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15-1
Required Returns and
the Cost of Capital
Creation of Value
Overall Cost of Capital of the Firm
Project-Specific Required Rates
Total Risk Evaluation
15-2
Key Sources of
Value Creation
Industry Attractiveness
Marketing Superior
and Perceived
Cost quality organizational
price capability
15-3
Competitive Advantage
Overall Cost of
Capital of the Firm
15-4
Market Value of
Long-Term Financing
15-5
Cost of Debt
Cost of Debt is the required rate
of return on investment of the
lenders of a company.
n
Ij + Pj
P0 = (1 + kd)j
j =1
ki = kd ( 1 - T )
15-6
Determination of
the Cost of Debt
Assume that Basket Wonders (BW) has
$1,000 par value zero-coupon bonds
outstanding. BW bonds are currently
trading at $385.54 with 10 years to
maturity. BW tax bracket is 40%.
15-7
Determination of
the Cost of Debt
(1 + kd)10 = $1,000 / $385.54
= 2.5938
(1 + kd) = (2.5938) (1/10)
= 1.1
kd = .1 or 10%
ki = 10% ( 1 - .40 )
ki = 6%
15-8
Cost of Preferred Stock
kP = DP / P0
15-9
Determination of the
Cost of Preferred Stock
Assume that Basket Wonders (BW)
has preferred stock outstanding with
par value of $100, dividend per share
of $6.30, and a current market value of
$70 per share.
kP = $6.30 / $70
kP = 9%
15-10
Cost of Equity
Approaches
15-11
Dividend Discount Model
15-12
Constant Growth Model
ke = ( D1 / P0 ) + g
15-14
ke = .05 + .08 = .13 or 13%
Growth Phases Model
ke = Rj = Rf + (Rm - Rf)j
15-16
Determination of the
Cost of Equity (CAPM)
Assume that Basket Wonders (BW) has
a company beta of 1.25. Research by
Julie Miller suggests that the risk-free
rate is 4% and the expected return on
the market is 11.2%
ke = Rf + (Rm - Rf)j
= 4% + (11.2% - 4%)1.25
15-17
ke = 4% + 9% = 13%
Before-Tax Cost of Debt
Plus Risk Premium
The cost of equity capital, ke, is the
sum of the before-tax cost of debt
and a risk premium in expected
return for common stock over debt.
ke = kd + Risk Premium*
* Risk premium is not the same as CAPM risk
premium
15-18
Determination of the
Cost of Equity (kd + R.P.)
Assume that Basket Wonders (BW)
typically adds a 3% premium to the
before-tax cost of debt.
ke = kd + Risk Premium
= 10% + 3%
ke = 13%
15-19
Comparison of the
Cost of Equity Methods
15-20
Weighted Average
Cost of Capital (WACC)
n
Cost of Capital = kx(Wx)
x=1
1. Weighting System
Marginal Capital Costs
15-22
Limitations of the WACC
n CFt
NPV = - ( ICO + FC )
t=1 (1 + k)t
Accept X SML
EXPECTED RATE
X X
OF RETURN
X X O
X X
O O
O O Reject O
Rf O
Unlevered Value of
APV = Project Value
+ Project Financing
15-35
NPV and APV Example
Assume Basket Wonders is considering a
new $425,000 automated basket weaving
machine that will save $100,000 per year
for the next 6 years. The required rate on
unlevered equity is 11%.
BW can borrow $180,000 at 7% with
$10,000 after-tax flotation costs. Principal
is repaid at $30,000 per year (+ interest).
The firm is in the 40% tax bracket.
15-36
Basket Wonders
NPV Solution
15-39
Basket Wonders
APV Solution
Third, find the PV of the tax-shield benefits.
TSB Yr 1 ($5,040)(.901) = $4,541
TSB Yr 2 ( 4,200)(.812) = 3,410
TSB Yr 3 ( 3,360)(.731) = 2,456
TSB Yr 4 ( 2,520)(.659) = 1,661
TSB Yr 5 ( 1,680)(.593) = 996
TSB Yr 6 ( 840)(.535) = 449
PV = $13,513
15-40
Basket Wonders
NPV Solution
15-41