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Squared Analysis
Chi Squared
We can determine if two genes are linked by performing a
statistical analysis on the data from an experiment.
(obs exp)2
X2 = -------------------
expected
If I flip a coin 1000 times and get 600 heads and 400 tails, who can
confidently state that the coin is unbalanced?
For the purposes of gene linkage, we assess whether the two gene
demonstrate independent assortment.
Chi Squared
The Chi Square Test
(O E)2
2 =
E
n where
n O = observed data in each category
n E = expected data in each category based on the
experimenters hypothesis
n = Sum of the calculations for each category
Consider the following example in Drosophila
melanogaster
n Gene affecting wing shape n Gene affecting body color
n c = Normal wing n e = Normal (gray)
+ +
n Note:
n The wild-type allele is designated with a + sign
letters
n The Cross:
n A cross is made between two true-breeding flies (c+c+e+e+
and ccee). The flies of the F1 generation are then allowed
to mate with each other to produce an F2 generation.
n The outcome
n F1 generation
n All offspring have straight wings and gray bodies
n F2 generation
n 193 straight wings, gray bodies
2 = 1.06
n Step 4: Interpret the chi square value
n The calculated chi square value can be used to obtain
n Therefore, df = 4 1 = 3