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The History of Skyscrapers III
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A race to the top
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by Karen Barss
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The Chrysler
t Building, in New York City, once the tallest
buildinge in the world
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Skyscrapers & Buildings
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The desire
i to build big is nothing new. Big buildings have been used to show off power and
wealth;sto honor leaders or religious beliefs; to stretch the limits of what's possible; and even as
simple tcompetition among owners, families, architects, and builders. Some of the most dramatic
buildingso of the past include the pyramids in Egypt, the skinny towers stretching towards the sky
in Italian
r hill towns, and the gothic cathedrals of France. While these types of buildings may
look veryy different from each other, they all have one thing in common. They were built with
masonry or stone walls supporting most of the weight (so-called load-bearing walls), including
that of the
& floors, the people, and everything the rooms contained. Because of this, the height of
these buildings was limited by how massive and heavy they had to be at the base.
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Removing o the Obstacles
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Two developments in the 19th century paved the way for a whole new type of building: the
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skyscraper. The first was the development of a safe elevator. Primitive elevators of various
designs had been used for centuries, and starting in the mid 19th century, steam-operated
elevatorsB were used to move materials in factories, mines, and warehouses. But these elevators
were not i considered safe for people; if the cable broke, they would plummet to the bottom of the
elevatoro shaft. Then in 1853, an American inventor named Elisha Graves Otis developed a safety
device that
g kept elevators from falling if a cable should break. This new development had an
enormous r impact on public confidence. And later in the century, the switch to an electric motor
made the a elevator a practical solution to the problem of getting up and down tall buildings.
p
h development took place in Chicago. In 1871, Chicago suffered a devastating fire. In
The second
the yearsy that followed, however, instead of recovering slowly, the city experienced explosive
growth, and it quickly began to strain against its natural boundaries. By the 1880s, the available
land forSnew buildings in this area could not keep up with demand; the only alternative was to
build up.p But in order to achieve the desired height, construction techniques had to change. A
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new method of building was developed that used a grid of steel beams and columns that were
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strong enough to support any stresses or forces a building might experience, including both the
weight tof the floor and the building contents, as well as the force of wind or even, in some areas,
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earthquakes. And with this new building method, the skyscraper was born and the race for the
tallest building began.
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Modern r Materials
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Since thes birth of the skyscraper, builders and engineers have continuously looked for ways to
improve building methods and materials, in order to make structures stronger, taller, and lighter.
& are built to last, so they must be made of materials that are strong; durable; resistant
Skyscrapers
to the sun, wind, rain, frost, and snow; and affordable. Concrete is one of the most common
E beyond the steel supports, because it is enormously versatile. Its composition can be
materials,
changedn depending on the needs of the building. It can be reinforced to make it stiffer and
strongert by setting steel mesh or bars into the concrete. And additives can make it set or harden
faster or. slower depending on the needs of the design.
AnotherBvery important material is glass. Because the steel skeleton now supports the main loads
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of the building, the outer skin only serves to keep the weather out and let light in, the more light
s So glass walls became very popular beginning after World War II, because they are
the better.
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weatherproof while providing ample natural light, and also because they are so much lighter-and
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cheaper-than masonry or concrete.
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The Forces of Nature
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But as buildings became taller and lighter, particularly the modern glass boxes that are so
popular,Cskyscrapers began having trouble with the wind and they began to sway, some more
than twoa feet in any direction! Engineers came up with new solutions for this problem, first
l diagonally braced steel trusses between central elevator shafts to create a stronger core,
installing
and thene moving most of the beams and columns to the outside edge of the walls in order to
make a nstiff tube. A more unusual solution was devised to control sway in the 1970s called a
d damper. This is a giant concrete block or weight, mounted with springs and shock
tuned mass
a on a lubricated plate, designed like a pendulum to move in one direction when a
absorbers
computerr senses the structure has begun to move in the other, in order to counterbalance the
motion.
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