 6.4 mA'

o'u : 8 * 8-3 - 8.7

Rr : 6171 l25
R: : 1'25 k
x:. 17.20 t v : 3 V, the circuit provides
T : l.1CR*R : T/1.1c: 9.l k
_ 1_ 0.6 m while ideally
5
x:.17'2| j: 0.1 X 9: 0.9 mA. Thus the error is
T _ 0.69C(RA+2R)
-0.3 m.
l, _ 0.69 x 103 x 1_l21Ro + 2RB) * t V: 514 the circuit proides
1 X 1O3

: ";: r5-3 -- 2.6m,whileideally

5 1.25
= Ro'l - _-_--!- k(l)
I
2RB 14'49
0.6q x l0 , _ 0.1 x25 : 2.5 m.Thustheerroris
Using Eq (13.45) +0.1 m'
+R" ji
t 1/ : 7Y the circuit proides
o 75 - _-----___
RA+ 2R _-]
; -!.7 - 4.6m,whileideally.Thus
R + RB x 14.44 :
: o.75 10.88 k (2) 5 .25
is -0.3 m
- (2)+Ra : 3.6l k
the error
(1)
* At u : 10Y the circuit Provides,
ow, subsihrting into (2)
. l0. l0- 3 l0-7 - tOm,whi|e
.--
Rl : 7'27 kdl
125 zs
Jse 7.2 k and 3.6 k, standard 57o rSistors'
ideally I - 10 mA. Thus the error is 0 A.

Ex:.17.22 , (m)
i
--> 8
Rl
6

- ,u 4

2 Slope = 1/R,

--0.1 ;
t:2V,i:0.4mA
Thust,' :2: st
04
For 3V'< v ='v
. u -_]
'RrR2 t-
 1

Exercise 17-6

Thus, v, : .5 V so
aA : 7)o : 0.51 v
', o
l: I v/o: 1v
i : 1 mA, p : .7 V l _ 13
at : -1 V -Thenegativefeedbackloopisnot
operative.
o:0 : -12

lilr( u

,s

1llfl* lr(l i,_r R

h1
-'
- 2.42 V 11
L5 v,l
? / l\
x:17.25
2.s )
f 1 , 2.42\
2,s )

rt 2.42\
2.s )
:'::' : \-,. - ,2Rr) - (Vr, - "1ir)
: f ,-,)R"
__P ./1_2.42
2.5

: -. :: K l. .? x 2'42 -+.,4+94 \/
2.5
For the diode to cnduct and close the negative
{.:: ]-_1J
feedback loop, omust be negative, in which
case, the negatie feedback causes a virtual short
)A circuit to appear between the input terminas of
o the op amp and thus o: l, For positive U/ , the

R op amp Saturates in the psitive saturation leve.

)o The dide wil be cut offand u, : Q.

n summary
=1
o: 0 for ,>0
Un: a for 1<0
n r"'aIp is ideal o : rfor z: > O. x: l7.26
, rnv ,o: 10mV Refer to Fig(17.34)
E^--.U/
l Y.
--,l/.
mv :10 D, wil1 cnduct and close the negative feedback
R
: rJ = 1m
m 10 oop around the op amp. :
0, the current
l,il'i .1 -
:) :0.7V 0.6V 0.5v through R, and D, wiit be 1 m. Thus the votage
at the op amp output. 1t a : -0J V which will set
 Exercise 1 7-7

D' off and no curent will flow thrugh

R'' Thus {0-D,on
U:0V ' uo goes the & tbrms D, off

For , : -10mV
* n curfnt flws through

to v, ' The nega_ R:: :0V

;
D, will conduct though R,& R,

tive feedback lop of the op amp w:i1l

thus be -:.7v
closed and a virtual ground will appear at the
terminal' D,will be cutt' The
inerting input
curent through R,, Rrand D, will be

l0 m : l A . Ths he dide' D''lage

r kt)
will be 0.5 V.
,, : o+ 10 X 10k : +0.1 V

1]A : lD| * o,, -- .5 + '1 : 0'6 V

Fr ;, : -l V
This is similar to the case when v, : - 10 mV
The curent through R1, R,, D, will be xt1.28
| :lm
': 1k
: 0.7 V
,r'
".
1)o_ +lmXlok: l0V
r:10+r,:1g-7
x; L7.21

v >0 - Equivalant Circui

-D,n,D,off

12 0
Current flows from through Rl' R"
D1 into the

output termina f the opamp' 0 goes negatie

results:
and is thus ff. The following circuit
. 15
,.IRR
r,1

so
As z, goes negative, the above circuit hlds

that , : 0. This ccurs aS the 15 V supply

negative '
surces the current even for sma'll '

0 :
This situation remains the case until 1

... 15+'l:o
3R R
: -5V
l'1-5-DzoffD,-on
u0
: -R,
7l R1
 Exercise 17-8

b) ' : 1 V- simiar to the circuit in (a) but

with a1 o he undergounded pamp input termi-
nalsatul: 1 V
o:1V
: \/ 10k : O.1 m
1 :1*Uo,

= + o.7 o.l
-" '"'I
o Q-l)
{j:0-R r/
: .6V
=,-(ii.#)" (c)
:
1 10 V - similar to (a) & (b)
= -r - 5 - ainput teiminals (nt grunded) of opamps is
note U/ : : - equal t 0v.
7l0+ o.7 , - 4'3>o
: 10
:. D2:0-Vo<-Drff!
1 : : 1 m-diodevtages : O.7V

V : o+ Jz : 10 + .7 : 1O.7 V
d)ur:.1
Vs: Vr-fV^
= O. O.7J .tlon[Q2\
"\ /
= 0.63 V

V= _12

<-
0.01m 1= 0 + 0.1
10 + "= 0'o2 m
ov V6=_
= 0.0lm
=.Iv
{.r.na

V'=V+ (

0.1V = u =O.l+O7+l.,/.o
-
=0.63V \,
,|,o.l,,R = (e) IV - use circuit in (d)
0.1 m
vo : -vr: 1V
ai 1 :g.1 1,:0.1 m
o,:*,=0.2mA
\B Vr: Vo V-
lr all circuits, currents are given in m, resis_
:nce in k & vltages in V. = 1+O.7+O.r(Q?)
"\l/
: 1.63 V
 Exercise 17-9

('D t : - 10 V use circuit (d) Ex: 17.31

1: . mA o is a sinusoid f 5-V rms (peak vltage of
lo _ -al: 0 V _s ) te average current through the meter will
"D
: 1.m 't <lc
a x 'l'
_ 2mA be .To obain ull-scale leading. This
,,,
R
V, - Vo I V : lO l O.7 + O.l logr+)
-\1/ 2* :
R
curren mus be equal t l m. Thus
: 10.73 V
l m. which leads t R = 4.5 k
]'x:17.30 V" will be maximum when Vo is at its positive

peak, i.e. o : 5 J2 v. t this vale of V, we

btain
Vl+vM+ Vr,*Vo
U.' -* where

V: V : 0.7V and
s"lt x o.o5
v,,
- - 4.5
- o.o8 v
Thus
Forlr>0,i.e., _ 1"'
V.l,o* _ O.7 + .8 + 0.7 + _5'D : s.55 v
, : -|l'| and
'lJ: _|"_zX |,rl :+|",1
Similar|y we can calculae :

: -8.55 V
Forr<0'i.e., _ -ll
1/,
lmin

z _ 0, : -|x - |r||
= + |,|
Thus, the block diagram implements the absolute
value peration.
Using the circuits of Fig( 1 7.34 a), with the diodes
reersed, to implement the halt'-wae rectifier, and
a weighted summer results in the circuit shown
belw.

UseR _ Rf _ lOk