UNDERSTANDING WATER POWER

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Historical

In 1989 (Vol. 2, No. 1) Raum & Zeit published an article by Ludwig Herbrand, dealing with a development in Water Power, termed in that article
the "Herbrand Turbine". While it seems that Herbrand is not the inventor of this technology, the present author nevertheless believes that there
is something about water power that present scientific thinking and engineering are not aware of. He believes that the work of the Austrian
genius Viktor Schauberger holds the key to understanding Herbrand's story.

The sequence of "historical" events that led to Herbrand's discovery is as follows: Herbrand, in the early thirties, was a student of electrical
engineering at the Aachen Technical College. The theme that was given him for his graduation thesis was the "Recalculation of the generators
in the Rheinfelden power plant." Part of the thesis was also to make a comparison with an article that had appeared in the ETZ technical
magazine of 1932, page 233. The power plant of Rheinfelden is a plant that directly utilizes the flow of the Rhein river's water, feeding it
through turbines without the use of a dam. The power plant described in the ETZ magazine's article instead was a plant constructed in 1926 at
Ryburg-Schwoerstadt, about 12 miles up river from Rheinfelden. The description was as follows:

"The dam and the power plant's generator building span the width of the river and dam up the water to about 12 meters above the low water
side. The driving power is provided by four turbines with an exceptional (for that time) capacity of 250 m3/sec. The power of each generator is
35.000 KVA. The Rheinfelden power plant was an older construction, built in the last decade of the nineteenth century. It had twenty turbines.
As the total water flow of the Rhein river at that point is about 1000 m3/sec, each turbine received approximately 50 m3/sec of water. The
power of each one of the generators, calculated according to established principles, was 500 to 600 KW, the plant reaching a total power of 10
to 12 MW. However, in this same power plant, some generators had recently been installed that were designed for a much higher power output
than the older turbines. They were designed by Prof. Finzi of the Aachen Technical College and constructed by J.M. Voith of
Heidenheim/Brenz." A description of these generators was as follows:

"They are built to yield 32.500 KVA and can be run with a 10 % overload indefinitely, thus actually producing 35.000 KVA. The tension is
10.000 Volts at 50 Hertz and 75 rpm, with a factor of cos phi of 0.7. Because of the continuous overload factor, all stresses are kept to a
minimum." Herbrand recalculated the wiring of one of these generators and was much astonished when making his comparison to find that
these new Rheinfelden generators without a dam and with only one fifth of the capacity (50 m3/sec) produced as much electric power as the
huge generators at Ryburg with their capacity of 250 m3/sec and a head water dammed up 12 meters high. He turned to his professor in
dismay and Finzi's answer, as related to us by Herbrand, was:

"Do not worry. It is correct. The generator has been working without problems for some time now. Make the calculations backwards and you
will see for yourself. We are electrical engineers. Why, those other problems are not ours to solve, we leave them to the water boys. We have
repeated our measurements and the generator's yield of power is exactly as specified. The only thing is - no one knows about this."

Soon came the war and circumstances did not permit Herbrand to obtain an electrical engineering job. Only many years later did he remember
his graduation thesis and he has tried since then to offer his calculations to government and industry - without success. He also tried to obtain
a patent but was refused as his proposal violated the law of conservation of energy, so he was told. These are the "historical" facts of the
matter. Without wanting to take away from Herbrand's achievement, it would seem more correct to name the turbine a "Finzi-Herbrand-
Turbine", because the actual designer was Professor Finzi, not Herbrand. In any case, Herbrand's great merit is to have come out publicly
trying to get the idea used more broadly.

Calculations of yield
The kinetic energy of a water turbine is calculated with the following formula:

E kin = m/2 . v2 (KW)

m is the usable amount of water measured in m3/sec and v is the velocity of the water, expressed in m/sec.

Generally, v is calculated by the use of the following formula:

v = sqrt 2 . g . h

whereby g is gravity with 9.81 m/sec2 and h is the difference in level between the head water and the water on the lower side expressed in
meters.

But here the matter becomes critical and we should clearly understand that the latter formula is only a secondary formula to find a v-equivalent
in the special case of gravitational water pressure resulting from a difference in water levels. For the calculation of v in flowing water this
formula is neither usable nor necessary. The velocity of flowing water can be quantified by direct measurement.

The important concept here is that water can gain its velocity in two distinctly different ways.

Water can be held up by a dam and at the point where we release it through a nozzle or say through a turbine, it will experience a strong
acceleration. The resulting velocity can be calculated by use of the above formula.

If we take for instance a difference in water levels of 12 meters, we get a velocity of the water of

sqrt 2 x 9.81 x 12 = 15.34 m/sec

Should the capacity of flow be 250 m3/sec then we get a kinetic energy of

250/2 x 15.34 x 15.34 = 29,414 KW,

approximating the above description of the generators of the Ryburg -Schwoerstadt power plant.

The second way in which water may reach a certain velocity is the normal flowing of a river and in particular the natural vortex movement of
water.

In our example of the Rheinfelden power plant, the velocity of water flow through the turbine was 35 m/sec, much higher than in Ryburg-
Schwoerstadt.

This higher velocity of flow was reached in two stages. A small island located in midstream provided the means for the first increase in velocity,
as the water was forced to flow on one side only of the island. The water, finding itself in a much more narrow bed, increased its velocity of
flow. A further increase was achieved by a funnel-like construction of the inlet towards the turbine, restricting the diameter of the water's flow
even further and increasing the velocity so as to pass the turbine at a considerable 35 m/sec (approximately 80 mph).

So the kinetic energy, in accordance with our first formula as given above, was

50/2 x 35 x 35 = 30,625 KW

We see that with a fifth of the amount of water per second, but with a considerably increased velocity of flow, the same kinetic energy can be
obtained as with 250 m3/sec and a water level difference of 12 meters. If we wished to obtain an equivalent of v = 35 m/sec through
gravitationally induced water pressure, we would need a dam 62.4 meters (nearly 200 ft!) high. How is it possible that by simply restricting the
space in which water may flow, we can free such tremendous energies?

Herbrand has calculated the effect of contraction by introducing a factor n. He found that an increase of the factor n, that is, a greater
contraction, will increase the energy of the water but he has come to recognize that this concept is impossible to grasp for our scientific
"experts".

Viktor Schauberger: "We are using the wrong kind of motion!"

The Austrian forest warden and inventor Viktor Schauberger has researched and successfully applied the laws of motion of water. He said that
we are using the wrong kind of motion, referring to all of our technological "achievements", from the internal combustion engine to our way of
putting streams of water into an unnatural straitjacket. In order to understand the discovery of Herbrand, it is important to know that the natural
motion of water is a centripetal vortical movement, turning or "rolling" inward around the axis of motion of the water's flow. This kind of motion
tends to accelerate and contract the stream of water, accumulating kinetic energy in the form of an increased velocity.

A simple example for this is the vortex that forms when a bathtub is emptied of water. We can also observe the same kind of motion on a
simple tap of water. In fact, if the water leaves the tap without disturbances such as bubbles of air or other disturbing flows, we see that the
water takes a spiral course, accelerating and contracting on its way. Anyone who has doubts as to the fact that the natural spiral movement
can increase the kinetic energy of water, need only remember the extraordinary energies contained in tornadoes and hurricane winds. These
energies are accumulated by just the same spiral movement.

In the early years of his career as a forest warden, Schauberger has utilized this effect to allow the transport of heavy beech wood logs in
wooden water sluices, very much to the amazement of his seniors and visiting scientists. Science at that time, just as today, could not explain
how it was possible to transport beech logs in a flow of water, as the wood of the beech tree has a specific weight higher than that of water.
Considering this, it is no wonder that also Herbrand's observations were to meet disbelief and even outright hostility from our scientifically
educated "experts".

Thermodynamics and the Law of Conservation of Energy

This discussion about Rheinfelden and Herbrand's turbine lets us fly square into the teeth of recognized authority. We are seemingly violating
the hallowed principle of the conservation of energy. I say seemingly, because all things considered, conservation of energy is assured. Just
that a stream of water is not a "closed system" as our scientists would like to believe. In fact, there are no real closed systems in this world and
thus thermodynamics, at least its second law, as well as the law of conservation of energy, are not correct as currently stated. The author has
dealt with the basic assumptions of physics and the law of conservation of energy in a previous article.

Gravity and Inertia

In closing I would like to point out that gravity and inertia, although they do show analogous effects, are not identical. Even though we cannot
subjectively distinguish the earth's gravity from an acceleration of 1 g (9.81 m/sec2), say in a spacecraft, when we talk about water we must
distinguish well between gravitation and inertia. A mass of water held up by a dam is a mass which under the influence of gravity exerts a
certain pressure and thus is able to drive a turbine. The energy utilized in this case is mostly the gravitationally induced pressure, not the
inertial force that comes from motion. A moving mass of water has an inertial mass which by force of inertia is able to drive a turbine. In this
case, the force we are predominantly using is a direct result of the velocity of motion. The difference here lies in the natural or unnatural motion
of the water.

According to current scientific knowledge we hold up the water by a dam, thus stopping its natural flow and losing the inherent inertial forces, in
order to use the gravitational pressure of this now motionless mass of water to drive turbines. It would be much more effective to use the
natural motion of water and, if possible, to accelerate that motion, in order to gain more energy out of a fast flowing mass of water than we
could ever get out of a dammed-up motionless mass, because

E kin = m/2 . v2

In other words, the kinetic energy increases with the square of the velocity!

Schauberger has explained the principles of motion to us, Prof. Finzi has built the turbine and Herbrand has recognized the paradox and has
tried to bring it into the public domain. How long will it take us to finally understand that in our technological solutions we must work with nature
and not against it?

Schauberger had a word for this (freely translated): "Observe, understand and then copy nature."
Note: This page was originally created by, and is used, in part, with exclusive permission from Josef Hasslberger. It has been edited
for content. You may visit the original webpage at http://www.hasslberger.com, where you will find even more documentation on the vortex
theories proposed by Viktor Schauberger. It is a very well laid out site.

THE VORTEX

The centrifugal effect in a vortex throws heavy liquid/air out to the perimeter whilst
lighter air/ liquid is pushed to the center. Electrically, the air polarized with negative ions
or as electrons will be pushed to the center and down, the air with positive ion content
will move upward and outward. With mass weights for an electron at 9.109x10 -31 kg.
and a positive ion of air at around 2.656x10-26 kg it can be seen that the negative
electron can be only one thirty -thousandth of the positive ion, and of course much more
agile.

Latent Powers at Molecular Level

Professor J.H.Jeans 1 writing about electrons, particularly of the innate strength of their
negative charge wrote: "According to the best recent determinations, the amount of this
charge is 4.774 x 10 10 electrostatic units, while the mass of each electron is 9.00 x 10
28 grammes. These determinations, which are due to Millikan and Bucherer, are
probably accurate to about one part in a thousand. To a lower degree of accuracy the
radius of the electron is probably about 2 x 10 13 cms. We can form some conception of
the intense concentration of mass and electrification in the electron by noticing that a
gramme of electrons, crammed together in cubical piling, would occupy only 7 x 10 11 cubic centimeters, while two such grammes of electrons
placed at a distance of a meter apart would repel one another with a force equal to the weight of 3 x 10 22 tons.
The electric force of repulsion outweighs the gravitational force of attraction in the ratio of 4.2 x 10 42 to one."
Similar to how Viktor Schauberger's aerodynes utilized levitation thrust the ufo-type expulsion energy is a created reaction to the comprehensive
densation of the air that is continually being sucked in through the vortex and therefore making the air below the craft more dense than the air
above the craft. In other words the vortex is to create a higher -pressure area below the craft and a lower-pressure area above the craft.

But in this case, in the center of the accumulator reactor there are various constrictive devices in operation
that are preventing the highly turbulent implosion cycloid, or vortex, from outflowing. Expulsion, then,
cannot occur unless by force. Once it does expulse, when it reaches a certain threshold and the repulsion
force takes over, the release would be sudden and very powerful - the highly compressed energy will
immediately expand, once it has passed through the hole, or the circumferential duct, into the surrounding
atmospheric air to regain its normalized state.

The usual hue of the energy around an electro-aerodyne is blue, which of course is the atoms / electrons
accelerating and decelerating and then normalizing. The 8Hz (or 8 times per second) frequency that
sometimes accompanies the whirling sound some observers have heard around these electro-aerodynes
when just hovering may be one of the low-speed strobing cycles for that mode of energy output, the main
pulses of which would be radiated at a much higher frequency (a strobed energy cycle occurs when two or
more higher frequency pulses are propagated in close proximity.

A vortex has centripetal (as well as centrifugal) force that can compress its
fluid to such a degree as to result in a 350,000-fold increase in pressure or
a powerful implosive suction force.2 A vortex can be considered as a wave of ever-diminishing amplitude. And as a
type of black hole, where energy is drawn in and by extreme compression is polarized electrically, so that particles
sucked in split into electron/positron pairs, and where, as according to Hawking's Theoretical Physics 3 there is an
emission - even from black holes in space - of both positive and neutral charges. Correspondingly, there is at the
mouth of a vortex a relative centrifugal force which is positively charged with respect to its central (negative) throa

Viktor Schauberger, the Austrian physicist, and Patrick Flanagan ("Secrets of the Soil" p99 -115), have both foun
that water when revolved at high revolutions creates a substantial potential-difference in electrical energies in its
structure.

According to the research of T.J.J. See in his Wave Theory: Discovery of the Cause of
Gravitation (1938-52) the molecular structure of air or water (or indeed any fluid) changes quite
dramatically at a critical point of inter-atomic-spacing where the normal forces of attraction
transpose to an opposing force of repulsion...

Between the atoms and molecules that make up liquids and air a
balance is maintained where electrons orbit a nucleus of an atom in
precisely defined shells. Electron shells of one atom cannot mesh with those of other
atoms - if they could the whole world would collapse into a very tiny ball ! Obviously
there has to exist an all-powerful mechanism that can dramatically, if needs be, get the
atomic and molecular structures out of a tight corner. So when the inter-atomic spacing
between orbit shells is too tightly compressed a repulsion occurs to force things back
toward normality. As the chart shows, when atoms get to a certain closeness, between d
and d0 they undergo an attraction to each other - but further compression beyond d 0 is me
proportionally with repulsion. If there were a situation where the atomic structures were
forced momentarily through a constriction that resulted in an ultra-high compression d
then the repulsive forces would be very powerful indeed.

Viktor Schauberger was one researcher that utilized this phenomenon with his Implosion
motive power - he found the way, a very simple way, to compress the atomic structure of
flowing fluid - to this ultra -high compression level, and facilitate its resultant expansion, its
released REPULSION energy, so as to create a low -density area above the craft which i
would simply rise up into.

1 "The Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism" J.H. Jeans (1920) p20

2 For an interesting account of the pressure-changing forces of the vortex see "The Energy Evolution" (Viktor Schauberger) edited by Callum Coa
(2000).

3 While this is theorized by Stephen Hawking in "A Brief History of Time", Stephen also postulates a theory that gravity is linked to
electrostatics, although I would think, surely, that it is more likely that gravity is a vortical reactive energy, especially as the planets are
themselves held in space by vortical motions.

Strangely enough mainstream science has more than anything ignored the vortex, Hermann von Helmholtz back in 1858 wrote a mathematical
paper on it called "On The Integrals of Hydrodynamic Equations to Which Vortex Motions Conform". Viktor Schauberger made extensive
discoveries to do with vortex energy and engineered several over-unity generators (1945). T.J.J.See wrote of stellar vortical movements in his
"Wave Theory: Discovery of the Cause of Gravitation " (1938-52). T. Townsend Brown tackled the complex mathematics to do with the vortical
motion of ionized air due to electro hydrodynamic forces around his 'Tri-arcuate Ballistic Electrode' craft (1960). And more recently researchers
have discovered that insects (and birds) actually fly by creating vortical motions between their wings and the surrounding air. See the articles in
"Nature" (19/26 Dec 1996) Vol 384 p626 -630: and "New Scientist" (11 Oct 1997) p24 -27.

Books from Amazon.com on Viktor Schauberger:

The original translation of Viktor Schauberger's work, "Living Water", by Olof

Alexanderrson...start here, and get each one in order. This is an excellent, brief introduction to the thought of Viktor
Schauberger, and I hope it inspires works which are more complete. Callum Coates' books reach in this direction, but what is
really needed are more people to read these books, synthesize their information, and come up with new and original books
which take us further into depth in these areas. This will probably involve synthesizing the work of Schauberger, Grander,
Bienveniste, and others. An understanding of Schauberger is very important for those attempting to reconstruct an Indigenous
European Perspective. Schauberger has the elements of a modern water shaman, and his shamanic / intuitive techniques of
letting his body float with the water should be closely correlated with what Hans Peter Duerr has to say about "out of body"
experience in his tome "Dreamtime". Although Schauberger lived in the 20th Century, his perspective allows us to imagine
back what earlier indigenous practitioners may have been like. The Colonial, Imperialist Europe is only one side of the coin of Europe. We must
also include the suppressed indigenous, pagan, and green sides. Significantly, the Inquisition represents a watershed in European history
where a great deal of the indigenous healers and theorists were wiped out in holocaust proportions. An understanding of Schauberger, coupled
with an appreciation of Steiner, Hildegard of Bingen, Hans Peter Duerr, and others, will allow us to reconstruct what a noncolonial,
nonimperialist Europe was like. Understanding water's nature is essential in this regard, for water forms the basis of our understandings of flow.
Furthermore, understanding water's energetic qualities will help us understand how it interacts with the body. Traditional Chinese Medicine, for
example, would benefit from an accurate and holistic understanding of water's qualities. In short, this book is an excellent appetizer.

The book that started it all...Living Energies , Callum Coats first Viktor Schauberger book. If
you only buy one book, this would be the one to get. Fantastic. Living Energies, May 23, 2001

Reviewer: Frank D Germano, from Tafton, PA United States: This book started it all! Callum Coats basically brought to "light"
the resurgence of interest in Viktor Schauberger's theories. This is truly a brilliant work. Water as a carrier of vital energy
information, trees as bio -condensers of energy between the deep earth and the sun, how self-cleansing rivers nourish the
landscape, how the future of the earth depends on the replanting of natural forests, revolutionary agricultural implements, free
energy heater -coolers, jet engines and gravity defying machines invented by Schauberger in the 30's and 40's, home power
generators...it's pretty much all here. It was a hard book for me to put down once I started reading, and I go back to it
continually for reference. This book pretty much sums up Schauberger's work, which Coats then compartmentalized and expanded in the "Eco
Technology" series with four other books. I would highly advise getting this book, first, and reading it thoroughly, before moving on to the
series, as it is a fascinating preface into discovering who Viktor Schauberger WAS, and learning just how far-reaching his theories were, and
applicable to us, today. FDG.

1,) The first book of the "Eco-Technology series" - The Water Wizard - This book gives a
lot of history on Schauberger. The nature of water, May 23, 2001

Reviewer: Frank D Germano, from Tafton, PA United States: This is the first book of the "Eco-Technology" series, and as so,
gives you the foundation of the theories presented by Viktor Schauberger, and amplified by Callum Coats. It DOES contain
quite allot of previous information written in Living Energies (Coat's first Schauberger book), however, the discussion and the
text is much more thoroughly covered. The substance of water, water supply, deep-sea water, the consequences of drinking
purely mechanically treated water, notes on the secrets of water, high-frequency water, the pulsation and healing power of
water, river regulation, groundwater tables, temperature and movement of water...notice my use of the word WATER. Yes,
this book is about water, but, by reading it, just wait until you discover what you DID NOT know about "water". It is a very good start, and as I
said, a foundation for understanding the theories of Viktor Schauberger. FDG.

2.) Part two of the "Eco-Technology series" Nature As Teacher, A great book on living with
nature. A very nice read.

Our Senseless Toil, May 23, 2001: Reviewer: Frank D Germano, from Tafton, PA United States: I had to use a title from one
of the books' opening chapters. This book is going to annoy some people. Callum Coats presents Viktor Schauberger's
theories in a modern light. The laws of Nature, Questions for Science, Nature as Teacher, the fish-eagle, the swing, the trout,
the ox, dancing logs and stones, the Genesis of water, the coming bio-technical age, the secret of the egg form...these are
elucidated...then comes the fun stuff... the age-old secret of the atom, implosive breathing, life -force and animated breathing,