Adaptive Overcurrent Protection Considering Critical
Clearing Time for a Microgrid System
N. Tummasit, S. Premrudeepreechacharn
Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University
Chiang Mai, Thailand 50200
nopthna@gmail.com, suttic@eng.cmu.ac.th
Abstract This paper presents research on adaptive
overcurrent protection by considering critical clearing time
(CCT) for a microgrid system (MGS). The studied case is
located in Mae-Sariang district, Chiang Mai province which is a
remote area. It is composed of many kinds of user loads, an
energy storage system and distributed generations (DGs). When
faults occur while MGS is performing in the grid-connected
mode or island mode, very different fault current level (FCL)
values occur. According to this event, the overcurrent relay
might malfunction and the generators might become unstable.
The FCL change depends on the grids while the system is in the
grid-connected mode. On the other hand, the FCL depends on
DGs while the system is in the island mode or stand-alone mode.
Our research was carried out in the 22kV distribution system of
the Provincial Electricity Authority of Thailand (PEA). System
analysis used the DigSILENT Power Factory software and the
Real Time Digital Simulation (RTDS). Test results show the
fault current, CCT and overcurrent relay setting.
Index Termsadaptive overcurrent relay, microgrid system,
distributed generations, DigSILENT Power Factory, Real Time
Digital Simulation.
I. INTRODUCTION
A microgrid system (MGS) is defined as a cluster of
distributed generations (DGs), a storage system, loads and
control systems. MGS involve multiple energy sources as a
way of incorporating renewable power. Other purposes of
their use include cost reduction and reliability enhancement.
Microgrids can operate either in the grid-connected mode or in
the island mode. Previous studies [1] [4] have shown that
microgrid protection can be significantly affected by the type
of DGs and operation mode of the microgrid. Therefore,
protection systems must be adaptive and continuously tuned to
the rapidly changing operating conditions of the microgrid.
Adaptive overcurrent relaying scheme is based on the
development of overcurrent relay settings. Buque, et. al. [1]
presented a model of the MGS and fault current analysis. It
operated in parallel connecting with a grid-connected and
island operation system. However, this method is only suitable
for one grid-connected with a microgrid. It considers the
length of the transmission line between the grid and the short-
Authors would like to thank the Faculty of Engineering and Graduate
School, Chiang Mai University for partial financial support.
N. Tummasit (e-mail: nopthna@gmail.com)
Premrudeepreechacharn (e-mail: suttic@eng.cmu.ac.th) are with the
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai
University, Chiang Mai Thailand 50200.
N. Tantichayakorn (e-mail: narong.tan@pea.co.th) is with the Substation
and Power System Maintenance Department Provincial Electricity Authority
(PEA) 200 Ngamwongwan,Rd, Jatujak, Bangkok, Thailand 10900.
N.Tantichayakorn
Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA)
200 Ngamwongwan,Rd, Jatujak, Bangkok, Thailand 10900
narong.tan@pea.co.th
load. It also considers a few of the fault resistances. Baran, et.
al. [2] demonstrated how to set an overcurrent relay connected
to one grid. However, this scheme will not be able to solve the
problems of electric systems consisting of many DGs.
Brahma, et. al. [3] proposed a method to adjust overcurrent
relay in cases where there are very large DGs connected to an
electrical-radiance system. Nevertheless, this strategy cannot
be used for an overcurrent relay in an electrical-loop system.
While, Schaefer, et. al. [4] improved the time setting of the
overcurrent relay in the MGS that performs in the grid-
connected and island modes. This system was also operated by
hardware and software. If the collection of fault current
information is not complete in all cases, the overcurrent relay
might malfunction.
This paper presents how to set the time dial (TD) and pick-
up current value (Ipick-up) of an overcurrent relay. It also
includes the critical clearing time (CCT) for the stability of
generators when the MGS operates in the grid-connected and
island modes. There were two utility grids connected to the
MGS. The fault level (FCL) and the CCT were collected for
different DGs sizes, load sizes and fault resistances that
covered all cases. Our research particularly analyzed the three
phase fault at the end of feeder lines in the MGS because it is
the maximum fault current that may affect users of electricity
and damage the system.
MGS in the Mae Sariang district, Mae Hong Son, north of
Thailand operated by PEA was studied. This research used the
DigSILENT Power Factory, RTDS hardware and RSCAD
simulator software to study the adaptive operation of
overcurrent relay.
II. PROTECTION IN A MICROGRID SYSTEM
A. Important characteristics of the protective relay in MGS
Reliability, Selectivity, Sensitivity, Simplicity, and Fast.
First, reliability is a main characteristic of protection systems
and consists of two critical factors, dependability and security.
These two factors indicate whether the protection system is
reliable or not. Dependability indicates that the system trips
only when it is expected to trip. It is the amount of certainty
that the overcurrent relay will operate correctly. Security is the
and S.
property which prevents false tripping. The overcurrent relay operating point shifts to E and swing takes a place along EF.
is called to be secure if it does not trip when it is not expected In Figure 1 area1 is the accelerating area and area2 is the
to trip. It is the amount of certainty that the overcurrent relay possible decelerating area. If area1 is larger than area2, the
will not operate incorrectly. Second, selectivity is the ability to system is unstable. But if the area1 is smaller than area2, the
correctly locate and classify the fault. The overcurrent relay system is stable.
should be able to distinguish whether the fault is in its area or Mechanical
not. Third, sensitivity, the overcurrent relays must be able to Power
detect abnormalities which may occur in the system. Fourth,
Pmax
simplicity, the overcurrent relays must be easy to install and E
maintain. Fifth, fast, a fault should be cleared as quickly as
possible in order to maximize safety, minimize equipment Area2
damage and system instability. The overcurrent relay should
quickly arrive at a decision and circuit breakers should Pm A D F

function rapidly [5].

Area1

B. Overcurrent relay characteristics B C Power

When the current in a system exceeds a setting value, it
indicates the existence of a fault. Relaying decision is based
only on the magnitude of the current. Typically, the
overcurrent relay is used to protect load feeder lines because
of its flexibility which can be adjusted by operation time by
choosing characteristics of overcurrent relay. There are many
characteristics of the overcurrent relay which are shown in
Table I. The standard equation of the overcurrent relay is
expressed in (1) [6].
A
t ( I ) TD u U  B
M 1
where
t overcurrent relay operating time for constant current ,
I fault current seen by overcurrent relay ,
angle
G0 G cr Gm
Accelerating area Possible Decelerating area
Figure 1. Power angle diagram.
When the power angle reaches the critical clearing angle
during the first swing, that time is called the CCT. The CCT is
the criterion which is used for assessment of the transient
stability of generators. If the overcurrent relay operates within
CCT, the generators will be stable which depends on many
(1) factors in the microgrid network such as the combined power
plant inertia constant, the generator parameters, the fault
location, the initial conditions prior to the disturbance and the
X/R ratio. The critical clearing angle equation and CCT
equation can be expressed in (2) and (3), respectively [7], [8].
TD time dial setting , G cr cos1 S  2G 0  sin G 0  cos G 0 (2)
M ratio of I / I s ,
Is relay setting current ,and tcr
G cr  G 0  2 H (3)
A,B,p constants of the selected curve characteristic , 180 f  Pm
where
TABLE I. OVERCURRENT CURRENT RELAY CHARACTERISTIC G0 generator power angle ,
Constants G cr critical clearing angle ,
Characteristics
A B tcr critical clearing time ,
Inverse (SI) 0.0515 0.1140 0.02 Pm mechanical power input , and
Very Inverse (VI) 19.61 0.491 2 H inertia constant ,

Extremely Inverse (EI) 28.2 0.1217 2 D. Adaptive overcurrent relay considering the CCT scheme
For this paper, the inverse time overcurrent relay
characteristic is used in protection the MGS because it has a
function that can detect all of faults within CCT for stability of
generation.
C. Crtical clearing time
A power angle diagram is illustrated in Figure 1. The
initial operating point is A. At the instant the fault is initiated
the bus voltage collapses. The output power to the infinite bus
is zero and output power curve is along the x-axis. The
operating point shifts to B and the rotor angle continues to
increase along the x-axis. At C ( G G cr ) the overcurrent relay
clears fault. The pre-fault power angle curve is stored. The
To date, there has been much research [1]-[4] on adaptive
protection of MGS that are in the island and grid-connected
modes. However, this scheme pertains to the improvement of
adaptive overcurrent relays. The overcurrent relay should be
operated properly when the MGS changes, including
configuration changes, equipment outages, and transient
instability. These network changes cause the fault current
value to change which necessitates adaptation of the operating
time of the overcurrent relay to maintain the stability of the
generators. This step-wise phenomenon is presented in Figure
2. The first step defines the operation mode of the MGS. The
second step defines the fault location of the MGS. The third
step varies system configuration such as magnitude of DGs,
magnitude of loads, the magnitude of battery storage and fault
resistance. The fourth step sets the overcurrent relay. The fifth TABLE II. LOAD DETAILS

step takes the operation time of overcurrent relay from the Load1 Load2 Load3 Load4 Load5
fourth step and then checks with the CCT. If the operation Load (MW) 1 0.9 0.9 1 1.3
time of the overcurrent relay is more than the CCT, the system Distance from bus (km) 5 4.2 5.8 5 6
loops back to the fourth step. Connected to Bus1 Bus2 Bus2 Bus2 Bus1
Start
TABLE III. DISTRIBUTED GENERATORS AND BATTERY STORAGE
Define Mode Operation of DETAILS
Microgrid system
Hydro Solar Diesel Battery
Define fault location Source
generator system generator storage
Vary magnitude of DGs Install rated
1.5 MVA 4 MW 7.5 MVA 3 MW
Vary magnitude of Loads capacity
Vary magnitude of Battery
Vary fault resistance 3.3kV/22kV 0.4V/22kV 0.4kV/22kV 0.4V/22kV
Transformer
In step of 25% 2.5 MVA 5 MVA 8MVA 4 MVA
Run initial Distance
Run load flow 1.2 km 4 km 0.2 km 0.2 km
condition from Bus
Run fault Run simulation

Recorded
fault current
No
All case?
Yes
Setting Relay
Figure 2. Flow chart of the adaptive overcurrent relay.
The simulation was executed by using DigSILENT
Programming Language (DPL). The calculation of load flow,
short circuit and transient stability were performed.
III. MAE-SARIANG MICROGRID TEST SYSTEM
The MGS (Figure 3) was in the Mae-Sariang area. It is a
22kV distribution system which supplies electric power to the
remote area of Mae-Sariang city. The Mae-Sariang Microgrid
System (MSG) was imported from Geographic Information
System (GIS) to DIgSILENT Power Factory software. It has
more than 3,800buses and more than 8,000 line sections. It
was reduced by a tool function of DIgSILENT Power Factory
software, Network Reduction, and then modeled with RTDS
to show the stability graph of the generators.
PEA Grid
HOA08
AVR1
Recorded CCT Utility Grids: PEA Grid HOA08 contributes electricity
through AVR1 and AVR2 to bus1. It supplies load 1 and load
All case?
No
5. The distance from PEA Grid HOA08 to bus1 is 106km.
Yes
PEA Grid HOA09 contributes electricity through AVR3 and
AVR4 to bus2. It supplies load 2-4. The distance from PEA
Yes
Tripping Time <
CCT ?
Stop Grid HOA09 to bus2 is 106km.
No Switches: Switch1 (SW1) is the main switch used for
connecting bus1 and bus2 when the connection is required
such as in the island mode or during one of two grid outages.
Switch2 (SW2) and Switch3 (SW3) are used for transferring
electric power. When the system operates normally the
switches do not function.
Relay: Feeders are protected by the overcurrent relays
which use the inverse time characteristics. The overcurrent
relays operate according to the fault current.
IV. CASE STUDY AND RESULTS
A. Grid-connected mode
In grid-connected mode, the system can be divided into
two study cases. In the first case, the system operates
normally. SW1 is opened, then PEA Grid HOA08 supplies
the left side of the loads and PEA Grid HOA09 supplies the
right side of the loads. Load 1 and 5 shared electric power
PEA Grid
HOA09
from PEA Grid HOA08. Load 2-4 shared electric power from
DGs and PEA Grid HOA09 (Figure 4).
AVR3

PEA Grid PEA Grid

AVR2 AVR4
HOA08 HOA09
CB
SW1 1.5MVA AVR3
AVR1
CB
CB
CB Hydro Gen
bus1 bus2
AVR2 AVR4
51 51 51 51 51 CB CB CB CB
Relay Relay Relay Relay Relay
CB
SW1 1.5MVA
SW3 CB
AC AC Hydro Gen
Feeder1 Feeder5 Feeder2 Feeder3 Feeder4 DC DC CB
bus1 bus2 CB

51 51 51 51 51 CB CB CB CB
Load1 Load5 Load2 Load3 Load4 Relay Relay Relay Relay Relay
1 MW 1.3 MW 0.9 MW 0.9 MW 1 MW + -
SW2
SW3 AC AC
7.5MVA 4MW 3MW DC
Feeder1 Feeder5 Feeder2 Feeder3 Feeder4 DC
Diesel Gen Solar Battery

Load1 Load5 Load2 Load3 Load4

Figure 3. Mae-Sariang microgrid system. 1 MW 1.3 MW
SW2
0.9 MW 0.9 MW 1 MW + -
7.5MVA 4MW 3MW
Diesel Gen Solar Battery
The MSG consists of loads (Table II), DGs (Table III),
energy storage (Table III), utility grids and switches. Figure 4. Normal system.
 As shown in Figure 4 the fault occurs at the end of feeder PEA Grid PEA Grid
HOA09
1 and feeder 5. The fault current is between 161A - 277A HOA08

which is contributed from only PEA Grid HOA08. These AVR1 AVR3

faults do not affect the CCT because the SW1 is opened. The AVR4
AVR2
fault occurs at the end of the feeder 2-4. The fault current is CB

between 160A - 1568A which is contributed by PEA Grid SW1

CB
1.5MVA
Hydro Gen
HOA09 and the DGs. The CCT is between 0.22s - 3.2s (Table CB bus1 bus2 CB

IV). 51
Relay
51
Relay
51
Relay
51
Relay
51 CB CB
Relay
CB CB

Figure 5 (a) and (b) shows the RTDS capture for a 220ms Feeder1 Feeder5
SW3
Feeder2 Feeder3 Feeder4
AC
DC
AC
DC

three phase fault at feeder 2. The fault is cleared within the

CCT; therefore the diesel generator returns to stability after Load1
1 MW
Load5
1.3 MW
Load2 Load3
0.9 MW 0.9 MW
Load4
1 MW + -
oscillation damp out. SW2
7.5MVA 4MW 3MW
Diesel Solar Battery
320 Speed of diesel generator (rad/sec)
(a) 315
310 Figure 8. PEA Grid HOA09 outage.
Fault duration
1.0
(b) As shown in Figure 7 the fault occurs at the end of the
0
0 0.833 1.667 2.5 3.333 4.667 5 feeder 1-5. The fault current is between 151A - 1526A which
Time (seconds)
is contributed by PEA Grid HOA09 and the DGs. On the other
Figure 5. RTDS event capture for a 220ms three phase fault (a) speed of
hand, if PEA Grid HOA09 is in outage from the system
diesel generator (rad/sec) (b) fault duration. (Figure 8), the fault current is contributed by PEA Grid
HOA08 and the DGs. As mentioned above the fault current is
Figure 6 (a) and (b) shows the RTDS capture for a 250ms the same value. The CCT is between 0.21s - 3.1s (Table IV).
three phase fault at feeder 2. The fault is cleared after the Figure 9 (a), (b) and (c) shows the RTDS capture for a
CCT; therefore, the diesel generator becomes unstable. The 210ms three phase fault at feeder 2. The fault is cleared within
rotor speed increases over the normal speed that leads to loss the CCT; therefore the hydro generator and the diesel
of synchronism of generator. generator return to stability after oscillation damp out.
Speed of diesel generator (rad/sec) 317 Speed of hydro generator (rad/sec)
350
(a) 330 (a) 314
310 311
Fault duration Speed of diesel generator (rad/sec)
1.0 320
(b) (b) 315
0 310
0 0.833 1.667 2.5 3.333 4.667 5 Fault duration
Time (seconds) 1.0
(c)
0
Figure 6. RTDS event capture for a 250ms three phase fault (a) speed of 0 0.833 1.667 2.5 3.333 4.667 5
Time (seconds)
diesel generator (rad/sec) (b) fault duration.
Figure 9. RTDS event capture for a 210ms three phase fault (a) speed of
In the second study case, an outage occurred in one of two hydro generator (rad/sec) (b) speed of diesel generator (rad/sec)
grids. If PEA Grid HOA08 is in outage from the system, SW1 (c) fault duration.
must be closed (Figure 7). Load 1-5 shared electric power
from PEA Grid HOA09 and the DGs. On the other hand, if Figure 10 (a), (b) and (c) shows the RTDS capture for a
PEA Grid HOA09 is in outage from the system, SW1 must be 250ms three phase fault at feeder 2. The fault is cleared after
closed (Figure 8). Load 1-5 shared electric power from PEA the CCT; therefore, the hydro and diesel generators become
Grid HOA08 and the DGs. unstable. The rotor speed increases over the normal speed that
leads to loss of synchronism of generators.
PEA Grid PEA Grid
HOA08 HOA09
380 Speed of hydro generator (rad/sec)
AVR1 AVR3
(a) 340
300
AVR2 AVR4 Speed of diesel generator (rad/sec)
450
SW1
CB
1.5MVA
(b) 375
CB
Hydro Gen 300
CB
bus1 bus2 CB 1.0 Fault duration
51
Relay
51
Relay
51
Relay
51
Relay
51 CB CB
Relay
CB CB (c)
0
SW3 AC AC 0 0.833 1.667 2.5 3.333 4.667 5
Feeder1 Feeder5 Feeder2 Feeder3 Feeder4 DC DC Time (seconds)

Load1 Load5 Load2 Load3 Load4

1 MW 1.3 MW 0.9 MW 0.9 MW
SW2
1 MW + - Figure 10. RTDS event capture for a 250ms three phase fault (a) speed of
7.5MVA 4MW 3MW hydro generator (rad/sec) (b) speed of diesel generator (rad/sec)
Diesel Solar Battery
(c) fault duration.

Figure 7. PEA Grid HOA08 outage.

B. Island mode 350 Speed of hydro generator (rad/sec)

(a) 330
In the island mode, if PEA Grid HOA08 and PEA Grid 310
Speed
Speed of
of diesel
diesel generator
generator (rad/sec)
HOA09 are in outage from the system then SW1 must be 360 (rad/sec)

closed and battery storage must be operated (Figure 11). (b) 330
310
According to the island mode, load 1-5 shared electric power 1.0
Fault duration

from the DGs and battery storage. (c)

0
PEA Grid PEA Grid 0 0.833 1.667 2.5 3.333 4.667 5
HOA08 HOA09 Time (seconds)
AVR1 AVR3

Figure 13. RTDS event capture for a 250ms three phase fault (a) speed of
AVR4
AVR2
hydro generator (rad/sec) (b) speed of diesel generator (rad/sec)
CB
SW1 2x750 kVA
(c) fault duration.
CB
CB
Hydro Gen
bus1 bus2 CB

51 51 51 51 51 CB CB CB CB
Relay Relay Relay Relay Relay
TABLE IV. FAULT CURRENT AND CCT
SW3
AC AC
Feeder1 Feeder5 Feeder2 Feeder3 Feeder4 DC DC

Load1 Load5 Load2 Load3 Load4 Fault current(A) CCT(s)

1 MW 1.3 MW 0.9 MW 0.9 MW 1 MW + - Fault
SW2
at Grid-connected mode Grid-connected mode
6x1250 kVA 4x1000kW Battery Island Island
Diesel Gen Solar PV 3MW Feeder Normal One of two mode Normal One of two mode
system grid outage system grid outage

Figure 11. Island mode. 1 162-277 153-1503 45-1337 - 0.21-3 0.15-3.2

2 161-1568 154-1526 44-1353 0.22-3 0.21-2.9 0.15-3

As shown in Figure 11 the fault occurs at the end of the
feeder 1-5. The fault current is between 44A - 1353A 3 160-1519 151-1466 44-1321 0.23-3.1 0.21-3 0.16-3.3
contributed from the DGs and battery storage. Noting that, the 4 160-1543 152-1490 47-1337 0.22-3.2 0.22-3.1 0.17-3
fault current of the island mode is less than the fault current of
5 161-273 152-1463 50-1308 - 0.22-3 0.17-3.1
grid-connected mode because the solar system and battery
storage do not provide a high fault current. The CCT is
between 0.15s - 3.3s (Table IV). C. Comparing the results
Figure 12 (a), (b) and (c) shows the RTDS capture for a As shown in Figure 14, when the MGS performs in the
150ms three phase fault at feeder 2. The fault is cleared within grid-connected mode, the fault current is between 151A -
the CCT; therefore the hydro and diesel generators return to 1568A and the CCT is between 0.21s - 3.2s. When the settings
stability after oscillation damp out. of the TD and Ipick-up are equal to 0.2s and 0.17A,
respectively, the operation time of the overcurrent relay is
Speed of hydro generator (rad/sec)
320 equal to 0.20s at the minimum fault current, and 0.053s at the
(a) 317 maximum fault current which is less than the CCT. On the
314
318
Speed of diesel generator (rad/sec) other hand, when the MGS performs in the island mode, the
(b) 316 fault current is between 44A - 1353A, and the CCT is between
314
Fault duration 0.15s - 3.3s. When the settings of the TD and Ipick-up are
1.0
(c) equal to 0.1s and 0.048A, respectively, the operation time of
0 overcurrent relay is equal to 0.11s at the minimum fault
0 0.833 1.667 2.5 3.333 4.667 5
Time (seconds) current and 0.023s at the maximum fault current which is less
than the CCT. These results are summarized in Table V.
Figure 12. RTDS event capture for a 150ms three phase fault (a) speed of
Time [s]
hydro generator (rad/sec) (b) speed of diesel generator (rad/sec) 44 [A] 151 [A] 1353 [A]1568 [A]
1
(c) fault duration.
Grid-connected
mode
Figure 13 (a), (b) and (c) shows the RTDS capture for a Island mode
250ms three phase fault at feeder 2. The fault is cleared after
the CCT; therefore the hydro and diesel generators become 0.20 [s]
unstable. The rotors speed increases over the normal speed
that leads to loss of synchronism of generators. 0.1 0.11 [s]

TD=0.2s
Ipick-up=0.17A 0.053 [s]

0.023 [s]
TD=0.1s
Ipick-up=0.048A
Fault
0.01 current [A]
10 100 1000 10000

Figure 14. Inverse time overcurrent relay charecteristic.

 TABLE V. OVERCURRENT RELAY SETTING REFERENCES
[1] C. Buque, O. Ipinnimo, S. Chowdhury, and S. Chowdhury,
Operation time of Modeling and Simulation of an Adaptive Relaying Scheme for
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TD(s) Ipick-up(A)
operation At minimum At maximum 8.
fault current fault current
[2] M. Baran, and I. El-Markabi, Adaptive Over Current
Grid-connected
mode
0.2 0.17 0.053 0.20 Protection for Distribution Feeders with Distributed
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[8] R. Arthur, Bergen, and V Vital, Power System Analysis, 2nd
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ed., London: UK, 2000, pp. 532-538.

The authors would like to thank the Graduate School,

Chiang Mai University for financial support, the Provincial
Electricity Authority of Thailand for technical support and
RTDS technical support for modeling advice.