301 ASMM English PDF

26/02/2013
Mekanika Teknik Terapan

RC09 1341
Endah Wahyuni,
Wahyuni S.T.
S T (ITS),
(ITS) M.Sc.
M Sc (UMIST),
(UMIST) Ph.D
Ph D (UM)
endah@ce.its.ac.id, endahwahyuni@gmail.com, @end222
Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 1
Syllabus
Review of Matrices
Structural Analysis
y of Matrix Methods
(ASMM)
Balok Menerus
Portal
Transformasi Sumbu Koordinat
Rangka Batang
Introduction of Finite Element Method
Application using SAP2000
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Materials
Books
Web personal dosen:
http://www.its.ac.id/personal/dataPersonal
.php?userid=ewahyuni
Online courses
Books:
Structural Analysis: Using Classical and Matrix
Methods; Jack C McCormac; Wiley; 4 edition,
London 2006
Structural Analysis
RC Coates, MG Coutie, FK Kong
Chapman & Hall, London, 1997
Computer
p Analysis
y of Structures
S.M. Holzer
Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc, London, 1985
SAP2000 Manual
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Evaluation
HW = 10%
ETS = 25%
EAS = 25%
Project = 20%
Quiz = 20%
Note: Percentage can be changed according

to the results of student assessment
Review of Matrices
Definition: A matrix is an array of ordered numbers. A
general matrix consists of mn numbers arranged in m
rows and n columns, giving the following array:
a11 a12 ... a1n
a a 22 ... a 2 n
A 21
. . ... .

a m1 am2 ... a mn
It is usual to use a generic symbol for the element, the

lower case letter corresponding to the capital used for
the matrix
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Matrix products
The first thing to notice about matrix is that only if

the two matrices have the number of column of
the first is equal to the number of rows of the
second, i.e:
1 2 5 6 19 22 23 34
A B AB BA
3 4 7 8 43 50 31 46
In case: (AB)C = A (BC)
Matrix Addition
Two matrices A and B can be added if they
have the same number of rows (m) and
columns (n)
It is possible to be able to write:
Ax + Bx = (A+B) x
If C = A+B, then crs= ars + brs
Subtraction is treated as negative addition
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Multiplication by scalar
To multiply a matrix by a scalar quantity, each

element of the matrix is to be multiplied by
the scalar, that is
k [ars] = [(k ars)]
Special matrices
Row Matrix
If the matrix consists only of elements in a single row. For
example, a 1 x n row matrix is written as:
A=[a
[ 1 a2 ... an]
Column Matrix
A matrix with elements stacked in a single column. The m x 1
column matrix is
a1
a
A 2
.

am
Square Matrix
When the number of row equals the number of columns
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Unit (or identity ) matrix

Is a square matrix, where all elements are zero
except on the principal diagonal and there they are
units.
It is readily verified that
A I = A, and IA = A
and I . I = I2 = I
Consequently for n any positive integer
Consequently,
In = I
Diagonal Matrix,
of which unit matrices are particular cases, have
important properties. For instance:
u 0 0 a b c ua ubbuc
0 v 0 d e f vd ve vf

0 0 w g h k wg wh wk
a b c u 0 0 au bv cw
d e f 0 v 0 du ev fw

g h k 0 0 w gu hv kw
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A transpose matrix
A Matrix may be transposed by interchange its
rows and columns. The transpose of the matrix
A is written as AT
a11 a12 ... a1n a11 a21 ... an1
a a22 ... a2 n a a22 ... an 2
A 21 AT 12
. . ... . . . ... .

am1 am 2 ... amn am1 am 2 ... anm
A symmetric matrix
We can verify that AT = A
Inverse Matrix
The inverse of matrix A is denoted by A-1.
Assume that the inverse exists, then the elements of
A-1 are such that A-1A=I and AA-1=I
Determinant of a matrix
A determinant is a square array of numbers
enclosed within vertical bars
a11 a12 ... a1n

a21 a22 ... a2 n
A
.
an1 an 2 ... anm
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Find the determinant then the inverse matrices

for the matrices below:
3 5
A
1 2
1 2 3
B 2 1 2

1 2 1
Structural Analysis of Matrix Methods
Matrix Method of Structural Analysis is a method to analyze

the structure with the help of the matrix, which consists of:
stiffness
tiff matrix,
t i displacement
di l t matrix,
t i andd force
f matrix,
t i by
b
using the relationship:
{P}= [K]{U}
dimana :
{ P } = force matrix
[ K ] = stiffness matriks
{ U } = displacement matriks
One of the ways used to solve the above equation, namely

by using the stiffness method.
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On the stiffness method, the unknown variable is

the amount of: deformation node of structure
(rotations and deflection) is certain / sure. Thus the
number of variables in the stiffness method similar
to the degrees of uncertainty of kinematics of
structure.
The stiffness method is developed from the node

point equilibrium equations written in: "Stiffness
Coefficients" and "Displacement
Coefficients Displacement of nodes that are
not known.
Types of Element
Spring elements
Truss elements (plane & 3D)
Beam elements (2D &3D)
Plane Frame
Grid elements
Plane Stress
Plane Strain
Axisymmetrics elements
Plate
Shell
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Degrees of Freedom (DOF)

Degrees of freedom which is owned by a
structure.
Each type of element will have a certain amount
and kind of freedom.
Commonly referred to as 'activity' of the joint
To be able to form a structure stiffness matrix, it is

necessary to determine the 'active' ends of the elements.
Note : 0 = not active; 1, 2, 3, ., =active
Example
1 2
1
2 3
0
0 0
0 1 2
DOF : 2
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Metode Kekakuan Langsung

(Direct Stiffness Method)
matriks kekakuan
U1, P1 U3, P3
1 {P} =[K]{U}
1 2
U2, P2 U4, P4 gaya perpindahan
P1 K11 K12 K13 K14 U1

P2 K21 K22 K23 K24 U2
=
P3 K31 K32 K33 K34 U3
P4 K41 K42 K43 K44 U4
P1 = K11 . U1 + K12 . U2 + K13 . U3 + K14 . U4

Kesetimbangan gaya di arah U1
P2 = K21 . U1 + K22 . U2 + K23 . U3 + K24 . U4

P3 = K31 . U1 + K32 . U2 + K33 . U3 + K34 . U4

P4 = K41 . U1 + K42 . U2 + K43 . U3 + K44 . U4

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Jika U1 = 1 dan U2 = U3 = U4 = 0 , maka :

P1 = K11 ; P2 = K21 ; P3 = K31 ; P4 = K41
Lihat Gambar (a)

P1 = K12 ; P2 = K22 ; P3 = K32 ; P4 = K42
Lihat Gambar (b)

P1 = K13 ; P2 = K23 ; P3 = K33 ; P4 = K43
Lihat Gambar (c)

P1 = K14 ; P2 = K24 ; P3 = K34 ; P4 = K44
Lihat Gambar (d)
U1 = 1 P1 = K11
P2 = K21
P3 = K31
P4 = K41
U2 = 1 P1 = K12
P2 = K22
P3 = K32
P4 = K42
U3 = 1 P1 = K13
P2 = K23
P3 = K33
P3
P4 = K43
U4 = 1 P1 = K14
P2 = K24
P3 = K34
P4 = K44
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Matrix kekakuan:
kekakuan:
K11 K12 K13 K14

K21 K22 K23 K24
K = K31 K32 K33 K34
K41 K42 K43 K44
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
-
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
-
L2 L L2 L
K =
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
- -
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
Matriks Kekakuan -
L2 L L2 L
Gambar (a) (b) (c) (d)

P1+A=0 P2-A=0
Jika pada batang bekerja gaya aksial : =E(u2 u1)/L
P1+EA (u2-u1)/L=0
U1,P1 U2,P2
L, EA
P2-EA (u2-u1)/L=0
EA EA
K11 = K21 =
L L
U1= 1 EA
K22 =
L
EA
K12 = -
L U2= 1
U2, P2 U5, P5
EA / L EA / L u1 P1 U4, P4
U1, P1
EA / L EA / L 1 2
u2 P2
1
U3, P3 U6, P6
1 1
K EA
L 1 1
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For beam with 6 dof
2
5
1 2 4
1
6
3
Stiffness Matrix with Axial Loads

Matriks kekakuan elemen dengan melibatkan gaya aksial :
EA EA
0 0 - 0 0
L L
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
0 0 -
L3 L2 L3 L2
K = 6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
0 0 -
L2 L L2 L
6x6 EA EA
0 0 - 0 0
L L
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
0 - 0 -
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
0 0 -
L2 L L2 L
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Procedure to solve a problem

Calculate Structure DOF
Create the stiffness matrix of element [ki]
Create the objective matrix
Create the stiffness matrix of structure [Ks]
Where [Ks]=[ki]
Calculate the value of action received by the
structure {Ps}
Calculate {Us}=[Ks]-1 {Ps}
For each element, specify {ui}
Forces of element: {pi}=[ki]{ui}+{freaksi}
Example
Sebuah balok statis tak tentu seperti pada gambar
1 1 2 2 3
L, EI L, EI
Menentukan keaktifan ujung-ujung elemen

0 0 0
1 1 2 2 3
0 1 2
Menentukan matriks tujuan DOF : 2 2 rotasi
0 0 0 0
2
1 1 2 3 Matriks kekakuan struktur
0 1 1 2 [ Ks ] 2 x 2
Membuat matrik kekakuan elemen : [ Ks ] = [ K1 ] + [ K2 ]
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Membuat matrik kekakuan elemen :

Elemen 1
0 0 0 1
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
- 3 0
L3 L2 L L2
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
- 0
L2 L L2 L
K1 =
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
- - 0
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
- 1
L2 L L2 L
Matriks Tujuan { T1 } = { 0 0 0 1 }T
4 EI
0
[ K1 ] = L
2x2 0 0
Elemen 2
0 1 0 2
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
- 0
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
- 1
L2 L L2 L
K2 =
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
- - 0
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
- 2
L2 L L2 L
4 EI 2 EI
[ K2 ] = L L
2 EI 4 EI
2x2
L L
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Matriks Kekakuan Global Struktur
[ Ks ] = [ K1 ] + [ K2 ]
4 EI 4 EI 2 EI 8 EI 2 EI
0
L L L L L
[ Ks ] = + =
2 EI 4 EI 2 EI 4 EI
2x2 0 0
L L L L
Untuk mendapatkan deformasi ujung-ujung aktif struktur, maka digunakan

hubungan :
{ Ps } = [ Ks ] { Us } { Us } = [ Ks ]-1 { Ps }
dimana :
Us = deformasi ujung-ujung aktif
Ks = kekakuan struktur
Ps = gaya-gaya pada ujung aktif elemen akibat beban luar (aksi)
Untuk contoh di atas, maka :
0 0 1 1
q L2 q L2
12 12
1
q L2
12
Ps =
1
q L2
12
Menghitung invers matrik kekakuan global [ Ks ]-1
8 EI 2 EI
L L
[ Ks ] =
2 EI 4 EI
L L
1 L 4 - 2 L 4 - 2
Ks ]-11 =
8 . 4 - 2 . 2 EI - 2 8 28 EI - 2 8
[K =
Jadi : { Us } = [ Ks ]-1 { Ps }
1
q L2
L 4 - 2 12
28 EI - 2 8
Us =
1
q L2
12
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1 1
q L2 - q L2
L 3 6
Us =
28 EI 1 4
q L2 q L2
6 6
3 q L3
Rotasi di joint 2
Us = 168 EI
3
5 qL
Rotasi di joint 3
168 EI
Deformasi untuk masing-masing elemen
0
U11 0
Elemen 1 : U1 = U12 = 0
U13
3 q L3
U14
168 EI
0
U21 3 q L3
U22
Elemen 2 : U2 = = 168 EI
U23 0
U24 5 q L3
168 EI
Reaksi akibat beban luar :
1 1
0 0 q L2 q L2
12 12
qL qL
qL 2
2
0 2
1
q L2
0 12
PR1 = PR2 =
qL
0
2
0 1
q L2
12
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Gaya akhir elemen :
Elemen 1 : { P1 } = [ K1 ] {U1}+ { PR1 }
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI 0 0
-
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI 0 0
-
L2 L L2 L
P1 = 12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI +
- - 0 0
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI 3 q L3
- 0
L2 L L2 L 168 EI
6
qL 3
56 qL
28
2
q L2
1
q L2
56 28
P1 = 6 =
qL 3
56 qL
28
4 2
q L2 q L2
56 28
Elemen 2 : { P2 } = [ K2 ]{U2} + { PR2 }
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI 0 qL
- 2
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI 3 q L3 1
- q L2
L2 L L2 L 168 EI 12
P2 = 12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI + qL
- - 0
L3 L2 L3 L2 2
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI 5 q L3 1
- q L2
L2 L L2 L 168 EI 12
32 16
qL qL
56 28
4 2
q L2 q L2
56 28
P2 = =
24 12
qL qL
56 28
0 0
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Free Body Diagram :
1 2 2
q L2 q L2 q L2
28 28 28 q 0
3 16 12
3 qL qL qL
qL 28 28 28
28
Menggambar gaya-gaya dalam :

Bidang D : 16
qL
28
- -
3 3 12
qL qL qL
28 28 28
Bidang M : 2
q L2
28
-
+ +
1
q L2
28
Example 2
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Free Body Diagram :
1 2 2
q L2 q L2 q L2
28 28 28 q 0
3 16 12
3 qL qL qL
qL 28 28 28
28
Menggambar gaya-gaya dalam :

Bidang D : 16
qL
28
- -
3 3 12
qL qL qL
28 28 28
Bidang M : 2
q L2
28
-
+ +
1
q L2
28
Contoh 2
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Example 4
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Portal 2D
Sebuah portal statis tak tentu seperti pada gambar
P
B C B C
EI 2
1 1 2
EI L
1 DOF = 2
A A
L/2 L/2
0
Deformasi aksial
diabaikan
Matriks kekakuan struktur
[ Ks ] 2 x 2
[ Ks ] = [ K1 ] + [ K2 ]
Elemen 1
0 1
4 EI 2 EI
0
L L
K1 = 2 EI 4 EI
2x2 L L 1
Matriks Tujuan { T1 } = { 0 1 }T
4 EI
0
L
[ K1 ] =
2x2 0 0
Elemen 2
1 2
4 EI 2 EI
1
L L
K2 = 2 EI 4 EI
2x2 L L 2
4 EI 2 EI
[ K2 ] = L L
2 EI 4 EI
2x2
L L
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[ Ks ] = [ K1 ] + [ K2 ]
4 EI 4 EI 2 EI 8 EI 2 EI
0
L L L L L
[ Ks ] = + =
0 0 2 EI 4 EI 2 EI 4 EI
2x2
L L L L
Untuk mendapatkan deformasi ujung-ujung aktif struktur, maka digunakan

hubungan :
{ Ps } = [ Ks ] { Us } { Us } = [ Ks ]-1 { Ps }
dimana :
Us = deformasi ujung-ujung aktif
Ks = kekakuan struktur
Ps = gaya-gaya pada ujung aktif elemen akibat beban luar (aksi)
Untuk contoh di atas, maka :
0 1 1
PL PL
8 8
1
PL
8
Ps =
1
PL
8
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-1
Menghitung invers matrik kekakuan global [ Ks ]
8 EI 2 EI
[ Ks ] = L L
2 EI 4 EI
L L
1 L 4 - 2 L 4 - 2
[ Ks ]-1 = =
8 . 4 - 2 . 2 EI - 2 8 28 EI - 2 8
Jadi : { Us } = [ Ks -1] { Ps }
1PL
L 4 - 2 8
Us =
28 EI - 2 8 1
PL
8
U11 0
Elemen 1 : U1 = =
3 P L2
U12
112 EI
Jadi : { Us } = [ Ks ]-1 { Ps }
1
P L 3 P L2
4 - 2
L

8
U21
8
Us =
28 EI - 2 1 112 EI
8
P L Elemen 2 : U2 = =
5 P L2
U22
1 1
112 EI
q L2 - q L2
L 3 6
Us =
28 EI 1 4
q L2 q L2
6 6
3 P L2
Rotasi di joint B
112 EI
Us =
5 P L2
Rotasi di joint C
112 EI
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Reaksi akibat beban luar :

P
0 1 1
PL PL
8 8
0
Gaya akhir elemen :
Elemen 1 : { P1 } = [ K1 ] + { PR1 }
4 EI 2 EI 0 0
L L
P1 = 2
+
2 EI 4 EI 3 P L
0
L L 112 EI
3
P L
56 Hasil perhitungan
P1 = hanya momen saja
6
P L
56
Elemen 2 : { P2 } = [ K2 ] + { PR2 }
4 EI 2 EI 3 P L2 1
PL
L L 112 EI 8
P2 = +
2 EI 4 EI 5 P L2 1
PL
L L 112 EI 8
6 3
q L2 q L2
56 28 Hasil perhitungan
P2 = = hanya momen saja
0 0
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Free Body Diagram :

6
PL P 0
17 56
P 9
28 9
P P
56 56
6
PL 9
56 P
56 17 Dihitung lagi 11
P P
28 28
Bidang D :
17
P + P
28
3 9 Dihitung lagi 11
PL P - P
56 56 28
17
P -
28
9
P
Bidang M : 6 56
PL
56
-
Bidang N :
- + 9
- 56
P
11
PL
56
-
+ 3
PL
56 17
P
28
Contoh 2
P
B C B C
3
EI 2
4 1 2
EI L
1 DOF = 3
A 1 A
L/2 L/2
2
B C
1
2
2 2 3
1 DOF = 3
Matriks kekakuan struktur

[ Ks ] 3 x 3
0 A
[ Ks ] = [ K1 ] + [ K2 ]
0
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Elemen 1
0 0 1 2
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
- 0
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
- 0
L2 L L2 L
K1 =
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
- - 1
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
- 2
L2 L L2 L
12 EI 6 EI
-
L3 L2
[ K1 ] =
6 EI 4 EI
2x2 -
L2 L
Elemen 2
2 3
4 EI 2 EI
2
L L
K2 = 2 EI 4 EI
2x2 L L 3
4 EI 2 EI
[ K2 ] = L L
2 EI 4 EI
2x2
L L

[ Ks ] = [ K1 ] + [ K2 ]
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1 2 2 3
12 EI 6 EI 4 EI 2 EI 12 EI 6 EI
- 2 - 0
L3 L L L L3 L2
[ Ks ] = + =
6 EI 4 EI 2 EI 4 EI 6 EI 8 EI 2 EI
3x3 -
L2 L L L L2 L L
2 EI 4 EI
0
L L
0
1
Ps = PL
8
1
PL
8
Menghitung invers matrik kekakuan global [ Ks ]-1
28 L3 24 L2 12 L2
-
EI EI EI
24 L2 48 L 24 L
[ Ks ]-1 = -
EI EI EI
12 L2 24 L 60L
-
EI EI EI
Jadi : { Us } = [ Ks ]-1 { Ps }
28 L3 24 L2 12 L2
- 0
EI EI EI
24 L2 1
48 L
-
24 L PL
Us = EI EI EI 8
1
12 L2 24 L 60L PL
- 8
EI EI EI
3 P L3
Dilatasi di joint B
128 EI
2
Us = 10 P L
Rotasi di joint B
128 EI
2
7 PL
Rotasi di joint C
128 EI Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 70
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U11 0
U12 0
Elemen 1 : U1 =
3 P L3
U13
128 EI
6 P L2
U14
128 EI
6 P L2
U2 1
128 EI
Elemen 2 : U2 = =
7 P L2
U2 2
128 EI
Gaya akhir elemen :

Elemen 1 : { P1 } = [ K1 ] + { PR1 }
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI 0 0
-
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI 0 0
P1 = -
L2 L L2 L
+
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI 3 P L3 0
3 - 2 - 2
L L L3 L 128 EI
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI 6 P L2
- 0
L2 L L2 L 128 EI
0
3
PL
64
P1 =
0
3
PL
64
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Elemen 2 : { P2 } = [ K2 ] + { PR2 }
4 EI 2 EI 6 P L2 1
PL
L L 128 EI 8
P2 = +
2 EI 4 EI 7 P L2 1
PL
L L 128 EI 8
6 3
PL q L2
128 64 Hasil perhitungan
P2 = = hanya momen saja
0 0
Free Body Diagram :

3
35 PL P 0
P 64
64
3
PL
64
35 Dihitung lagi 29
P P
64 64
Bidang M : 3
PL
64
-
3 +
PL
64 29
PL
128
35
P
64 -
3
PL
64
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Bidang D :
35
P + P
64
29
- 64
P
Bidang N :
35
P
64
Deformasi aksial diabaikan
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Transformation of Coordinates
2
U2, P2 1
u2, p2
u1, p1
1
U1, P1
u3, p3
U3, P3
Koordinat Lokal dan Global

3 3
u1 C S 0 U1
C = cos
u2 = -S C 0 U2
S = sin
u3 0 0 1 U3
Atau dapat ditulis : u = U

Dimana :
C S 0
C = cos
=
-S C 0
S = sin
0 0 1
Untuk transformasi sumbu sebuah titik dengan 6 dof dapat ditulis :
u1 U1
u2 0 U2
u3 U3
= U4 [u] = [R] [U]
u4
u5 U5
u6
0 U6 R = matriks rotasi
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Transformasi sumbu juga berlaku untuk gaya :

p = P
P = -1 p -1 = T
P = T p
P1 p1
P2 0 p2
P3 p3
= p4 [ P ] = [ R ]T [ p ]
P4
P5 p5
P6
0 p6 R = matriks rotasi
p = k u ; u = R U
T
P = R p P = K U
= RT k u K = RT k R
= RT k R U
Matriks kekakuan elemen untuk 6 dof :
EA EA
0 0 - 0 0
L L
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
0 0 -
L3 L2 L3 L2
k = 6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
0 0 -
L2 L L2 L
6x6 EA EA
0 0 - 0 0
L L
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
0 - 0 -
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
0 0 -
L2 L L2 L
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0 0 - 0 0
0 12 6L 0 -12 6L
0 6L 4L2 0 -6L 2L2
k = - 0 0 0 0
0 -12 -6L 0 12 -6L
0 6L 2L2 0 -6L 4L2
Dimana :
EI A L2
= =
L3 I
[ K ] = [ R ]T [ k ] [ R ]
[K]=[R]T [k][R]
C -S 0 0 0 - 0 0
0 12 C6L S0 -12 6L
S C 0
0 0
0 0 1 0 6L
-S
S 2 C
4L 0
0
-6L 2L2 0
K = 0 0 1
C -S 0 - 0 0 0 C0 S 0
0 -S C 0
0 S C 0 0 -12 -6L 0 12
0
-6L
0 1
2
0 0 1 0 6L 2L 0 -6L 4L2
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g1 g2 g4 -g1 -g2 g4
g3 g5 -g2 -g3 g5
g6 -g
g4 -g
g5 g7
K =
g1 g2 -g4
g3 -g5
g6
Dimana :
g1 = ( C2 + 12 S2 ) g5 = 6 L C
g2 = C S ( - 12 ) g6 = 4 L2
g3 = ( S2 + 12 C2 ) g7 = 2 L2
g4 = - 6 L S
Sebuah portal seperti gambar, dengan menggunakan transformasi sumbu

hitunglah gaya-
gaya-gaya dalam yang bekerja
1 E = 30.000 ksi
A = 5 in2
I = 50 in4
L = 10 ft
L= 10 ft 1
q = 1,68 k/ft
M = 14 kft = 168 kin
2
2 3
L = 10 ft
0
1 1
0 2
0 Sumbu Global 3 1 Sumbu Lokal
DOF [ Ks ] 3 x 3
1 1
0 2 5
0
2 1 3 2 5 2 1 3
0 4
2 2
2 3 6 4 3 6
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Matriks transformasi batang :

Batang 1 : = 270o cos 270o = 0
sin 270o = -1
= 270o C S 0 0 -1 0
1 x
= -S C 0 = 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 1
2
x
Batang 2 : = 0o cos 0o = 1
sin 0o = 0
C S 0 1 0 0
= 0o
x
2 3 x = -S C 0 = 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 -1 0 0 0 0
C S 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
-S C 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1
R1 = =
0 0 0 0 -1 0
C S 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 -S C 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0
C S 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
-S C 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1
R2 = =
0 0 0 1 0 0
C S 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 -S C 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1
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Matriks kekakuan system struktur

Elemen 1 :
EI 30.000 . 50
1 = 3
= 0,87
L1 (10 . 12) 3
2 2
A L1 5 . (10 . 12)
1 = = 1.440
I 50
C = 0 ; S = -1
{ T } = { 0 0 0 1 0 2 }T
0 0 0 1 0 2
g1 g2 g4 -g1 -g2 g4 0
g3 g5 -g2 -g3 g5 0
g6 -g4 -g5 g7 0
K1 =
g1 g2 -g4 1
g3 -g5 0
-g4 g6 2
1 2 3
g1 -g4 0 1
K1 = -g4 g6 0 2
0 0 0 3
g1 = ( C2 + 12 S2 ) = 0,87 [ 0 + 12 (-1)2 ] = 10,44

g4 = - 6 L S = -0,87 . 6 . 120 (-1) = 626,4
g6 = 4 L 2
= 0,87 . 4 . 120 2
= 50.112
Sehingga :
10 44
10,44 -626,4
626 4 0
K1 = -626,4 50.112 0
0 0 0
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Elemen 2 :
EI 30.000 . 50
2 = 3
= 0,87
L1 (10 . 12) 3
2 2
A L1 5 . (10 . 12)
2 = = 1.440
I 50
C = 1 ; S =0
{T}= {1 0 2 0 0 3 }T
1 0 2 0 0 3
g1 g2 g4 -g1 -g2 g4 1
g3 g5 -g2 -g3 g5 0
g4 g6 -g4 -g5 g7 2
K2 =
g1 g2 -g4 0
g3 -g5 0
g4 g7 g6 3
1 2 3
g1 g4 g4 1
K2 = g4 g6 g7 2
g4 g7 g6 3
g1 = ( C2 + 12 S2 ) = 0,87 [ 1.440 . 12 + 12 (0)2 ] = 1.252,8

g4 = - 6 L S = -0,87 . 6 . 120 (0) = 0
g6 = 4 L 2
= 0,87 . 4 . 120 2
= 50.112
g7 = 2 L 2
= 0,87 . 2 . 120 2
= 25.056
Sehingga :
1.252,8 0 0
K2 = 0 50.112 25.056
0 25.056 50.112
1.263,24 -626,4 0
KS = -626,4 100.224 25.056
0 25.056 50.112
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Matriks beban :
8,4 8,4
q = 0,14 k/in
0 0
168 kin 168 kin 168 kin
PS = 168
{ Ps } = [ Ks ] { Us } { Us } = [ Ks ]-1 { Ps }
-1
1.263,24 -626,4 0 0
US = -626 4
-626,4 100 224
100.224 25
25.056
056 168
0 25.056 50.112 0
0,00095 Defleksi horizontal di 2
US = 0,00192 Rotasi di 2
-0,00096 Rotasi di 3
Displacement masing-masing batang (koordinat lokal)
u11 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0
u12 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
u13 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
u1 = 4
= =
u1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0,00095 0
5
u1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0,00095
6
u1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0,00192 0,00192
u21 1 0 0 0 0 0 0,00095 0,00095

2
u2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
3
u2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0,00192 0,00192
u2 = 4
= =
u2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
5
u2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
u26 0 0 0 0 0 1 -0,0096 -0,0096
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Gaya akhir batang :

Elemen 1 :
{ P1 } = [ k1 ] { u1 } + { 0 }
0 0
1,193 k 1,193 k
47,512 kin 3,959 kft

P1 = =
0 0
-1,193 k -1,193 k
95,620 kin 7,968 kft
Elemen 2 :
{ P2 } = [ k2 ] { u2 } + { Faksi }
1,19 k 1,19 k
-7,8 k -7,8 k
-95,84 kin -7,99 kft

P2 = =
-1,19 k -1,19 k
-9 k -9 k
168 kin 14 kft
Free body diagram : 1,193
1,193 k
+
3,959 9
1
+
7,968 kft
1,193 -
7,99 kft q = 1,68 k/ft 14 kft
1,193 k 7,8
1,19 k 1,19 k
2
7,8 k 9k
3,959
+
1,19 - 1,19
- -
+ +
7,99
14
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RANGKA BATANG
In the Truss Construction (KRB), the calculation of
element stiffness matrix [K] is based on two dimensions
off th
the ttruss case. Forces
F th
thatt worksk jjustt ttension
i and
d
compression axial only, is the moment and latitude force is
not available.
Note the picture: a bar elements with area of A and
modulus of elasticity of E is constant. The calculation of
stiffness elements containing only element of A, E and
f
four-pointi t coordinates,
di t namely: l xi,i xj,j yii and
d yj.j
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Example:
A truss structurewith arrangement as shown in the
figure as follows: 10t3
2t 4
600
1
2
4m
With area of A = 20 cm2

Modulus of elasticity : 2 x 106 kg/cm2
Question: Calculate the internal forces and deformation shape
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y,v
j
c = cos
j pj
L qj
cui
d
i
pi
i ui qi
x,u
g Batang,
Elemen Rangka g, dengan
g sudut Elemen Rangka
g Batang
g setelah
pada bidang xy perpindahan titik ui > 0, titik lain tetap
Pertama, harus menghitung :
L= x j - x i y j - y i
2 2
x j - xi
C = cos =
L
y j - yi
S = sin =
L
Perpendekan aksial cui menghasilkan gaya tekan aksial
AE
F = cu i
L
Dimana : x dan y merupakan komponen dari ;
pi = - pj = Fc
qi = - qj = Fs
Komponen ini menghasilkan kesetimbangan statis, sehingga diperoleh :
C2 pi
CS qi
AE
ui = pj
L -C2
-CS qj
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Hasil yang sama juga akan diperoleh dengan cara memberikan perpindahan pada vi,
uj, dan vj, dimana gaya bekerja sendiri-sendiri. Dan jika 4 dof dengan nilai tidak nol
bekerja bersama-sama, dan dengan superposisi masing-masing elemen matriks
kekakuan, dapat dihitung sebagai berikut :
C2 CS -C2 -CS
CS S2 -CS -S2
AE
K =
L -C2 -CS C2 CS
-CS -S2 CS S2
Hubungan matriks kekakuan dengan gaya dapat ditulis sebagai berikut :

[K]{D} ={F}
C2 CS -C2 -CS ui pi
CS S2 -CS -S2 vi qi
AE
=
L -C2 -CS C2 CS uj pj
2 2
-CS -S CS S vj qj
Untuk kasus khusus :

1. Jika nilai = 0, sebagai batang horizontal, matriks kekakuan elemen [ K ] 4 x 4
Hanya berisi 4 komponen yang tidak bernilai nol, yaitu :
AE
k11 = k33 = -k13 = -k31 =
L
1 0 -1 0
0 0 0 0
AE
K =
L -1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
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1. Jika nilai = 90, sebagai batang vertikal, matriks kekakuan elemen [ K ] 4 x 4

Hanya berisi 4 komponen yang tidak bernilai nol, yaitu :
AE
k22 = k44 = -k24 = -k42 =
L
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 -1
AE
K =
L 0 0 0 0
0 -1 0 1
Sebuah Konstruksi Rangka Batang dengan luas A

dan Modulus Elastisitas E yang sama, seperti
pada Gambar
4 3 5
L
4 5 6 7
v
1 u 2
1 3
2
L L
Hitunglah matriks kekakuaan masing-masing elemen
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Perumusan untuk mencari nilai matriks kekakuan elemen dengan sudut :
C2 CS -C2 -CS
2
CS S -CS -S2
AE
K =
L -C2 -CS C2 CS
2
-CS -S CS S2
Batang 1, 2 dan 3 merupakan batang horizontal, sehingga = 0o

Maka : [ K1 ] = [ K2 ] = [ K3 ]
1 0 -1 0
0 0 0 0
AE
K1 =
L -1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
Batang 4 dan 6 merupakan batang diagonal dengan sudut = 60o

Dimana : C = cos 60o = 0,5
S = sin 60o = 0,866
Maka : [ K4 ] = [ K6 ]
0,250 0,433 -0,250 -0,433
0,433 0,750 -0,433 -0,750

AE
K4 =
L -0,250
0 250 0 433
0,433 0 250
0,250 -0,433
0 433
-0,433 -0,750 0,433 0,750
Batang 5 dan 7 merupakan batang diagonal dengan sudut = 300o

Dimana : C = cos 300o = 0,5
S = sin 300o = -0,866
Maka : [ K5 ] = [ K7 ]
0,250 -0,433 -0,250 0,433
-0,433 0,750 0,433 -0,750

AE
K5 =
L -0,250 0,433 0,250 -0,433
-
0,433 -0,750 0,433 0,750
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0.335 0.128 -0.250 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.085 -0.128 0.000 0.000
0.128 0.192 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.128 -0.192 0.000 0.000
-0.250 0.000 0.671 0.000 -0.250 0.000 -0.085 0.128 -0.085 -0.128
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.384 0.000 0.000 0.128 -0.192 -0.128 -0.192
[K]10X10 = A.E 0.000 0.000 -0.250 0.000 0.335 -0.128 0.000 0.000 -0.085 0.128
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.128 0.192 0.000 0.000 0.128 -0.192
-0.085 -0.128 -0.085 0.128 0.000 0.000 0.421 0.256 0.000 0.000
-0.128 -0.192 0.128 -0.192 0.000 0.000 0.256 0.384 0.000 0.000
0 000
0.000 0 000
0.000 -0
0.085
085 -0
0.128
128 -0
0.085
085 0 128
0.128 0 000
0.000 0 000
0.000 0 421
0.421 0 000
0.000
0.000 0.000 -0.128 -0.192 0.128 -0.192 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.384
3.35E-01 1.28E-01 -2.50E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -8.53E-02 -1.28E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
1.28E-01 1.92E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
-2.50E-01 0.00E+00 6.71E-01 0.00E+00 -2.50E-01 0.00E+00 -8.53E-02 1.28E-01 -8.53E-02 -1.28E-01
0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.84E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 -1.28E-01 -1.92E-01
[K]10X10 = 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -2.50E-01 0.00E+00 3.35E-01 -1.28E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -8.53E-02 1.28E-01
0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -1.28E-01 1.92E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.28E-01 -1.92E-01
-8.53E-02 -1.28E-01 -8.53E-02 1.28E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 4.21E-01 2.56E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
-1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2.56E-01 3.84E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -8.53E-02 -1.28E-01 -8.53E-02 1.28E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 4.21E-01 0.00E+00
0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.84E-01
6.71E-01 0.00E+00 -2.50E-01 -8.53E-02 1.28E-01 -8.53E-02 -1.28E-01

0.00E+00 3.84E-01 0.00E+00 1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 -1.28E-01 -1.92E-01
-2.50E-01 0.00E+00 3.35E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -8.53E-02 1.28E-01
[K]7X7 = -8.53E-02 1.28E-01 0.00E+00 4.21E-01 2.56E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 0.00E+00 2.56E-01 3.84E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
-8.53E-02 -1.28E-01 -8.53E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 4.21E-01 0.00E+00
-1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 1.28E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.84E-01
1.81E+00 2.85E+00 1.09E+00 -1.68E+00 1.94E+00 1.46E+00 1.67E+00

2.85E+00 -4.26E+00 2.92E+00 6.31E+00 -7.28E+00 -1.25E-01 -2.15E+00
1.09E+00 2.92E+00 4.12E+00 -2.24E+00 2.59E+00 1.94E+00 4.48E-01
-1
[K] 7X7 = -1.68E+00
1 68E+00 6 31E+00 -2.24E+00
6.31E+00 2 24E+00 -3.61E+00
3 61E+00 6 12E+00 1.12E+00
6.12E+00 1 12E+00 3 34E+00
3.34E+00
1.94E+00 -7.28E+00 2.59E+00 6.12E+00 -5.77E+00 -1.30E+00 -3.86E+00
1.46E+00 -1.25E-01 1.94E+00 1.12E+00 -1.30E+00 3.03E+00 -2.24E-01
1.67E+00 -2.15E+00 4.48E-01 3.34E+00 -3.86E+00 -2.24E-01 1.94E+00
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-1
Matriks Beban { R } {D} = [K] {R}
0 -1.43E+04
-5000 2.13E+04
0 -1.46E+04
{R}7X1 = 0 {D}7X1 = -3.15E+04
0 3.64E+04
0 6.23E+02
0 1.07E+04
Matriks {D} Global Matriks Gaya Dalam
F1H -0.02
0.00E+00
F1V 2500.00
0.00E+00
F2H 0.00
-1.43E+04
1.43E 04
2.13E+04 F2V -5000.00
[D]10X1 = F3H 0.00
-1.46E+04
F3V 2500.00
0.00E+00
[F]12X1 = F4H = 0.00
-3.15E+04
F4V 0.00
3.64E+04
F5H 0.00
6.23E+02
F5V 0.00
1 07E+04
1.07E+04
69

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26/02/2013

Mekanika Teknik Terapan

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 1

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 2

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 3

Note: Percentage can be changed according

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 5

It is usual to use a generic symbol for the element, the

The first thing to notice about matrix is that only if

In case: (AB)C = A (BC)

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 7

Subtraction is treated as negative addition

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 8

To multiply a matrix by a scalar quantity, each

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 9

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 10

Unit (or identity ) matrix

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 11

a11 a12 ... a1n

Find the determinant then the inverse matrices

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 15

Structural Analysis of Matrix Methods

Matrix Method of Structural Analysis is a method to analyze

One of the ways used to solve the above equation, namely

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 16

On the stiffness method, the unknown variable is

The stiffness method is developed from the node

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 17

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 18

Degrees of Freedom (DOF)

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 19

To be able to form a structure stiffness matrix, it is

Note : 0 = not active; 1, 2, 3, ., =active

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 21

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 22

Metode Kekakuan Langsung

U2, P2 U4, P4 gaya perpindahan

P1 K11 K12 K13 K14 U1

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 23

P1 = K11 . U1 + K12 . U2 + K13 . U3 + K14 . U4

P2 = K21 . U1 + K22 . U2 + K23 . U3 + K24 . U4

P3 = K31 . U1 + K32 . U2 + K33 . U3 + K34 . U4

P4 = K41 . U1 + K42 . U2 + K43 . U3 + K44 . U4

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 24

Jika U1 = 1 dan U2 = U3 = U4 = 0 , maka :

Jika U2 = 1 dan U2 = U3 = U4 = 0 , maka :

Jika U3 = 1 dan U2 = U3 = U4 = 0 , maka :

Jika U4 = 1 dan U2 = U3 = U4 = 0 , maka :

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 27

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 28

K11 K12 K13 K14

Gambar (a) (b) (c) (d)

For beam with 6 dof

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 31

Stiffness Matrix with Axial Loads

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 32

Procedure to solve a problem

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 33

Sebuah balok statis tak tentu seperti pada gambar

Menentukan keaktifan ujung-ujung elemen

Menentukan matriks tujuan DOF : 2 2 rotasi

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 34

Membuat matrik kekakuan elemen :