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that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken. It implements
the quality management system through the policy, procedures, and processes of
quality planning, quality assurance, and quality control, with continuous process
Product quality measures and techniques are specific to the type of product
produced by the project.
Failure to meet product or project quality requirements can have serious negative
consequences for any or all of the project stakeholders.
For example:
- Meeting customer requirements by overworking the project team may
result in increased employee attrition, errors, or rework.
- Meeting project schedule objectives by rushing planned quality inspections
may result in undetected errors.
Quality and grade are not the same. Quality is the degree to which a set of
inherent characteristics fulfill requirements. Grade is a category assigned to
products or services having the same functional use but different technical
characteristics. While a quality level that fails to meet quality requirements is
always a problem, low grade may not be.
The project manager and the project management team are responsible for
managing the tradeoffs involved to deliver the required levels of both quality and
grade.
Precision and accuracy are not equivalent. Precision means the values of
repeated measurements are clustered and have little scatter. Accuracy means that
the measured value is very close to the true value. Precise measurements are not
necessarily accurate. A very accurate measurement is not necessarily precise.
- Customer satisfaction.
- Prevention over inspection.
- Continuous improvement.
- Management Responsibility.
Plan Quality
1
Quality planning should be performed in parallel with the other project planning
processes. For example, proposed changes in the product to meet identified quality
standards may require cost or schedule adjustments and a detailed risk analysis of
the impact to plans.
Inputs Scope Baseline
Stakeholder Register
Cost Performance Baseline
Schedule Baseline
Risk Register
Enterprise Environmental Factors
Organizational Process Assets
Scope Baseline:
- Scope statement. contains the project description, major project deliverables, and
acceptance criteria. The product scope description will often contain details of
technical issues and other concerns that can affect quality planning. The definition
of acceptance criteria can significantly increase or decrease project costs quality
costs. Satisfying all acceptance criteria implies the needs of the customer have
been met.
- WBS. It identifies the deliverables, the work packages and the control accounts
used to measure project performance.
- WBS Dictionary. It defines technical information for WBS elements.
Cost Performance Baseline: The cost performance baseline documents the accepted
time phase used to measure cost performance.
Inputs
Risk Register: The risk register contains information on threats and opportunities that
may impact quality requirements.
Enterprise Environmental Factors: include, but are not limited toGovernmental agency
regulations, rules, standards, and Working/operating conditions of the
project/product which may affect project quality.
Organizational Process Assets: include, but are not limited to Organizational quality
policies, procedures and guidelines, historical databases and lessons learned from
previous projects specific to the application area may affect the project and Quality
policy, as endorsed by senior management, which sets the intended direction of a
performing organization with regard to quality.
Tools and Techniques
Cost of Quality (COQ): Quality costs are the total costs incurred by investment in
preventing nonconformance to requirements, appraising the product or service for
conformance to requirements, and failing to meet requirements (rework). Failure costs
are often categorized into internal and external. Failure costs are also called cost of poor
quality.
Cost Of Quality
Example of a control Chart
Tools and Techniques
Design of Experiments: (DOE) is a statistical method that helps identify which factors
may influence specific variables of a product or process under development or in
production. It also plays a role in the optimization of products or processes.
The most important aspect of this technique is that it provides a statistical framework
for systematically changing all of the important factors, instead of changing the factors
one at a time. The analysis of the experimental data should provide the optimal
conditions for the product or process, highlighting the factors that influence the results,
and revealing the presence of interactions and synergisms among the factors.
Tools and Techniques
Flowcharting: A flowchart is a
graphical representation of a process
showing the relationships among
process steps. There are many styles,
but all process flowcharts show
activities, decision points, and the
order of processing. During quality
planning, flowcharting can help the
project team anticipate quality
problems that might occur. An
awareness of potential problems can
result in the development of test
procedures or approaches for dealing
with them.
Tools and Techniques
Proprietary Quality Management Methodologies: These include Six Sigma, Lean Six
Sigma, Quality Function Deployment, CMMI, etc. Many other methodologies exist
this is not intended to be a recommended or complete list of examples.
Additional Quality Planning Tools: Other quality planning tools are also often used to
help better define the situation and help plan effective quality management activities.
These include brainstorming, affinity diagrams, force field analysis, nominal group
techniques, matrix diagrams, and prioritization matrices.
Outputs
Quality Management Plan: describes how the project management team will implement
the performing organization's quality policy. It provides input to the overall project
management plan and must address quality control (QC), quality assurance (QA), and
continuous process improvement for the project.
Process Improvement Plan: a subsidiary of the project management plan. The process
improvement plan details the steps for analyzing processes that will facilitate the
identification of waste and non-value added activity, thus increasing customer value, such
as:
- Process boundaries. Describes the purpose, start, and end of processes, their inputs
and outputs, data required, if any, and the owner and stakeholders of processes.
- Process configuration. A flowchart of processes to facilitate analysis with interfaces
identified.
- Process metrics. Maintain control over status of processes.
- Targets for improved performance. Guides the process improvement activities.
Project Management Plan Updates: Project documents that may be updated include, but
are not limited to:
- Stakeholder register, and
- Responsibility Assignment Matrix
Perform Quality Assurance is the process of auditing the quality requirements and the results
from quality control measurements to ensure appropriate quality standards and operational
definitions are used. Perform Quality Assurance is an execution process that uses data
created during Perform Quality Control A quality assurance department, or similar
organization, often oversees quality assurance activities. Quality assurance support,
regardless of the units title, may be provided to the project team, the management of the
performing organization, the customer or sponsor, as well as other stakeholders not actively
involved in the work of the project.
Perform Quality Assurance also provides an umbrella for continuous process improvement,
which is an iterative means for improving the quality of all processes. Continuous process
improvement reduces waste and eliminates activities that do not add value. This allows
processes to operate at increased levels of efficiency and effectiveness.
Inputs Project Management Plan
Quality Metrics
Work Performance Information
Quality Control Measurements
Tools and
Plan Quality and Perform Quality Control tools and
Techniques techniques
Quality Audits
Process Analysis
Quality Metrics
Process Analysis: Process analysis follows the steps outlined in the process
improvement plan to identify needed improvements from an organizational and
technical standpoint. This analysis also examines problems experienced, constraints
experienced, and non-value-added activities identified during process operation.
Process analysis includes root cause analysisa specific technique to identify a
problem, discover the underlying causes that lead to it, and develop preventive actions.
Outputs
Project Management Plan Updates: Elements of the project management plan that may
be updated include, but are not limited to: Quality management plan - Schedule
management plan, and Cost management plan..
Project Documents Updates: Project documents that may be updated include, but are not
limited to: Quality audits reports, Training plans, and Process documentation.
Perform Quality Control is the process of monitoring and recording results of
executing the quality activities to assess performance and recommend necessary
changes. Quality control is performed throughout the project. Quality control is
often performed by a quality control department or similarly titled organizational
unit. Quality control activities identify causes of poor process or product quality
and recommend and/or take action to eliminate them.
The project management team should have a working knowledge of statistical
quality control, especially sampling and probability, to help evaluate quality
control outputs. Among other subjects, the team may find it useful to know the
differences between the following pairs of terms:
- Prevention and inspection.
- Attribute sampling and variables sampling.
- Tolerances and control limits.
Inputs Project Management Plan Work Performance
Quality Metrics Measurements
Quality Checklists Approved Change
Requests
Organizational Process Assets
Deliverables
Quality Management Plan: contains the quality management plan, which is used to
control quality. The quality management plan describes how quality control
will be performed within the project.
Quality Metrics
Quality Checklists
Deliverables
Run Chart: A run chart shows the history and pattern of variation. A run chart is a line
graph that shows data points plotted in the order in which they occur. Run charts show
trends in a process over time, variation over time, or declines or improvements in a
process over time. Trend analysis is performed using run charts. Trend analysis
involves using mathematical techniques to forecast future outcomes based on historical
results. Trend analysis is often used to monitor:
- Technical performance. How many errors or defects have been identified, how
many remain uncorrected?
- Cost and schedule performance. How many activities per period were
completed with significant variances?
Tools and Techniques
Statistical Sampling
Tools and Techniques
Validated Changes: Any changed or repaired items are inspected and will be either
accepted or rejected before notification of the decision is provided. Rejected items may
require rework..
Project Management Plan Updates: Elements of the project management plan that may
be updated include, but are not limited to:
- Quality management plan, and
- Process improvement plan.
Project Documents Updates: Project documents that may be updated include, but are not
limited to, quality standards.