STUDY ON THE CORROSIVE NATURE OF SOIL

TOWARDS THE BURIED-STRUCTURES

Jagadeesh Bhattarai
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Abstract: 7KLVZRUNLVIRFXVHGWRLQYHVWLJDWHVRLOSDUDPHWHUVVXFKDVPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWS+UHVLVWLYLW\R[LGDWLRQ
reduction potential, chloride and sulfate contents those affect the corrosive nature of soils toward the buried-galvanized
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INTRODUCTION on the surface of the buried-pipelines6 0DQ\ EXULHG

Soils can be corrosive for the buried-structures
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and construction while the effects of corrosive soil
can cause structural failure of the buried-structural
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structural materials, such as galvanized water supply
pipelines, natural gas and crude oil pipelines have been
corroded by soils all around the world,WKDV
been reported that the aggressiveness of soil towards
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city of Canada was affected by soil properties such
as resistivity, pH and the presence of sulfate-reducing
bacteria6WXG\RQ1LJHULDSLSHOLQHRIFUXGHRLODORQJ
particular soil can minimize such soil corrosion of WKH 2EULNRP(ERFKD DUHDV VKRZHG WKDW WKH VRLO
WKH EXULHGVWUXFWXUDO PDWHULDOV The study of the soil resistivity value decreased with increasing the moisture
corrosion of buried-structural materials is importance, content and temperature13,WKDVEHHQUHSRUWHGWKDWWKH
because millions of miles of the buried steels or iron sandy and gravel soils have a high resistivity (more than
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buried-structural materials necessitates a huge amount
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The corrosion rate of the buried-structural materials is
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moisture content, pH, resistivity, oxidation-reduction
potential, chloride and sulfate contents1-3(VWLPDWLRQRI
such soil parameters can give an indication of the soil
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structures have carried out4-19,WKDVEHHQUHSRUWHGWKDW
the corrosion behaviour of galvanized steels and bare
steels after exposure for thirteen years in different soils
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galvanized steels and cast-iron pipes, while a clayey soil
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galvanized steels1-3 6RLOV KDYLQJ KLJK UHVLVWLYLW\ LH
low conductivity) are generally least corrosive for the
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It has been reported that soil is generally considered
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materials8-11, because it can readily be converted to
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It was reported that the corrosion of mild steel increased
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that the maximum corrosion rates occur at saturations
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the observed maximum average pitting corrosion rate
EDFWHULD0DVOHKXGGLQet al. VWXGLHGWKHHIIHFWRI
chloride concentration in soil on the corrosion behavior
of reinforcing steels15
The of city supply water is mostly through the
buried galvanized steels and cast-iron pipelines in

Author for correspondence: -DJDGHHVK%KDWWDUDL&HQWUDO'HSDUWPHQWRI&KHPLVWU\7ULEKXYDQ8QLYHUVLW\.DWKPDQGX1HSDO(PDLOEKDWWDUDLB#\DKRRFRP

43 Scientific World, Vol. 11, No. 11, July 2013

.DWKPDQGX 9DOOH\ )RU WKH SXUSRVH RI VHFXULW\ DQG Fig. 1: Location map of the Panga-Kirtipur-Tyanglaphant sampling
safety all such water supply pipelines are generally sites of Kirtipur Municipality of Kathmandu district.
buried beneath the earth surface to a depth of about 1
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to investigate the effects of different soil parameters
that affect the corrosive nature of soils on the buried-
galvanized steel and cast-iron pipelines used to supply
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effect of soil parameters on the corrosivity of such
buried-structural materials and to specify the corrosive
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EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Twenty three soil samples were collected from Panga-
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The moisture content in soil is one of the most
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important parameters of soil corrosion towards the
longitude of 85oo(DVVKRZQLQ)LJ
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1 meter from the ground level for the real location of
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the buried-pipelines for the purpose of the supply of
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remained same for a period of moisture content analysis
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results revealed that all the soil samples are assumed to
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standards$GLJLWDOS+PHWHUZDVXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKH
Soil pH
pH of 1:2 soil-water suspension of each soil samples in
DFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKH$670*VWDQGDUGV21 All twenty three soil samples collected from the study
The conductivity bridge was used to determine the DUHD DUH QHXWUDO RU VOLJKWO\ DONDOLQH LQ QDWXUH VKRZLQJ
electrical conductivity of the 1:2 soil-water suspension WKH S+ YDOXHV LQ WKH UDQJH RI  DV SUHVHQWHG LQ
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IURPWKHFRQGXFWLYLW\ The oxidation-reduction potential LQQDWXUH7KHUHIRUHDOOWZHQW\WKUHHVRLOVDPSOHV
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Soil resistivity
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YDOXHVYV6&(ZDVFRQYHUWHGWRUHIHUHQFHYDOXHRIWKH The soil resistivity (saturated paste resistivity) is
VDWXUDWHG K\GURJHQ HOHFWURGH 6+( Argentometric
titration was used to determine the amount of chloride
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suspension was determined by titrating the soil
suspension against standard silver nitrate solution
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method was used to estimate the amounts of sulfate
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are discussed in elsewhere24,25
Scientific World, Vol. 11, No. 11, July 2013
DFWXDO EXON UHVLVWLYLW\ RI VRLO LQXHQFHV E\ W\SHV
of soil, moisture content, concentration of different
dissolved salts, degree of compactness and temperature
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the sampling sites, all these affecting factors except
types, moisture content and dissolved salts are changed
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all efforts were made to insure uniformity among the
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samples were tested at room temperature at 25C
44
Table 1: Soil parameters of Panga-Kirtipur-Tyanglaphant areas of Kirtipur Municipality.

S.N. Sample Moisture Soil pH Soil Resistivity ORP Chloride Sulphate

Name Content (%) (ohm.cm) (mV vs SCE) (ppm) (ppm)
 3.7      
 3.7      
 3.7      
 3.7      
 3.7      
 3.7      
 3.7      
 3.7      
 3.7      
 3.7      
 3.7      
 3.7      
 3.7      
 3.7      
 3.7      
 3.7      
 3.7      
 3.7      
 3.7      
 3.7      
 3.7      
 3.7      
 3.7      

which was remained constant and an effort was made
to compact the soils to the same degree into the square
VRLOER[
Table 1 shows the soil resistivity value of all twenty
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corrosive, moderately corrosive, corrosive, highly
corrosive and extremely corrosive) as shown in Table
28,9,26
Oxidation-reduction potential of soil
The measurement of the oxidationreduction
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soil corrosivity towards the buriedstructural materials,
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because it determines partially the stability of the
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revealed that most of the soil samples collected from
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formation of passive oxide layers on the surface of the
non-corrosive in nature for the buried-structural
materials, because the anaerobic soils do not contain any
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free oxygen which is necessary for the passivation of
It is meaningful to mention here that the soil corrosivity
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indicates whether or not a soil is capable of sustaining
45 Scientific World, Vol. 11, No. 11, July 2013
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Table 2: Relationship between soil resistivity, chloride and
condition is ideal for the proliferation of the sulfate- sulphate content and soil corrosivity towards the buried
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structural material 8,9,26.
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253LVOHVVWKDQ]HURRUQHJDWLYHYDOXHV26 Soil Parameter Soil Corrosivity Rate

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UDQJHVRIP9YV6+(WHQVDPSOHVKDYH  Corrosive
P9YV6+(DQGRQO\RIVRLOVDPSOHKDVPRUHWKDQ  Highly corrosive
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Chloride content in soil
The contribution of chloride ions to soil corrosivity Table 3: Rating of soil corrosivity based on the oxidation
WRZDUGVWKHEXULHGPDWHULDOVLVYHU\VLJQLFDQWEHFDXVH reduction potential of soils27.
it also participates directly in pit initiation on the surface Oxidationreduction Soil Corrosivity
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the pitting corrosion of stainless steels, but it also
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In addition, the presence of chloride content tends to
decrease soil resistivity1
The chloride content in all twenty three soil samples
collected from the present study areas is found to be
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corrosive towards the galvanized steels and cast-iron
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buried-structural materials8,9,26
Sulfate content in soil
Sulfate content in soil is generally harmful for the
buried-structural materials, as it participates directly
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initiation of stainless steels and also increases the soil
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VXOIDWH LV FRQVLGHUHG DV PLOGO\ FRUURVLYH8,9,26 Sulfate
content in all twenty three soil samples collected from
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CONCLUSIONS:
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7\DQJODSKDQWDUHDRI.DWKPDQGXGLVWULFWZHUHFROOHFWHG
to investigate the soil corrosivity towards the buried-
galvanized steels and cast-iron pipes used to supply the
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Tyanglaphant area are sandy or mixture of sand and
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Scientific World, Vol. 11, No. 11, July 2013
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oxidation-reduction potential value in the range
46
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corrosive towards the buried-galvanized steels and
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for the corrosivity of soils towards the buried-
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gravel or sand around the buried water supply
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Clay Science. 42:
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REFERENCES
 8KOLJ + + DQG 5HYLH 5 :  LQ Corrosion and
Corrosion Control; an Introduction to Corrosion Science and
Engineering, 3rdHGLWLRQ-RKQ:LOH\DQG6RQV1HZ<RUN
 %KDWWDUDL-Frontiers of Corrosion Sciencest edition,
.VKLWL]3XEO.LUWLSXU.DWKPDQGX
 %KDWWDUDL -  Spectrum DQ$QQXDO 6FLHQFH 0DJD]LQH
of ChemSA, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan
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$QQXDO %RRN RI $670 6WDQGDUGV $PHULFDQ 6RFLHW\ IRU
7HVWLQJ0DWHULDOV
 $670 *  Standard Test Method for
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47 Scientific World, Vol. 11, No. 11, July 2013