1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Need of Project

A wireless sensor network is a group of specialized transducers with a

communications infrastructure for monitoring and recording conditions at diverse
locations. A sensor network consists of multiple detection stations called sensor
nodes, each of which is small, lightweight and portable. Every sensor node is
equipped with a transducer, microcomputer, transceiver and power source.

wireless networks of thousands of inexpensive miniature devices capable of

computation, communication and sensing In todays world we are faced with
increasingly many types of emergencies in our environments. One example which
stands out is the gun violence which has plagued our universities and communities
alike. In addition, institutions with poor infrastructure may not be able to minimize
loss of resources and human life in times of natural catastrophes. The objective of
this project is to design a wireless network using 802.15.4 and Zigbee to respond to
any emergency and inform appropriate individuals in a timely and cost effective
manner. The project further aims to enable ease of installations of variety of sensors
and networking possibilities with a variety of networks such as CISCO messaging
client or a desktop program in order to make messaging easily integrated with
existing systems.

Fig. 1.1: Infrastructured of sensor

1.2 History And Definition Of Wireless Sensor Networks

1.2.1 IEEE 802.15.4 PHY AND MAC STANDARD

IEEE 802.15.4 standard offers an implementation for the lower layers, PHY
and MAC, for a typical WSN as discussed in [13]. 802.15.4 focuses mainly on low-
cost, low-speed communication between devices. The basic IEEE 802.15.4
framework defines a 10-meter communications area with a maximum transfer rate of
250kbits/s. It is the basis for the ZigBee specification, which further attempts to offer
a complete networking solution by developing the upper layers which interface with
the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC .

1.2.2 802.15.4 Standard:

The protocol structure of 802.15.4 contains PHY and MAC layers only [13]. The
upper layers are user defined.

1.2.3 Physical layer:

The physical layer (PHY) provides the data transmission service, as well as the
interface to the physical layer management entity. It manages the
physical RF transceiver and performs channel selection and energy and signal
management functions.

The PHY is responsible for the following tasks:

Activation and deactivation of the radio transceiver

Energy detection (ED) within the current channel

Link quality indicator (LQI) for received packets

Clear channel assessment (CCA) for carrier sense multiple access with collision
avoidance (CSMA-CA).

Channel frequency selection

Data transmission and reception

An 868/915 MHz direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) PHY.

1.2.4 Medium access control (MAC) layer:

The MAC layer is responsible for point-to-point delivery between nodes.

Besides the data service, it offers a management interface and itself manages access
to the physical channel and network beaconing. It also controls frame validation,
guaranteed time slots (GTS) and handles node associations

Fig. 1.2: Arcitecture of IEEE 802.15.4

1.2.5 Higher layers:

Other higher- level layers and interoperability sublayer are not defined in the
standards, specifications such as 6loWPAN and zigbee build on this standard
.RIOT,tinyOS ,unison RTIS ,DSP nano ,RTOS and contiki operating systems also
use a few items of IEEE 802.15.4 hardware.

1.2.6 RELIABILITY AND SECURITY:

The physical medium is accessed through a CSMA/CA protocol. Networks

which are not using beaconing mechanisms utilize an unslotted variation which is
based on the listening of the medium, leveraged by a random exponential
backoffalgorithm; acknowledgments do not adhere to this discipline. Common data
transmission utilizes unallocated slots when beaconing is in use; again, confirmations
do not follow the same process.
1.3 Characterstics Of Sensor:

The main characteristics of a WSN include:

Power consumption constraints for nodes using batteries

Ability to cope with node failures
Mobility of nodes
Heterogeneity of nodes
Scalability to large scale of deployment
Ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions
Ease of use
Cross-layer design

1.4 APPLICATIONS Of Sensor:

Due to their attractive characteristics, WSNs can be deployed for different

purposes in trying environments. The scope of deployment which has been growing
in the last decades covers many areas such as disaster management, border protection
and combat field surveillance. Basically WSNs have the potential of being deployed
any place where humans cannot easily access or there is danger to human life. Areas
of probable usages of WSNs are

Military 10 o Sensing intruders on basis. o Detection of enemy unit

movements on land and sea. o Battle field surveillances.

Emergency situations o Disaster management. o Fire/water detectors. o

Hazardous chemical level and fires

Physical World o Environmental monitoring of water and soil. o Habitual

monitoring.

Environmental/Habitat monitoring

Acoustic detection

Seismic Detection

Military surveillance

Inventory tracking
 Medical monitoring

Smart spaces

Process Monitoring

Fig. 1.4.1: Area Monitering Of Sensor Networks

1.5 MERITS AND DEMERITS:

The following are the qualities of Sensors:

Ease of use
Simple visible operation
Durable housing
Well sealed for reliable operation
High resistance to different ambient conditions found in industry
High repeatability
Positive opening operation of contacts (some models)

Some of the faults of SENSORS are as follows

Shorter contact life than solid-state technology

Moving mechanical parts wear out eventually
Not all applications can use contact sensing
1.6 Types of sensor

Temperature Sensor: A device which gives temperature measurement as an

electrical signal is called as temperature sensor. This electrical signal will be in

the form of electrical voltage and is proportional to the temperature measurement.

PIR Sensor: An electronic sensor used for measuring the infrared light radiation
emitted from objects in its field of view is called as a PIR sensor or Pyroelectric
sensor

Ultrasonic Sensor: The principle of ultrasonic sensor is similar to sonar or radar

in which interpretation of echoes from radio or sound waves to evaluate the
attributes of a target by generating the high-frequency-sound waves (around 40kHz)

Photo Credits:

Different Types Of Sensors by roboticlab

Speed Sensor by stoneridge

EXISTING SYSTEM

The sensor routing protocols AODV(AD-HOC ONDEMAND DISTANCE

VECTOR) AND DSR(DYNAMATE SOURCE ROUTING) of reactive protocols
description will be theoretically in all books, but we dont know the practical
scenario how it work. To know it practically, we have practically analyzed the
performance of different routing protocols with some performance metrics in our
proposed system.
4. REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

4.1 Functionalities:

In software engineering (and System Engineering), a functional requirement

defines a function of a system or its component. A function is described as a set of inputs,
the behavior, and outputs (see also software). Functional requirements may be
calculations, technical details, data manipulation and processing and other specific
functionality that define what a system is supposed to accomplish.

The functionalities of our project are:

 Reactive (i.e., maintains multiple routes) routing protocol such as AODV.

Reactive(On-demand i.e., maintains multiple routes and Table-driven i.e., by

maintaining sequence numbers) routing protocol such as DSR.

4.2 Non-Functionalities:

In systems engineering and requirements engineering, a non-functional requirement

is a requirement that specifies criteria that can be used to judge the operation of a system,
rather than specific behaviors. Non-functional requirements are often called qualities of a
system. Other terms for non-functional requirements are "constraints", "quality attributes",
"quality goals", "quality of service requirements" and "non-behavioral requirements". The
non-functionalities used are Packet Delivery Ratio, End-to-end Delay, and Routing Load.

4.2.1 Software Requirements:

Tool: NS2-Network Simulator.

Operating System: fedora, Linux.

4.2.2 Hardware Requirements:

Processor: Intel Chipset

Memory: 20GB

Hard Drive Capacity : 2GB

Scripting Languages: TCL in NS-2.

LITERATURE SURVEY

Advancements of SENSORS: 1970s: Wired sensors connected to central

location

1980s: Distributed wired sensor networks

1993: LWIM project at UCLA

1999-2003: DARPA SensIT project: UC Berkeley, USC, Cornell etc.

2001: Intel Research Lab at Berkeley focused on WSN

2002: NSF Center for Embedded Networked Sensing

2001-2002: Emergence of sensor networks industry; startupcompanies

including Sensoria, Crossbow, Ember Corp, SensiCastplus established ones:
Intel, Bosch, Motorola, General Electric,Samsung.

2003-2004: IEEE 802.15.4 standard, Zigbee Alliance

Technology:
 The resolution of a sensor is the smallest change it can detect in the quantity
that it is measuring. Often in a digital display, the least significant digit will
fluctuate, indicating that changes of that magnitude are only just resolved. The
resolution is related to the precision with which the measurement is made. For
example, a scanning tunneling probe (a fine tip near a surface collects an electron
tunneling current) can resolve atoms and molecules.