MATERIALES PARA TUBOS DE INTERCMABIADORES DE CALOR

Heat exchangers take heat from one fluid and pass it to a second

A heat exchanger. There is a

pressure difference p and a
temperature difference T across
the tube wall that also must resist
attack by chloride ions.

The fire-tube array of a steam engine is a heat exchanger,

taking heat from the hot combustion gases of the firebox
and transmitting it to the water in the boiler. The
network of finned tubes in an air conditioner is a heat
exchanger, taking heat from the air of the room and
dumping it into the working fluid of the conditioner. A
key element in all heat exchangers is the tube wall or
membrane that separates the two fluids. It is required to
transmit heat, and there is frequently a pressure
difference across it, which can be large.
 Any engineering component has one or more FUNCTIONS:
to support a load, to contain a pressure, to transmit heat, etc.

This must be achieved subject to CONSTRAINTS:

certain dimensions are fixed, that the component must carry the design
loads or pressures without failure, that it insulates or conducts, that it can
function in a certain range of temperature and in a given environment,...
In designing the component, the designer has an OBJECTIVE:
to make it as cheap as possible, perhaps, or as light, or as safe, or perhaps
some combination of these.
Certain parameters can be adjusted in order to OPTIMIZE THE OBJECTIVE
The designer is free to vary dimensions that have not been constrained by
design requirements and, most importantly, free to choose the material
for the component. We refer to these as FREE VARIABLES.
Function and constraints, objective and free variables (Table) define
the boundary conditions for selecting a material. The first step in
relating design requirements to material properties is a clear
statement of function, constraints, objective, and free variables.

Strategy for materials selection.

Four main steps:
Translation
Screening
Ranking
Supporting information
 DERIVING INDICESHOW TO DO IT
Structural elements are components that perform a physical function: they carry loads,
transmit heat, store energy, and so on: in short, they satisfy functional requirements.
The functional requirements are specified by the design: a tie must carry a specified tensile
load; a spring must provide a given restoring force or store a given energy, a heat exchanger
must transmit heat a given heat flux, and so on.
The performance of a structural element is determined by three things: the functional
requirements, the geometry and the properties of the material of which it is made. The
performance P of the element is described by an equation of the form
Functional Geometric Material
P , , f F ,G,M
requirements , F parameters ,G properties , M
The three groups of parameters in equation are said to be separable when the equation can be
written
P f1(F )f2 (G )f3 (M )
where f1, f2, and f3 are separate functions that are simply multiplied together
When the groups are separable, as they frequently are, the optimum choice of material is the
same for all geometries, G, and for all values of the function requirement, F.
Then the optimum subset of materials can be identified without solving the complete design
problem. This enables enormous simplification:
the performance for all F and G is maximized by maximizing f3(M), which is called the material
efficiency coefficient, or material index for short
SELECTION PROCEDURE
 WHAT ARE THE BEST MATERIALS FOR MAKING HEAT EXCHANGERS?
Or, to be specific, what are the best materials for a conduction-limited exchanger with
substantial pressure difference between the two fluids, one of them containing chloride ions
(sea water)

Design requirements for a heat exchanger

Function Heat exchanger

Constraints Support pressure difference, p
Withstand chloride ions
Operating temperature up to 150 C
Modest cost
Sufficient ductility to be drawn to tube or rolled to sheet

Objective Maximize heat flow per unit area (minimum volume exchanger) or
Maximize heat flow per unit mass (minimum mass exchanger)

Free variables Tube-wall thickness, t

Choice of material
 Heat transfer from one fluid, through a membrane to a second fluid, involves convective
transfer from fluid 1 into the tube wall, conduction through the wall, and convection again to
transfer it into fluid 2.

Q T T T T T T Q Ts 2 T2 T
q h1T 1 s1 q sin se n q h2 T
Li
A 1
h1
Rtconv

i 1 ki
i 1
Ri A 1
h2
Rtconv

FLUIDO 2, T2 , p2 Ts2

Espesor=t, Conductividad trmica:

FLUIDO 1,T1
T1 , p1 Ts1

Espesor=t, Conductividad trmica:

FLUIDO 2, T2 , p2
T1 Ts1 T T T T T1 T2 T T T T
q s1 s 2 s 2 2 1 2 1 2 U T1 T2
1 t 1 1 t 1 RT 1
h1 h2
h1 h2 U
 When one of the fluids is a gasas in an air conditionerconvective heat transfer at the tube surfaces
contributes most of the resistance; then fins are used to increase the surface area across which heat can
be transferred. But when both working fluids are liquid, convective heat transfer is rapid and conduction
through the wall dominates the thermal resistance; 1/h1 and 1/h2 are negligible compared with t/.
In this case, simple tube or plate elements are used, making their wall as thin as possible to minimize t/.
We will consider the second case: conduction-limited heat transfer, where the heat flow is adequately
described by equation de Fourier
Consider, then, a heat exchanger with n tubes of length L, each of radius r and wall thickness t. Our aim is
to select a material to MAXIMIZE THE TOTAL HEAT FLOW:

Q qA A T donde : A 2 rLn (1) This is the objective function
t
The constraint is that the wall thickness must be sufficient to support the pressure p between the inside
and outside. This requires that the stress in the wall remain below the elastic limit, y, of the material of
which the tube is made (multiplied by a safety factorwhich we can leave out):
r p
y (2) This constrains the minimum value of t
t
Eliminating t between equations (1) and (2) gives:
The heat flow per
Q 1 T
A T y unit area of tube
Q


y A r p wall, Q/A, is M1 y
(3)
r p maximized by
P f1(F )f2 (G)f3 (M ) maximizing
 2 z
 FOUR FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS ENTER THE SELECTION.
It is essential to choose a material:
1. That can WITHSTAND CORROSION IN THE WORKING FLUIDS, which we take to be water
containing chloride ions (sea water).
2. The maximum operating temperature must be adequate
3. The materials must have sufficient ductility to be drawn to tube or rolled to sheet
4. COST, too, will be of concern.
THE FIRST SELECTION stage applies limits of 150 C on maximum service temperature, 30
percent on elongation, a material cost of less than $4/kg and requires a rating of very good
resistance to sea water.
THE SECOND STAGE is a chart of y versus enabling M1=y to be maximized.
The materials with large M1 are listed in Table .
It is sometimes important to minimize the weight of heat exchangers.
Repeating the calculation to seek materials the maximum value of Q/m (where m is the mass
of the tubes) gives, instead of M1, the index:
y2 is the density of the material of which the tubes are made
M2

Similarly, the cheapest heat exchangers are those made of the material with the greatest
value of
y2
M3
Cm Cm is the cost per kg of the material
 y2
Deriving index M2

Q qA A T donde : A 2 rLn
t

Masa m n r22 r12 L n r2 r1 r2 r1 L n r2 r1 tL n 2rtL

2 rLn T Q T T 1 T y
2
Q t T 2 2

m n 2rtL t 2 Eliminating t
m t r 2 p
2
r p 2

r p
y2
y
t y2
M2

1 T y
2
Q y2

mCm r 2 p 2 Cm M3
Cm
 Conduction may limit heat flow in theory, but unspeakable things go on inside heat
exchangers.

Sea wateroften one of the working fluids seethes with bio-fouling organisms that
attach themselves to tube walls and thrive there, like barnacles on a boat, creating a layer
of high thermal resistance impeding fluid flow.

A search for supporting information reveals that some materials are more resistant to
biofouling than others; copper-nickel alloys are particularly good, probably because the
organisms dislike copper salts, even in very low concentrations.

Otherwise the problem must be tackled by adding chemical inhibitors to the fluids, or by
scrapingthe traditional winter pastime of boat owners.