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For each part of the toy, how many choices of colours do you have?
Multiply all the choices together, now you have the total amount of possible toys:
____ . ___ . ____ = ____
top middle bottom coloured toys
Make a conjecture about how you can use multiplication only to arrive at the number of different
coloured toys possible.
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The Fundamental Counting Principle
Consider a task made up of several stages. If the number of choices for the first stage is a, the
number of choices for the second stage is b, the number of choices for the third stage is c, etc.,
then the number of ways in which a task can be completed is a x b x c x .. This is called the
fundamental counting principle.
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Ex. Car number plates in an African country consist of a letter other than I
or O followed by three digits, the first of which cannot be zero,
followed by any two letters which are not repeated. How many
different car number plates can be produced?
ii) even?
iii) multiples of 5?
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PERMUTATIONS AND FACTORIAL NOTATION
Learning Outcomes:
To solve problems using the fundamental counting principle
To determine, using a variety of strategies, the number of permutations of n elements
taken r at a time.
To solve an equation that involves n Pr notation
Factorial Notation
Consider how many ways there are of arranging 6 different books side by side on a shelf. In this
example we have to calculate the product 6x5x4x3x2x1. In mathematics this product is denoted
by 6! (factorial or factorial 6) In general n!=n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3).(3)(2)(1), where n W
10!
Ex. To simplify , there are several approaches:
7!
a.Use you calculator:
b. By Cancellation:
10!
7!
43!
Ex. Find the value of 40!
!
a. (2)!
(+3)!
b. !
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Permutations
An arrangement of a set of objects in which the order of the objects is important is called a
permutation.
Ex. How many permutations are there of the letters of the word:
a. REGINA:
b. KELOWNA:
n!
n Pr (n r )!
Ex. Use the n Pr key on your calculator to evaluate 8 P3 . Then solve using
factorials.
Using Factorials:
n! 8! 8! 8 7 6 5!
pr 8 7 6 336
(n r )! (8 3)! 5!
n
5!
Defining 0!
If we replace r by n in the above formula we get the number of permutations of n objects taken n
n! n!
pn n !
(n n)! 0!
n
Try it:
Solve 22
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Ex. In a South American country, vehicle license plates consist of any 2
different letters followed by 4 different digits. Find how many different
license plates are possible using:
fundamental counting principle:
permutations:
(letters)(digits)
n! 28(n 1)!
(n 4)! (n 1) 2!
n! 28 n 1!
(n 4)! (n 3)!
In many cases involving simple permutations, the fundamental counting principle can be used in
place of the permutation formulas.
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PERMUTATIONS WITH RESTRICTIONS AND REPETITIONS
Learning Outcomes:
To solve problems using the fundamental counting principle
To determine, using a variety of strategies, the number of permutations of n elements
taken r at a time.
To solve an equation that involves n Pr notation
In many problems restrictions are placed on the order in which objects are arranged. In this type
of situation deal with the restrictions first.
Ex. In how many ways can all of the letters of the word ORANGES be
arranged if:
You need to multiply by 5 because the OAE can fill into any of the 5 slots
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Ex. Find the number of permutations of the letters in the word KITCHEN if:
easier to find complementary event: vowels kept together, then subtract from no restrictions (7!)
7! - 2 . 1 . 5 . 4 . 3 . 2 . 1
vowels
=7! ((2!)(5!)(6))
= 5040 1440 = 3600
Ex. In how many different ways can 3 girls and 4 boys be arranged in a row
The following formula gives the number of permutations when there are repetitions:
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Ex. Find the number of permutations of the letters of the word:
a.) VANCOUVER:
b.) MATHEMATICAL:
Ex. How many arrangements of the word POPPIES can be made under
P OPPIES
The first letter is a P, and the next 6 letters can be in any arrangement (remember there is a
PPP OIES
1 2345
10
Ex. Brett bought a carton containing 10 mini boxes of cereal. There are 3
boxes of Corn Flakes, 2 boxes of Rice Krispies, 1box of Coco Pops, 1
box of Shreddies, and the remainder are Raisin Bran. Over a ten day
period Brett plans to eat the contents of one box of cereal each
morning.
How many different order are possible if on the first day he has Raisin Bran?
Sean
b. Sean is driving a car and is situated at the extreme northwest corner of the city
centre. In how many ways can he drive to the extreme southeast corner if at
each turn he moves closer to his destination (assume all streets and avenues
allow two way traffic)
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Ex. Find the number of pathways from A to B if paths must always move
closer to B.
A
One possible path is shown, any
path from A to B must travel 3
right, 2 down and 1 forward
closer to B
A
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LESSON 4: COMBINATIONS
Learning Outcomes:
1. From a group of four students, three are to be elected to an executive committee with a
specific position. The positions are as follows:
a. Does the order in which the students are elected matter? Why?
b. In how many ways can the positions be filled from this group?
2. Now suppose that the just elected three students are to be selected to serve on a committee.
a. If all the committee positions are the same, does it matter if you are selected first or
third?
b. Is the order in which the four students are selected still important? Why or why not?
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c. How many committees from the original group of four students are now possible?
1 (President, VP, Treasurer), 2(President, VP, student 4), 3( VP, Treasurer, student 4),
3. You are part of a group of 6 students who are about to shake hands with every other person.
c. How many handshakes are possible if each student shakes every other students hand
once?
4. Part 1 deals with permutations, part 2 and 3 dealt with combinations. What is the biggest
difference between a permutation and a combination?
Permutations require that the order of the grouped objects is important. Combinations involve
arrangements where order of the grouped objects is not important.
A combination is a selection of a group of objects, taken from a larger group for which the kinds
of objects selected is important, but not the order in which they are selected.
There are several ways to find the number of possible combination. One is to use reasoning.
Use the fundamental counting principle and divide by the number of ways that the object can be
arranged among themselves.
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For example, calculate the number of combinations of three digits made from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4,
and 5:
5 x 4 x 3 = 60
However, 3 digits can be arranged 3! ways among themselves. So:
60
= 10
3!
Formula:
5!
= 10
(5 3)! 3!
Math PRB 3 n Cr
n
In some texts n Cr is written as
r
Ex. To win the LOTTO 649 a person must correctly choose six numbers
from 1 to 49. Jasper, wanting to play LOTTO 649, began to wonder
how many numbers he could make up. How many choices would
Jasper have to make to ensure he had the six winning numbers?
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Ex. The Athletic Council decides to form a sub-committee of seven council
members to look at how funds raised should be spent on sports activities
in the school. There are a total of 15 athletic council members, 9 males
and 6 females. The sub-committee must consist of exactly 3 females.
Ex. Consider a standard deck of 52 cards. How many different five card
hands can be formed containing:
52 C5 26 C5
16
b. at most 2 kings
3 events 0 kings, 1 king, 2 kings
10 C2 10 C8
10! 10!
2!8! 8!2!
10 9 8! 10 9 8!
2!8! 8!2!
45 = 45
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Solving for n in Combinations Problems
Ex. During a Pee Wee hockey tryout, all the players met on the ice after the
last practice and shook hands with each other. How many players
attended the tryouts if there were 300 handshakes in all?
n C2 300
n!
300
(n 2)!2!
n!
600
(n 2)!
n C2 n
n C2 n 65
n!
65 n
(n 2)!2!
n(n 1)(n 2)!
2(65 n)
(n 2)!
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LESSON 5: THE BINOMIAL THEOREM
Learning Outcomes:
To relate the coefficients in the expansion of ( + ) , n N, to Pascals triangle and to
combinations
To expand ( + ) , n N, in a variety of ways, including the binomial theorem
To determine a specific term in the expansion of ( + )
Pascals Triangle:
1
1 1
12 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
closer to B
A
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How about this one?
Ex. A city centre has a rectangular road system with 5 streets running
north to south and 6 avenues running west to east.
a.Draw a grid to represent this situation
Sean
b. ( + )3
c. ( + )4
Notice that the amount of terms is always 1 greater than the exponent.
How do the coefficients of the simplified terms in your binomial expansions relate to Pascals
Triangle?
The coefficients related to the row of pascals.
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Binomial Theorem
All binomial expressions will be written in descending order of the exponent of the first term in
the binomial.
The following are some important observations about the expansion of x y , where x and y
n
x y n C0 x n n C1 x n 1 y n C2 x n 2 y 2 ... n Ck x n k y k ... n Cn y n
n
4 0
40 + 41 3 1 + 42 3 2 + 43 3 3 + 44 0 4
Ex. Expand 3 x 2
3
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General Term of the Expansion of ( x y)n
t n C x n k y k
t 1 k
Note: expansion starts at a k value of 0, so the k value is one less than term requested
9 terms, n=8, k = 4
tk 1 n Ck x n k y k
t41 8 C4 x 4 y 4
t5 70 x 4 y 4
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Ex. One term in the expansion of x a is 3 281 250 x 4 . Determine the
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numerical value of a.
This ensures the x values will cancel out because they will have the same exponent.
n Ck x nk y k 3281250 x 4
10 C6 x106 y 6 3281250 x 4
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1 15
Ex. Find the constant term (the term independent of x) in the expansion of (2 2 )
General Strategy:
1. Put equation into general term formula
2. Simplify/ expand formula
3. Solve for exponent of variables (gives k value)
(1) 15
Rewrite equation : (2 + ) , n = 15, k = k
2
=
15
1
= 15 (2) ( )
2
1
= ( 15 ) (2)15 ()15 (1) ( )
2
= ( 15 ) (1) (15 )(215 )( 2 )
= ( 15 ) (1) (15 )( 2 )(215 )
= ( 15 ) (1) (153 )(215 )
(153 ) = 0
15 3 = 0
5 = ,
Use general term formula:
10
1 5
= 155 (2) ( 2 )
1
= (3003)(102410 ) ( 10 )
= 3075072
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