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ing apical permeability when the instrument needs of the fracture by torsion in Pathfile nickel-titanium
to rotate freely and repeatedly within the lumen of rotary instruments used for endodontic root canal
the root canal, and therefore the main requirement surgical preparation.
is that it should be resistant to cyclic fatigue1.
The design of a rotary instrument affects its per- MATERIALS AND METHODS
formance because it conditions its resistance to A device was made consisting of a 25 mm long
cyclic fatigue and torsion resulting from friction, cylindrical stainless steel tube with an internal bore
two factors determining plastic deformation or frac- of 0.5 mm and a 45 degree bend with 8 mm radius
ture during use2,3,4. Fracture or fatigue failure is usu- located at 5 mm from one end. The opposite end
ally related to plastic deformations, which in turn was fixed to the plastic lid of 5 ml a test tube. The
are associated to shear stress. Plastic deformation assembly was fixed to a base to allow handling and
originates at the surface in the form of small sur- prevent it from moving during the experiment.
face cracks and uneven chipping. Although compo- A total 30 new Pathfile instruments (Dentsply- Maille-
nents eventually break due to the application of fer.Ballaigues-Switzerland), gauge .13, designed for
excessive stress, this overload occurs as a result of rotary instrumentation were removed from their pack-
a sum of factors which are precisely those that aging and divided randomly into 5 groups of 6 instru-
should be identified in the analysis of the failure. In ments. The instruments were subject to constant speed
the presence of fluctuating loads, stress concentra- while fully inserted within the steel tube at 300 rpm
tion produces elastic-plastic cyclical deformation and 1 Ncm torque, using an XSmart electric motor
which initiates a fatigue crack, which ultimately (Dentsply Maillefer. Ballaigues-Switzerland) for dif-
causes ductile or brittle metal fracture. ferent lengths of time: 15 seconds (Group A), 75 sec-
Ductile fracture occurs after intensive plastic defor- onds (Group B), 150 seconds (Group C) and 300
mation and is characterized by slow crack propaga- seconds (Group D). The fifth group was kept as a con-
tion. Fragile fracture occurs along crystallographic trol without fatigue (Group N).
planes called fracture planes and the crack propa- Then each instrument was fixed by its apical three
gates rapidly. millimeters in a block of composite resin. The resin
A scanning electron microscope is the most appro- block was placed in a fixed clamp and the instru-
priate instrument for examining the surfaces ment was mounted on an electronically modified
because it has higher resolution and field depth contra-angle handpiece driven by an electric motor
then an optical microscope. These qualities are (XSmart Denstply, USA), which provided 2 rpm
needed to reveal topographical details of the frac- at a torque of 1 Ncm. The instruments were subject-
ture surfaces under study5,6. The causes of failure ed to continuous rotation until they were fractured.
by fracture can be analyzed through the interpre- The fracture surfaces obtained were observed at
tation and characterization of the fracture surface 400X under a high-vacuum SEM Phillips mod. 515.
of the material7. The images showed an irregular, variable central
The aim of this study was to assess the influence of area corresponding to the ductile fracture morphol-
cyclic fatigue on the morphological characteristics ogy characterized by dimples (Figs. 1-3).
Fig. 1:
Fracture Fig. 2:
surface of a Fracture
specimen surface of
from the a specimen
control from
group. Group D.
34 G. Lopreite, et al.
Fig. 3:
Dimple area
characteristic
of the ductile
fracture
3100X.
Table 2: Kruskal-Wallis one way. Table 3: Tukey Test - All Pairwise Multiple Comparison.
Source variation DF SS MS F p Comparison for factor seg.
Between groups 4 1743,153 435,788 21,635 <0,001 Comparison Diff of Means p q P P<0,050
Residual 25 503,570 20,143 300 vs 15 20,318 511,089 <0,001 Yes
Total 29 2246,723 300 vs 0 19,037 510,390 <0,001 Yes
300 vs 75 14,357 57,836 <0,001 Yes
150 vs 15 13,057 57,126 <0,001 Yes
CORRESPONDENCE
Dr. Gustavo H. Lopreite
Catedra de Endodoncia Facultad de Odontologa. UBA
M.T.Alvear 2142 Piso 9 Sector B
Ciudad Autnoma de Buenos Aires,
Argentina
E-mail: lobra93@gmail.com
36 G. Lopreite, et al.