INTRODUCTION

Faraday, Michael (1791-1867), British physicist and chemist, best

known for his discoveries of electromagnetic induction and of the laws
of electrolysis.

Faraday was born on September 22, 1791, in Newington, Surrey,

England. He was the son of a blacksmith and received little formal
education. While apprenticed to a bookbinder in London, he read books
on scientific subjects and experimented with electricity. In 1812 he
attended a series of lectures given by the British chemist Sir Humphry
Davy and forwarded the notes he took at these lectures to Davy, together
with a request for employment. Davy employed Faraday as an assistant
in his chemical laboratory at the Royal Institution and in 1813 took
Faraday with him on an extended tour of Europe

HISTORY OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

What is Electromagnetic Induction?

A magnetic field is created by charges moving in an electric
field.Electromagnetic Induction proves that magnetism does in fact
produce electricity.
Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday was a British Scientist, well known for his
contributions towards electromagnetism and chemistry. He was born
into a poor family on September 22, 1791 in London. At the young age
of 14, he self educated himself through books from working as a book
keeper's apprentice. Soon after, he managed to secure a job as an
assistant to a Chemist and became a well known research scientist. He
attended a European tour and assisted in experiments which lead to his
curiosity for magnetism. Along with demonstrating that magnetism can
produce electricity he also discovered electromagnetic rotations,
diamagnetism and electrolysis. It is because of Faraday's research that
electricity is used in technology. Besides his discoveries he made many
more achievements in his life including an honorary degree for Doctor
of Civil Law and he was also a lecturer. Faraday passed away at the age
of 75 in August of 1867 due to poor health.
Michael Faraday
Faraday's Law
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction states that a changing
magnetic field in the region of a closed-loop conductor, results to an
electrical current.
Who discovered Electromagnetic Induction?
Michael Faraday is the most credited scientist among those that
discovered and researched electromagnetic induction, because he was
able to demonstrate the electricity being produced by magnetism.
Although Faraday is credited, it may have been with the help of
Francesco Zantedeschi's research. Also, Franz Ernst Neumann from Italy
and Joseph Henry from the USA had been diverting their interest
towards the topic but did not publish their discoveries.
Lenz's Law
Len's law states that an induced current and emf are in such a
directionas to oppose the change that produced them. Basicaly, Lenz's
law takes Faraday's law a step further and explains that there is a
direction in which the current flows
When was Electromagnetic Induction Discovered?
Electromagnetic induction was discovered around the year 1831, and
published officially on August 29 of the year 1831 by Michael Faraday.
Although it was published and proven with an experiment, it was not
accepted by scientists because it lacked mathematical formulation. The
reason for this may have been because Faraday's mathamatical abilities
didn't go past his knowledge for algebra, so he was not quite able to
explain his discovery using mathematical terms. This later changed with
the help of James Clerk Maxwell that put the information into a formula.
Maxwell - Faraday Equation
How was Electromagnetic Induction discovered?
Faraday used his knowledge of force he had gained through books and
experiments and assumed that if a current flowed in one wire, a wave
would travel through the ring causing an electrical effect on the opposite
side also. He noticed this happened when the wire was connected and
disconnected from the battery, and a " wave of electricity " as he called
it, took place. In the course of 2 months, Faraday discovered other
manifestations of electromagnetic induction.
Faraday and Henry's experiment
What is the importance of Electromagnetic Induction?
It it because of the discovery of electromagnetic induction that we are
able to enjoy the electronic devices we use today on a regular basis.
These devices were invented by scientists who utilized Faraday's
information that stated if a wire moved through a magnetic field it
produced electricity. The devices they invented generate electricity.
Lenz's law is named after the German scientist H. F.
E. Lenz in 1834. Lenz's lawobeys Newton's third law
of motion (i.e to every action there is always an equal
and opposite reaction) and the conservation of energy
(i.e energy may neither be created nor destroyed and
therefore the sum of all the energies in the system is
a constant).
The most widespread version of Faraday's law states:
The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to the
negative of the time rate of change of themagnetic flux enclosed by the
circuit.
This version of Faraday's law strictly holds only when the closed circuit
is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is invalid in other circumstances as
discussed below. A different version, the MaxwellFaraday
equation(discussed below), is valid in all circumstances.
Quantitative

The definition of surface integral relies on splitting the surface into

small surface elements. Each element is associated with a vector dA of
magnitude equal to the area of the element and with direction normal to
the element and pointing "outward" (with respect to the orientation of
the surface).
Faraday's law of induction makes use of the magnetic flux B through a
hypothetical surface whose boundary is a wire loop. Since the wire
loop may be moving, we write (t) for the surface. The magnetic flux is
defined by a surface integral:
{\displaystyle \Phi _{B}=\iint \limits _{\Sigma (t)}\mathbf {B} (\mathbf
{r} ,t)\cdot d\mathbf {A} \,,}
where dA is an element of surface area of the moving surface (t), B is
themagnetic field (also called "magnetic flux density"), and BdA is
a vector dot product(the infinitesimal amount of magnetic flux through
the infinitesimal area element dA). In more visual terms, the magnetic
flux through the wire loop is proportional to the number of magnetic
flux lines that pass through the loop.
When the flux changesbecause B changes, or because the wire loop is
moved or deformed, or bothFaraday's law of induction says that the
wire loop acquires anEMF, , defined as the energy available from a
unit charge that has travelled once around the wire
loop.[17][18][19][20] Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be
measured by cutting the wire to create an open circuit, and attaching
a voltmeter to the leads.
Faraday's law states that the EMF is also given by the rate of change of
the magnetic flux:
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}=-{\frac {d\Phi _{B}}{dt}},}
where {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}} is the electromotive
force (EMF) and B is the magnetic flux.
The direction of the electromotive force is given by Lenz's law.
Faradays law contains the information about the relationships between
both the magnitudes and the directions of its variables. However, the
relationships between the directions are not explicit; they are hidden in
the mathematical formula. A Left Hand Rule for Faradays Law.
The sign of B, the change in flux, is found based on the relationship
between the magnetic field B, the area of the loop A, and the normal n to
that area, as represented by the fingers of the left hand. If B is
positive, the direction of the EMF is the same as that of the curved
fingers (yellow arrowheads). IfB is negative, the direction of the
EMF is against the arrowheads.
It is possible to find out the direction of the electromotive force (EMF)
directly from Faradays law, without invoking Lenz's law. A left hand
rule helps doing that, as follows:
Align the curved fingers of the left hand with the loop (yellow line).
Stretch your thumb. The stretched thumb indicates the direction of n
(brown), the normal to the area enclosed by the loop.
Find the sign of B, the change in flux. Determine the initial and final
fluxes (whose difference is B) with respect to the normal n, as
indicated by the stretched thumb.
If the change in flux, B, is positive, the curved fingers show the
direction of the electromotive force (yellow arrowheads).
If B is negative, the direction of the electromotive force is opposite to
the direction of the curved fingers (opposite to the yellow arrowheads).
For a tightly wound coil of wire, composed of N identical turns, each
with the same B, Faraday's law of induction states that[23][24]
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}=-N{\frac {d\Phi _{B}}{dt}}}
where N is the number of turns of wire and B is the magnetic flux
through a single loop.

In this experiment, Faraday takes a magnet and a coil and connects a

galvanometer across the coil. At starting, the magnet is at rest, so there is
no deflection in the galvanometer i.e needle of galvanometer is at the
center or zero position. When the magnet is moved towards the coil, the
needle of galvanometer deflects in one direction. When the magnet is
held stationary at that position, the needle of galvanometer returns back
to zero position. Now when the magnet is moved away from the coil,
there is some deflection in the needle but in opposite direction and again
when the magnet becomes stationary, at that point with respect to coil,
the needle of the galvanometer returns back to the zero position.
Similarly, if magnet is held stationary and the coil is moved away and
towards the magnet, the galvanometer shows deflection in similar
manner. It is also seen that, the faster the change in the magnetic field,
the greater will be the induced emf orvoltage in the coil.