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E-1
NA
X Y
X Y
compression
Mxz NA Mxz
z x
tension (stretching) X Y
Q: How does the stress vary from being negative (compressive) at the
upper surface to being positive (tensile) at the lower surface?
Consider an element x of the
beam that has been bent into part
d
of an arc.
R radius of curvature of the
X Y
neutral axis NA. Mxz Mxz
y vertical co-ordinate y
perpendicular to the neutral axis. X Y
Assumptions:
Bending occurs only in the plane of the bending moment.
Plane cross-sections remain plane after bending; i.e. XX and YY are
straight.
There is no resultant force in the axial direction.
Young's Modulus is the same in tension and compression. E-3
In the beam material at a distance y above the NA, the normal strain in
the axial direction is:
xx = (change in length)/(original length)
(E1)
y axis
A x
Fxx
y y
x
Since there is no resultant axial force, the sum of the elemental forces
(or stresses) across the cross-section must be zero.
1
1
x
z
Fxx generates a bending moment contribution of:
From (E2) and (E4), the axial (normal) stress in the cross-section varies
with y according to:
Mxz NA Mxz
x
xx> 0
(tensile)
E-7
Note:
A positive bending moment causes compressive (negative)
axial (normal) stresses above the neutral (centroidal) axis and
tensile (positive) stresses below the NA.
The stress varies only with y (distance from the NA) and the
distribution is linear.
Maximum stress is induced in the material farthest away from
the neutral (centroidal) axis; i.e. these portions of the beam
carry most of the load due to bending. Hence, an I-beam is
more efficient than a solid rectangular section beam of identical
external dimensions in terms of strength to weight.
E-8
ME2112 Strength of Materials (Victor Shim)
Example
If the max allowable normal (axial) stress is o, compare the
maximum bending moment to beam weight ratios for the
following beam cross-sections of similar external dimensions.
1 2 3 4
0.8a a 0.8a
a a a a
Substitution of these values into the bending stress equation results in:
The mass per unit length of the beam is = A kg/m, where A is the
cross-sectional area and the material density.
Hence, the ratio of the maximum bending moment to beam weight is:
E-11
Example
Where does pure bending (without shear) occur in the I-beam
subjected to two symmetrical loads as shown? What is the maximum
bending stress? If the yield stress o is 80 MPa, how much can each
load be increased by before failure occurs?
y
80mm
10mm
P =10kN P =10kN
y 0.5m 2m 0.5m
z
100mm
x 20mm
A B C D
R1 R2 10mm
80mm
E-13
Bending moment:
kNm
A B
C D x
-10kN
Mxz
E-14
ME2112 Strength of Materials (Victor Shim)
z
100mm 20mm
30mm 30mm
In this example, ymax = +/- 50 mm and the max 10mm
stress occurs at both the top and bottom surfaces 80mm
of the upper and lower flanges respectively.
E-15
E-16