Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Vol III

PORT WASHINGTON ROAD RELIEF SEWER
PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING REPORT
Volume 3
Prepared for:
Milwaukee Metropolitan
Sewerage District
MMSD Project: CO5013E01
Prepared by:
in association with
September 2006
PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING REPORT
Volume 3
Prepared for:
Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District
MMSD Contract No. CO5013E01
Prepared by:
Brown and Caldwell

in association with
HNTB Corporation
September 2006
PRELIMINARY GEOTECHNICAL DATA

REPORT
Prepared for:
Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District
MMSD Contract No. CO5013E01
Prepared by:
Brown and Caldwell

in association with
HNTB Corporation
R.I. Geotechnical, Inc.
November 2005
CONTENTS
PROJECT OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................1

Introduction.......................................................................................................................1
Purpose and Scope of Preliminary Geotechnical Data Report .........................................1
HISTORICAL SUBSURFACE INFORMATION ...........................................................1

Summary of Historical Subsurface Information Reviewed ..............................................1
Published Literature and Theses .......................................................................................2
As-Built Records of MMSD Tunnel Construction ...........................................................2
EXPLORATION AND TESTING PROCEDURES ........................................................2

Boring Location and Survey .............................................................................................2
Drilling and Sampling Procedures ....................................................................................3
Groundwater Measurement and Borehole Abandonment.................................................4
Field and Laboratory Testing Programs ...........................................................................4
PRELIMINARY SITE GEOLOGY EVALUATIONS ....................................................5

Exploration Plan................................................................................................................5
Soil Conditions..................................................................................................................5
Rock Conditions................................................................................................................5
Bedrock Topography ............................................................................................5
Rock Formations Present ......................................................................................5
Thiensville Formation...........................................................................................6
Waubakee Formation ............................................................................................6
Racine Formation..................................................................................................6
Waukesha Formation ............................................................................................7
Bedrock Structure .................................................................................................7
Indications of Faulting from the Study .................................................................8
Groundwater .....................................................................................................................9
Water Wells ..........................................................................................................9
Bedrock Groundwater...........................................................................................9
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................11
APPENDICES
Appendix A Summary of Review of Geotechnical Reports and As-Builts from MMSD

Projects in the Study Area
Appendix B Boring Logs with General Notes
i
Appendix C Completed Monitoring Well Construction Forms and Borehole
Abandonment Forms
Appendix D Water Pressure Tests Results
Appendix E Laboratory Tests on Soil Samples
Appendix F Laboratory Tests on Rock Samples
TABLES
1 Summary of Boring and Elevations
2 Summary of Piezometric and Standing Water Elevations
3 Thicknesses of Soil and Rock Formations at Boring Locations
4 Ranges of Core Recovery and Rock Quality Designation
FIGURES
1 Milwaukee River Alignment: Boring Locations
2 27th Street Alignment: Boring Locations
3 Milwaukee River Alignment: Geologic Profile
4 27th Street Alignment: Geologic Profile
ii
PROJECT OVERVIEW
Introduction
The Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District (MMSD) commissioned Brown and
Caldwell to perform preliminary design of alternatives for mitigation of overflows from
the 39-inch diameter Metropolitan Interceptor Sewer (MIS) in northeastern Milwaukee
County. As part of the design effort, a subsurface investigation was completed. This
report summarizes the results of a study of available historical subsurface information
and the new field investigation and laboratory testing program.
The exploration program was conducted to investigate subsurface conditions along two
alignments, the 27th Street and Milwaukee River Alignments. Shallow, mid-level and
deep tunnel alternates were originally considered, but the shallow soil alternative was
abandoned after review and evaluation of existing geotechnical and as-built information
[Appendix A]. Hence, the exploration plan focused on the remaining mid-level and deep
alternatives.
Purpose and Scope of the Preliminary Geotechnical Data Report

The purpose of the Preliminary Geotechnical Data Report is to present factual data from
the field exploration and laboratory testing program and pertinent geotechnical and
geological information from prior MMSD projects and other appropriate sources. The
following are the sources of information:
• Geologic references
• Available MMSD reports on previous subsurface investigations and construction in
the vicinity of the proposed alignments
• Borehole logs for five, new deep borings
• Laboratory test results from selected soil and rock samples
• Installation and monitoring of two new piezometers and monitoring of water levels
• Preliminary evaluation of the rock stratigraphy and groundwater conditions along the
proposed tunnel alignments
• Water well information from local municipalities
This report is primarily intended for use by the MMSD and the project design team. It is
expected that once a recommended alignment has been selected, additional site
investigation work will be conducted.
HISTORICAL SUBSURFACE INFORMATION
Summary of Historical Subsurface Information Reviewed

The information was obtained from the following sources:
• North Shore Interceptor, Phase IIA, MMSD Contract No. I36G15 [1]
• North Shore Interceptor, Phase 1, MMSD Contract No. I36G11 [2]
1
• North Side High Level Relief Sewer, MMSD Contract Nos. I48G11, G12, G13, G14,
G15 and As-Builts [3]
• Northeast Side Relief Sewer System East Branch, Contracts 287 and 288. MMSD
Contract No. I45541 and As-Builts for Contract 287 only. [4]
• North Shore Interceptor Phase IIA Lining Report No. 2. [5]
• Rust/Harza, 2002, Estabrook Parkway and Glendale Avenue Relief Project, Design
Contract CO48DE001 Alternative Analysis [6]
• Published literature on local geology and soil properties [7, 10, 11]
• Records of residential and high capacity city wells from the City of Glendale
• Geologic maps of the North Shore Interceptor, Phase II tunnel
Published Literature and Theses

The referenced sources include discussions of area glacial and post-glacial soils and rock
geology. Several publications describe the Quaternery soil deposits of the area and
provide generalized discussions of soil composition. Reference 7 was authored by
former Milwaukee Water Pollution Abatement Program (MWPAP) staff and presents a
summary of geotechnical properties of the soils in the Milwaukee area. The paper was
based on information from the MWPAP exploration borings and laboratory testing data
in the period 1980 to 1983. The paper provides geologic characteristics for the primary
soil units identified and summarizes their index and engineering properties. Reference 10
provides discussions of rock stratigraphy in the area. Reference 11 describes solution
features encountered in the North Shore Tunnel and their impacts on mining.
As-Built Records of MMSD Tunnel Construction

These records include geologic tunnel maps and as-built profiles recording the geology
encountered, methods of construction and daily progress rates. A summary is provided in
Appendix A.
EXPLORATION AND TESTING PROCEDURES
Boring Location and Survey

Five new borings were completed during the latter half of 2004. Figures 1 and 2 show
the boring locations on the Milwaukee River and 27th Street Alignments, respectively:
three are located on the Milwaukee River Alignment and two are on the 27th Street
Alignment. All of the borings were originally spaced along the Milwaukee River
Alignment to allow development of the preliminary alignment stratigraphy and to
investigate ground conditions at the probable shaft locations. Subsequently, the 27th
Street Alignment was recognized as a potential alternative and the budgeted borings were
then split between the two alignments. The resultant spacing is relatively wide, but does
allow preliminary stratigraphic evaluations when combined with data from the North
Shore Phase II geotechnical report and provides information at probable shaft sites.
The borings were surveyed to determine state plane coordinates and ground surface
elevations. These data are shown on the boring logs and in Table 1. Elevations are
reported in terms of the MMSD datum, which is the same as Milwaukee City datum.
2
Lo
Port Washington Road Relief Sewer
Sugar Ln W
Seneca Ave N
gv
ie
Lo m
Milwaukee River Alignment:Rochelle Ave W
w
b ar
Fairchild Cir dy R
D
PS0502
d
rN
Range Line Rd W Service Rd
Boring Locations 70509
Te uto
Be
Crestwood Blvd N
Rochelle Ave W
Bethmaur Ln N
Beech Tree Rd N
r
Green Tree Rd W Greentree Rd
wy
Bernar d Ln W Green Tree Rd N
Geotechnical Boring Location
n
nA
ia S e
Valanna Ct W
CA-3
ve
Sanitary Sewer Overflow Location
N
rvice
Foxdale Rd
DC0406
Ne il Pl N
Ironwood Ln N
Proposed Workshaft
Glen Sh or
Elm Tree Rd N
W
Seville Ave N
Yates Rd
Vera Ave
D ri
BS0404
Reynard Rd
Suelane Ave W
ve A v
Dropshaft
Sid n
Braeburn Ln N
Da rien St
Proposed Dropshaft
e
eN
y Pl
Dr N
Green Tree Rd W
Proposed Ventilation Shaft
N
P kw y
43
N
Daphn e Rd W Coventry Ct
Pump Station
R d)
Ct
43
Ap ple Tr ee
lly
Rd W
Diversion Chamber
(P a rk
Ho
Daphne Rd W Daphne Rd W
Ke
n
Elm Tree Rd N
Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer Mo u
Braebur n Ln N
tA
Sid
Birch Hill Ct
rN
nt
Riv er
Bethmaur Ln N
Range Line Rd N
Elm St W R o ya
Green Bay Ave N
Rd
ve
lD
l Rd
ne
N
Crestwood Blvd N
W
MIS
ah
ne
Sun ny Poin t Ln N
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Apple Tree Rd W
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Ap p le
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Santa Monica Blvd
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er ta
Da
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Collector
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Milwa u
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Acacia Rd W
d
Al b
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Cedar Ridge Ln N
N
Acacia Rd
ISS
Sunn y Point Rd N
Clover nook Ln W
Alberta Ct N
Brantwood Ave W
Garden Grove Ln N
Rd N
Hyacinth Ln N
0 500 1,000 2,000
Figure 1
Glenhills Ct W
Bittersweet Ln W
W
Su nset Ln
El m Tree
d
il l
R Feet
Port Wash ington Rd N

M
Mil w
School Rd
Te uto
Mill Rd W
Fa irfi
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eld C
DC0409
n
N
t W
ke e
ia A ve
Riv e
Lydell Ave N
Lake Dr
N
r
(P a rk
CA-2
Berkeley Blvd N
Bender Rd W
R d)
Devon St E
Bender Rd W
Bridgewood Ln N
P kw
Port Washington Rd
Park Rd N
Lake Ter E
Camden Rd W Monrovia Ave W
y
Monrovia Ave W
Flint Rd N
Monrovia Ave E
Baker Rd N
Pa rk Rd N
ve W
la ir e A
Sunny Point Rd N
Florist Ave W Florist Ave W Mo n tc Montclair Ave E
Si d
Berkeley Blvd N
Kent Ave N
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Wren Ave W M
35th St N
ar
lN
ne Belle Ave E
w Dr W
Shorelan d Ave N
Bobolink Ave W e
Av Riv er vi
Maitland Ct N
Glen Park Rd N
Ct W
32 n d
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W r e sa
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Wi
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Oriole Dr W Civic Dr Th e
tte
St N
34th St N
g
27th St N
nta
Day Ave E
Ln
Ar g y
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Fr o
Am e
Carmen Ave W
N
Co
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33rd St N
W
le
m A ve Carlisle Ave E
le t
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Pl N
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A ve
Av Ar b
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W
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Av
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Pa
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Thurston Ave W
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Beaumont Ave E
Su n se
BS0514 43
Reichert Pl W Kendall Ave W Ih -
LnN
Silver Spring Dr W Silver Spring Dr W Silver Spring Dr E

11th St N
31st St N
Mohawk Ave N
Ct W
33rd St N
34th St N
De
Birch Ct W
Birch
xte
Iroquois Ave N
27th St N
12th St N
Ne
r
Sheridan Ave W
13th St N
Shoreland Ave N
Sheridan Ave W
Av
Shasta Pl N
il
25th St N
eN
Pl
Birch Ave E
W
Lo
19th St N
Kinzie St W
n g
Diversey Blvd N
Navajo Ave N
Is l
24 th St N
Custer Ave W
N
nd
Le xin
te r L n
g to n A
Dr
Custer Ave W ve W
33rd St N
Lawn Ave W
N
Kent Ave N
Lawn Ave W
Hollywood Ave N
a
Bay Ridge Ave N

Ed g e w
13th St N
Iro nw oo d
Iroquois Ave N
Rohr Ave W Rohr Ave W

34th St N
28th St N
DC0508
26th St N
29th St N
Ln
Villa rd
A ve W Henry Clay St E
Dr M a
19th St N
Eggert Pl W
BS0505
rt
Eggert Pl W
in L u th
20th St N
Lancaster Ave E
19th Pl N
19th St N
Lancaster Ave W
e
23rd St N
r Kin g
Colfax Pl W
33rd St N
DC0507
31st St N
Ca Fairmount Ave W M
Jr Dr
m Fairmount Ave W ar
er ne
on
30th St N
22nd St N
Av
Av
25th St N
e e Chateau Pl E
W W
Stark St W Chateau Ave W
20th St N
31st St N
21st St N
27th St N
Navajo Ave N
Stark St W
Linwal Ln W
DC0509/BS0504
24th Pl N
d
DC0504
18th St N
kR
P ar
ar k
26th St N
P
c ol n
Li n
22nd St N
23rd St N
W
34th St N
NS-2 i ls
on
Courtland Ave W Pl W Dr
32nd St N
Ro ck
Pa r
N
Pu r
kwa
River Park Blvd N
du e
BS0516
31st St N
St Eula Ct W
y
W
A ve
Port Washington Rd N
35th St N
Glendale Ave W
29th St N
N
24th St N
23rd St N
26 th S
24th Pl N
BS0515 DC0503
20th St N
21st St N
22nd St N
tN
Ruby Ave W
Deluxe Pkwy W
Ho p
25 t
eW
Law ren ce Av Cornell St W
kin s
h
26 th
St N
27th St N
St N
NS-3
W Estabrook Blvd
26th St N
Congress St W Dr
e lt
St N
ev
os
15th St N
14th St N
19th Pl N
19th St N
18th St N
17th St N
16th St N
Ro
35th St N
13th St N
h Pl
24 t
Hemlock Rd W
Mohawk Rd N
Skyline Ln
Bell Rd
Rd
Seneca Rd
Crossway Rd
Navajo Rd
Daisy Ln W
Skyline Rd W
Lo ng acre
27th Street Alignment:
38th St N
Pheasant Ln
Fa irla ne Ave
River Rd N
Boring Locations
The Mall
Lake Dr
Pierron A ve N
Dr N
Geotechnical Boring Location
W aysid e
Range Line Rd N
Lom
Gr
Rd
Y a te s
Sanitary Sewer Overflow Location PP
ee
Navajo Ave N
Te u to
bar
nB
Proposed Workshaft
dy
a
Seneca Ave N
yA
n
Sugar Ln W
Rd
ia S e
32n
Dropshaft PS0502
ve
3 7 th
3 8 th
Fairchild Cir
70509
N
rvic e
Proposed Dropshaft Roc helle Ave W

St N
Ct N
Beech Tree Rd N
D ri ve
Proposed Ventilation Shaft
Bethmaur L n N
Braeburn Ln N
Kiley Ave W Bernar d Ln W Green Tree Rd N Greentree Rd
Ct W
Pump Station Valanna
d
Av e
a B lv
Edward Ln W
Ironw ood Ln N
Da Edward Ln W
W
DC0406
Foxdale Rd
Diversion Chamber
Elm Tree Rd N
r
M o n ic
Seville A ve N
ie
Rey nard Rd
n Vera A ve W
S
BS0404
S id n
tN
27th Street Storage Relief Sewer Suelane A ve W
Yates Rd
S a n ta
ey P
MIS Green Tree Rd W

lN
38th Ct N
Collector
43
Daphn e Rd W Coventry Ct
ISS
Ct
43
l ly
Apple Tree Rd W
Ho
Birch Hill Ct
S id
rN
Daphne Rd
0 Elm 500
St W 1,000 2,000
Figure 2
Crestwood B lvd N
Braeburn Ln N
ney
lD
N
ah
Ct
Ri
Apple Tree Rd W Apple Tree Rd
KiehnauFeet
Pl N
ve
e r ta
A ve W At
rR
Cedar Ridge Ln N
d
Acacia Rd W
A lb
Sunn y Point Rd N
N
Acacia Rd
Alberta Ct N
Garden Grove Ln N
Clover nook Ln W
Hyacinth Ln N
Brantwood A ve W
WA-2 DC0409
Bittersweet Ln W
Su nset Ln
Port W ashin gton Rd N

Mill Rd W Mill Rd W School Rd
Te u to
Fa irfi
e ld C t
N
W
n
Lydell Ave N
ia A ve
Lake Dr
Glen River Rd W
N
Berkeley Blvd N
Douglas Ave W
Bender Rd W Devon St E
Bridgew ood Ln N
Lake Hill Ct E
Port W ashin gton Rd

Park Rd N
Lake Ter E
Flint Rd N
Camde n Rd W Monrovia Ave W Monrovia Ave

W
Kaul Ave W
Monrovia Ave E
Baker Rd N
A lb e
Pa rk Rd N
rta L
36th St N
Sunny Point Rd N
Berke ley Blvd N

Florist Ave W Florist Ave W Montclair A ve E
S id
nN
37th St N
ney
35th St N
Wren A ve W M
ar
Pl N
ne
Dr W Belle Ave E
Glen P ark Rd N
Maitland Ct N
Shore Dr N
Bobolink Ave W Av ie w
32n
Rive rv
d
e
eR
34th St N
Shorela nd Ave N
d St
Oriole Dr W
itte
Civic Dr
ta g
A rg y
Ln
Day Ave E
r on
N
Am
N
Carmen Ave W C
N
Dr
tF
le A
om
es A
Pl N
Carlisle Ave E
le
st
o
ico
A or e
W
ve
Proposed Relief Tunnel

ve
ve N
nN
e
S ie ve rs
rF
t Ln N
W
Pa
Av
Lakeview Ave E
W
ea
ra d
gh
Lasalle Ave W
Ri v
ei
/J
i se
l
S u n se
BS0514
Beaumont Ave E
Ra
43
Reichert Pl W Kendall Ave W

Ln
Ih -
N
Marlb oroug h Dr N
Danbury Rd N
Silver Spring Dr W
Mohawk Ave N
Silver Spring Dr W
13th St N
11th St N
32nd St N
34th St N
33rd St N
31st St N
De
Iroquois Ave N
x
27th St N
Shoreland Ave N
te r
12th St N
25th St N
Ne
Shasta Pl N
Av
i lP
Birch Ave E
eN
19th St N
20th St N
Lo
38th St N
lW
Bay Ridge Ave N

Kinzie St W
ng
Navajo Ave N
24 th St N
Isl
an
Custer A ve W Custer A ve W L e xin
Hollywood Ave N
d
g to n
Dr
A ve
33rd St N
Custer A ve W W
Lawn A ve W Lawn A ve W
N
Iro nw oo d
Lexington Blvd E
Kent Ave N
34th St N

DC0508
28th St N
Rohr Ave W
29th St N
26th St N
Ln
V il la rd
A ve W
Dr M a
Henry Clay Ave W Henry Clay St E

19th St N
BS0505
rtin L u
Eggert P l W
Lancaster Ave W
WA-1
20th St N
th e
DC0507
r K in g
33rd St N
Colfax Pl W
19th St N
38th St N
M
28th St N
Fairmount A ve W
22nd St N
ar
J r Dr
ne
30th St N
29th St N
Av
e
W Chateau P l E
NS-2
20th St N
19th Pl N
27th St N
25th St N
Stark St W Chateau A ve W
Stark St W
Linwal Ln W DC0509/BS0504
24th Pl N
21st St N
DC0504
Hampton A ve W
22nd St N
Idlewild Ave N
23rd St N
Ho p
34th St N
k in
32nd St N
36th St N
s St
lW
Pa
P
Ro c k
31st St N
rk w
Pu
N
rd u
18t
ay
e
BS0516
St Eula Ct W
W
hS
Av
35th St N
29th St N
eN
Glendale Ave W
t
24th St N
N
23rd St N
24th Pl N
2 6 th S
30th St N
DC0503
28th St N
20th St N
22nd St N
21st St N
BS0515
tN
Cornell St W
At
ki
20th St N
n so
Congress St W Estabrook B lvd

n
Av
15th St N
14th St N
e
Cong ress St W
19th St N
18th St N
17th St N
16th St N
19th Pl N
NS-3
35th St N
St
W
13th St N
N
St
th
Pl
th
26
th
25
24
Table 1
Summary of Boring Elevations
Preliminary Geotechnical Investigation
Top of Piezometer
Surface
Casing Elevation
Boring No. Elevation (Feet,
(Feet, MMSD
MMSD Datum)
Datum)
WA-1 46.88 46.72
WA-2B 95.66 95.37
CA-1 48.55 ----
CA-2 47.38 ----
CA-3 58.48 ----
Notes: ---- No piezometer installed

Note that elevation 0.0 feet MMSD datum equals 580.6 feet National Vertical Geodetic
Datum (NVGD).
Drilling and Sampling Procedures

The borings were conducted in accordance with the Field Manual for Subsurface
Exploration [8].
Terracon, Inc. using a CME-750 rubber-tired, all-terrain drill rig, completed the borings.
Drilling inspection and initial soil classification was done principally by a technician,
assisted by a geologist, both of HNTB.
The borings at shaft locations (WA-2, WA-2, CA-3) were sampled at 5-foot intervals in
the soil. Piezometers were also established in the rock at these locations. The rock was
cored using double-tube HQ wireline equipment and water return in general accordance
with ASTM D2113, Standard Practice for Diamond Core Drilling and Site Investigation.
The core was removed from the core barrel and laid out in a trough. The field technician
then measured the core and established core recovery and Rock Quality Designation
(RQD), which he then recorded on the inside lid of the core box. The core was also
photographed in the core box before daily transfer to the MMSD core storage and logging
facility. A geologist subsequently logged the cores. The logging included a detailed
lithologic description of the core and descriptions of significant discontinuities, such as
faults, bedding and joints. Mechanical breaks were identified and the RQD adjusted
accordingly. After the draft logs were produced, a senior geologist checked the lithologic
descriptions and formation boundaries.
Soil samples were obtained using a split-barrel sampler driven according to ASTM
D1586 Standard Method for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils.
The soil samples were placed in appropriately labeled seal top glass jars and transported
to the MMSD storage facility. Subsequently, a geotechnical engineer checked the soil
classifications made by the field technician.
All of the rock portions of the borings were water pressure tested using four pressure
increments: 25 psi, 50 psi, 75 psi, 25 psi again. The double packer pressure tests were
conducted for 20-foot depth increments from the bottom of the borehole upwards.
The field technician observed the drilling and completed the appropriate field logs for
both rock and soil. He also recorded the data from the water pressure testing conducted
in the rock, the details of the piezometer, placement and recorded standing water levels in
the boreholes and piezometers.
3
Groundwater Measurement and Borehole Abandonment
During drilling, the field technician noted the presence of inflows, or wet conditions, in
the boreholes while drilling and sampling in the soil and loss or gain of drill water return
while in the rock. Standing water levels were recorded in the boreholes when possible.
Piezometers were constructed in boreholes WA-1 and WA-2 to sense the piezometric
level within the rock. The levels recorded are noted on the borehole logs and presented
in Table 2. Copies of completed Monitoring Well Construction Forms, as required by the
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR), are included in Appendix C.
Piezometric water levels should be recorded periodically in the final design phase and the
piezometers specified for abandonment under the construction contract after use in the
construction phase.
The drilling crew backfilled and abandoned the remaining boreholes in accordance with
WDNR regulations. Because of artesian conditions in boring CA-2 (water level
approximately 11 feet above the ground surface), an inflatable packer was inserted in the
rock to cut-off the upward flow and allow grouting of the borehole. Copies of the
completed borehole abandonment forms are included in Appendix C.
Field and Laboratory Testing Programs

Water pressure (packer) testing of all of the rock portions of the boreholes was completed
except for boring CA-1 where the core barrel became stuck in the upper part of the
borehole and in the ensuing over-drilling, the hole was enlarged such that the packers
would not fit.
The packer test set-up consisted of two inflatable packers enclosing a 20-foot piece of
perforated steel pipe through which water was introduced from the surface under
pressure. The test zone was tested at gauge pressures of 25, 50, 75 and subsequently 25
psi. Using these data, the permeability (hydraulic conductivity) was calculated for each
pressure increment and reported in cm/sec. Using the approach suggested by Houlsby [9]
which compares the trend of volume of water take for each pressure increment, a
representative value of permeability was selected and recorded on the boring logs. The
pressure test data and the values of permeability calculated are presented in Appendix D.
The field technician visually examined in the field the recovered Standard Penetration
Test (SPT) samples to initially classify the samples in accordance with the Unified Soil
Classification System (USCS) as described in the HNTB Field Manual. After
examination, the soils were placed in glass jars with moisture-proof lids and labeled. The
sample jars were transported to the MMSD storage facility where a geotechnical engineer
examined them, the soil classifications were verified and laboratory test samples selected
for testing. The soil testing was done by Terracon and consisted of moisture contents,
unconfined compression, Atterberg Limit tests and unit weight measurement on the
cohesive soil samples. Grain size analysis tests were done on selected granular soil
samples. The results of some of the soil test results are shown on the logs. All of the soil
test results are presented in Appendix E.
4
Table 2
Summary of Piezometric and Standing Water Elevations
Date
Boring/Piezometer No. 10/7/2004 10/15/2004 12/15/2004
WA-1 Piezometer
-42.53 -41.78 -42.30
Groundwater Elevation
WA-2B Piezometer
---- 65.77 70.82
CA-1 Open Borehole
---- ---- -10.95
CA-3 Open Borehole
---- 47.18 ----
Notes: Elevations are feet, MMSD datum

Top of casing elevation WA-1: 46.72
Top of casing elevation WA-2B: 95.37
Ground elevation CA-1: 48.55
Ground elevation CA-3: 58.48
Flowing artesian conditions present at borehole CA-2
---- Not Applicable
The senior geologist selected rock core samples for testing. The laboratory testing was
done by Geotest and consisted of unconfined compression tests with elastic modulus
measurement; indirect tensile strength measurement (Brazilian Disc) and bulk density
measurement. The results are presented in Appendix F and on the boring logs.
PRELIMINARY SITE GEOLOGY EVALUATIONS
Exploration Plan
The initially conceived exploration plan focused on the Milwaukee River Alignment.
After review of existing geologic data and the results of flow tests in existing facilities, it
was decided to explore the 27th Street alignment as well. Hence, the originally planned
borings were spread over two alignments, two on the 27th Street Alignment and three on
the Milwaukee River Alignment. The rationale was that this exploration data, coupled
with existing geologic data, would be sufficient to characterize the alignment for the
purpose of confirmation of the general stratigraphy, ground water conditions, soil
conditions and top of rock at potential shaft sites. Once a preferred alignment has been
selected and the required tunnel storage capacity decided upon, additional borings may be
drilled during this preliminary phase.
Soil Conditions
The characteristics of the soils along the two alignments are most important at the
potential shaft sites. Therefore, soil sampling was only conducted at these sites in
borings WA-1, WA-2 and CA-3. This report does not provide detailed soil descriptions
at these shaft locations because they are preliminary.
The thickness of soil at boreholes WA-1, WA-2 and CA-3 was 124.0, 59.4 and 46.5 feet.
Appendix A provides a compilation of soil and rock tunneling experience and geologic
conditions in the project area.
Rock Conditions
Bedrock Topography
The bedrock topography in the study area is formed by the Milwaukee, Thiensville,
Waubakee and Racine Formations [Refer to Figure 4, Appendix A]. Tunneling
experience has shown that where Devonian Age rocks form the top of rock, topographical
relief of tens of feet over plan distances of 100 feet of the bedrock surface is common.
There are indications of a bedrock valley broadly extending from 27th Street and Villard
Avenue to the east northeast, encompassing borings WA-1, CA-1 and CA-2. This
bedrock valley is likely fault controlled and will be discussed further below.
Rock Formations Present

In descending depth from the ground surface, the rock formations present in the project
area are the Milwaukee, Thiensville, Waubakee, Racine, Waukesha and Mayville
Formations. Detailed descriptions of these formations from previous MMSD project site
investigations are presented in Appendix A.
5
The five borings drilled during this exploration phase [see Appendix B for boring logs]
on the Milwaukee River and 27th Street Alignments all penetrated to approximately 20
feet below the proposed tunnel inverts (refer to Figures 3 and 4) respectively. The
thickness of the soil and rock formations encountered is presented in Table 3. Note that
the Milwaukee Formation was not present at any of the boring locations and that soil
depths ranging from 124 to 144.5 feet thick at borings WA-1, CA-1 and CA-2 indicate a
bedrock valley trending east northeast across the project area. The lithology of the rock
formations encountered is described on the boring logs and conforms generally to that
previously encountered in prior MMSD exploration borings [Appendix A].
Thiensville Formation
The Thiensville Formation formed the top of rock at boreholes WA-2 and CA-3 at the
north end of each alignment. These are the probable locations of workshafts and/or
dropshafts. The formation consists of solutioned limestones with very soft to moderately
hard mudstone, siltstone and calcareous sandstone interbeds, the whole being moderately
to severely weathered. Refer to Table 4 for the ranges of core recovery, defined as the
percentage of core recovered from a given core run length. Also, the Rock Quality
Designation (RQD), defined as the percentage of total length of pieces of core greater
than four inches in length in a given core run length.
The contact between the Thiensville Formation and the underlying Waubakee Formation
is an unconformity. A relief of eight feet in 500 feet was recorded on this unconformity in
an 8-foot diameter rock tunnel further west on N. 43rd Street.
Waubakee Formation
The Waubakee Formation was encountered in borings WA-2, CA-1, CA-2 and CA-3
with thickness ranging from 43.2 to 89.7 feet and formed the top of rock at borings CA-1
and CA-2. The formation generally consists of very thin to thinly bedded dolomite with
thin, alternating brown and light and dark gray bands. The typical bedding plane parting
is very thin shale across which the core readily separates, giving a smooth planar surface.
In borehole CA-1, bedding dips of 10 to 12 degrees, very frequently with clay infill, were
noted. The bedding dip is likely due to the presence of a nearby reef in the Racine
Formation over which the Waubakee beds have draped, creating inclined flank beds.
Refer to Table 4 for ranges of core recovery and RQD. The RQD was likely reduced
when the core was removed from the barrel because of its propensity to part readily as
previously described.
Racine Formation
The Racine Formation was encountered in all five borings in thicknesses ranging from
75.8 to 187.4 feet and forms the top of rock at boring WA-1. The formation generally
consists of fine-grained, thin to medium bedded dolomite with argillaceous partings on
bedding planes, stylolite zones and is slightly to moderately weathered.
An artesian flow condition was intercepted in this formation during the drilling of run
number 27 [depth increment 227.5 to 236 feet] in borehole CA-2. The head above the
6
Table 3
Thickness of Soil and Rock Formations at Boring Locations
Boring No.
Thickness (feet)
WA-1 WA-2B CA-1 CA-2 CA-3
Soil 126.5 59.4 130.5 144.5 46.5
Thiensville
---- 29.1 ---- ---- 67.3
Formation
Waubakee
---- 55.7 89.7 43.2 66.7
Formation
Racine Formation 126.2 178.1 76.1 114.3 113.5
Waukesha
47.8 16.7 ---- ---- ----
Formation
Total Depth (Feet) 300.5 339.0 296.3 302.0 294.0
Notes: ---- Formation not encountered

Table 4
Ranges of Core Recovery and Rock Quality Designation
Thiensville Waubakee Racine Waukesha

Boring No.
Rec % RQD % Rec % RQD % Rec % RQD % Rec % RQD %
WA-1 ---- ---- ---- ---- 95-100 92-100 99-100 89-100
WA-2B 71-100 36-71 94-100 76-95 98-100 94-100 100 96
CA-1 ---- ---- 98-100 43-70 97-100 74-100 ---- ----
CA-2 ---- ---- 80-100 37-100 97-100 85-100 ---- ----
CA-3 21-100 0-52 98-100 35-96 97-100 87-100 ---- ----
Notes: ---- Formation not encountered

NA Not Applicable
Rec % Recovery (Percent)
RQD % Rock Quality Designation (Percent)
ground surface was measured at 11 feet and an initial flow of about 60 gpm declining to
30 gpm. A small breccia zone, solutioned joints and a core loss of approximately four
inches were noted in the core for run number 27. A subsequent water pressure (double
packer) test gave a permeability value of 3.1 x 10–2 cm/sec for the depth increment of 229
to 249 feet. Very high permeabilities of 3.4 to 3.6 x 10-2 cm/sec were recorded in this
formation in borehole CA-3 in the depth increment of 40 feet between 197 and 237 feet.
The core log notes a small void and vuggy and broken rock which are indications of
solutioning. Refer to Table 4 for ranges in core recovery and RQD.
Waukesha Formation
Because the planned tunnel will intersect with the existing North Shore Phase II Tunnel,
the geologic information from borings and geologic tunnel maps will be used for the rock
mass characterization in this study. To facilitate the use of this information, it was
decided to conform to the same criteria used for selecting the boundary between the
Racine and Waukesha Formations; the principal criterion being the first appearance of
chert.
The Waukesha Formation was encountered in borings WA-1 and WA-2 with partial
thicknesses (bottom of formation not encountered) of 39.7 and 6.6 feet respectively. The
formation generally consists of thinly bedded, fresh to slightly weathered dolomite, with
frequent chert nodules and few stylolites. Refer to Table 4 for the range of core recovery
and RQD.
Bedrock Structure
Relevant generalized descriptions of the rock structure at the proposed tunnel depth are
presented in the Geotechnical Report for the North Shore Phase II Tunnel [1] and Lining
Report No. 2 [5] for this tunnel. Sections from this report discussing pertinent aspects of
the geology, water inflow and construction experience are presented in Appendix A.
Because joint spacing orientation and their detailed characteristics are more readily
obtained during tunnel mapping than from vertical borings, these parameters will be
reproduced here from Lining Report No. 2.
The majority of faults and joints observed in the North Shore Phase II Tunnel
belong to two joint sets. Based on the geological mapping of the entire tunnel,
the mean orientation of the two sets are: strike N47 W, dip 89 NE; and strike
N41 E, dip 89 NW.
True joint spacings (measured perpendicular to joint strike) are shown below:
Minimum Maximum Median No. of Joints

Joint Set
(ft) (ft) (ft) (ft)
NW <1 1,855 15 253
NE 2 720 65 148
Joint filling characteristics for the Phase IIA tunnel are tabulated below.
7
Joint Filling
Clay Shale Silt Mineralized Unfilled
Characteristics
Mean Width
0.13 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.01
(ft)
NE Occurrence
16 18 14 7 30
(%)
More than one-third of the discontinuities are mapped as faults. The sole
geologic criterion used to identify features as faults is evidence of
displacement of the 162 faults; about three-quarters of them have widths of
less than 0.1 foot. Sixteen of the faults have widths 0.1 to 0.5 foot and 26 of
the faults have widths greater than 0.5 foot. A shear zone located at station
361+65 has a width of about 10 feet. Most of the observed faults have
apparent vertical displacement less than one foot. Less than 10% of the faults
have displacements greater than one foot, with the maximum displacement
being about 15 feet.
In regard to bedding planes, it says,

Solutioned bedding planes within the Racine Formation occurs at a much
greater frequency than anticipated in the Geotechnical Report. For example,
a single bedding plane was intersected between about Station 329 and
306+00. Along much of its length solutioning had widened the bedding plane
to 1-2 feet. Portions of the bedding plane were filled with red claystone.
Other portions were open and produced significant amounts of groundwater
infiltration to the tunnel during and after mining.
Indication of Faults from this Study

The regional dip of the rock formations is about 1 degree (about 90 feet/mile) to the east
and is illustrated on Figure 5, Appendix A. Therefore, it is generally expected that a
geologic section perpendicular to the dip along the strike will show formation boundaries
which are close to horizontal. This is shown on Figure 7, Appendix A which is an as-
built geologic profile in a North-South direction along the strike from station 410+00 to
about station 453+50 of the North Shore Phase IIA Tunnel. The boundary between the
Waukesha and Mayville Formations is sub-horizontal to horizontal and remains in the
tunnel for virtually the entire length of 4,350 feet.
The adjacent as-built geologic profiles (Figures 8 & 9, Appendix A) is in the East-West
direction and shows the formation boundaries dipping downwards towards the east as
expected, at about 76 feet per mile. Also noted in the tunnel geologic maps are a series of
fault zones in between stations 405+40 and 400+43, a distance of about 500 feet. The
tunnel maps indicate the following fault zones:
Station 404+20 to 405+20; 11 faults trending northeast with offsets up to 10 feet and
up to two feet gouge width.
8
Station 402+50 to 402+73; four faults trending northeast with offsets up to 2.2 feet
and up to two feet gouge width.
Station 401+76 to 402+10; three faults trending northeast with offsets up to 1.6 feet
and up to three feet gouge width.
Station 400+43 to 401+00; five faults trending northeast with offsets on one fault of
15 feet, another to 15 feet and gouge thickness to 1.5 feet.
The total tunnel inflow at the time of mapping (do not know how long after initial
excavation) from station 400+25 to 405+50 was 313 gpm. The ground was supported
with the design pattern of rock dowels, additional dowels, wire mesh, minestraps and
rolled channel pieces. No steel sets were placed in the 19.5 foot excavated diameter
tunnel.
It is believed that these North-East trending fault zones bound a series of blocks which
have been progressively displaced downwards on the north side of the fault zone.
Additional evidence is provided on Figure 3, the 27th Street Geologic Profile, where an
offset of the Racine-Waukesha Formation boundary of about 95 feet is observed between
boreholes I30-02-NS and WA-1, a distance of about 3,200 feet in a North-South
direction, i.e., generally along the regional strike and therefore expected to be sub-
horizontal to horizontal. Similarly, on Figure 4, the Milwaukee River Geologic Profile,
an offset of about 80 feet is observed in the Waubakee-Racine Formation boundary
between boreholes I30-NS-AL-11 and CA-1, a distance of about 5,800 feet in a North-
South direction. An offset in the same boundary (except upwards) of about 50 feet is
observed between boreholes CA-1 and CA-2, a distance of about 3,500 feet.
Subsequently, the boundary is almost horizontal between boreholes CA-2 and CA-3.
This reversal of the fault throw direction indicates a graben effect, with blocks displaced
progressively downwards towards the north and then the sequence reversed with the
blocks stepping upwards.
Further evidence of this fault zone is the deep, broad bedrock valley which appears to
trend east- northeast and encompasses borings WA-1, CA-1 and CA-2. The faulting
previously discussed is most likely a significant contributory cause to the formation of
the bedrock valley due to preferential weathering and glacial scouring.
Groundwater
Water Wells
Groundwater occurs in the post-glacial and glacial soils and in the bedrock. High
capacity industrial wells are present (Table 3, Appendix A) in the study area; however,
their operating status has yet to be ascertained. Shallow domestic wells developed in the
near-surface soils also exist (Tables 2 and 3, Appendix A) and may still be used for lawn
watering.
9
Bedrock Groundwater
The principal storage and means of transfer of groundwater in the Silurian dolomites are
the discontinuities, such as bedding, joints and fault systems. Solutioning of these
features provides greater capacity for storage and higher initial inflows when intercepted
in tunnels. Experience in deep rock MMSD tunnels shows generally that when not
overlain by the Thiensville Formation (a major aquifer), the inflows diminish rapidly
with time as storage is depleted. Conversely, when overlain by the Thiensville
Formation, such as in the North Shore Phase 1 tunnel, inflow rates were high and did not
attenuate rapidly. Solutioned openings, such as pipes yielding high inflows, were also
encountered in the Racine Formation in this tunnel [11].
Water pressure testing was conducted in all of the rock portions of the boreholes as
described in Field and Laboratory Testing Programs. The calculated permeability (used
interchangeably with hydraulic conductivity in this report) values are presented in
Appendix D and selected values are shown at the test depth on the borehole logs. The
tests indicate a range of values in the Silurian dolomites from 1 x 10-7 to 3 x 10-2 cm/sec.
The high values occur at the following locations: 3 x 10-2 cm/sec in the Racine
Formation from 229 to 249 foot depth in Boring CA-2; a value of 3.5 x 10-2 cm/sec for
the depth increment 197 to 237 feet in borehole CA-3. A fault was logged in this depth
increment. Generally, the values for the Silurian dolomites in boreholes WA-1, CA-1,
CA-2 and CA-3 were in the 1 x 10-5 cm/sec and higher range. However, borehole WA-2
has a permeability value of 3.6 x 10-2 cm/sec for depth increment 229 to 249 feet in the
Racine and the remaining values in the range of 3 x 10-3 to 5 x 10-4 cm/sec.
As expected, the Devonian Age Thiensville Formation, which forms the top of rock at
boreholes WA-2 and CA-3, yielded very high permeability values ranging up to 1 x 10-1
cm/sec at borehole CA-3 and up to 1.6 x 10-3 cm/sec at borehole WA-2.
Groundwater in the dolomite typically occurs under confined or semi-confined

conditions. An artesian condition was encountered in borehole CA-2 in the core run from
227.5 to 236 feet depth. The water level rose to about 11 feet above the ground surface
when restricted into a one-inch diameter pipe and the flow rate was in the range of 30 to
60 gpm. The rock is overlain by about 77 feet of very dense, gravelly silt with cobbles
(till) at this location which provided a very effective confining layer.
To provide information on groundwater levels, open stand-pipe piezometers were placed

in boreholes WA-1 and WA-2. The recorded water elevations are shown in Table 2 and
presented on the boring logs.
10
REFERENCES
1. North Shore Interceptor, Phase IIA, MMSD Contract No. I36G15
2. North Shore Interceptor, Phase 1, MMSD Contract No. 136G11
3. North Side High Level Relief Sewer, MMSD Contract Nos. I48G11, G13, G14,
G15 and As-Builts
4. Northeast Side Relief Sewer System East Branch, Contracts 287 and 288. MMSD
Contract No. I45541 and As-Builts for Contract 287 only
5. North Shore Interceptor Phase IIA Lining Report No. 2
6. Rust/Harza 2002 Eastabrook Parkway and Glendale Avenue Relief Project

Design Contract CO48DE001 Alternative Analysis
7. Singh, P.N., Tatioussian, S.V. and Flagg, C.G., 1983. “A Study of Geotechnical
Properties of Milwaukee Area Soils,” Geologic Environment and Soil Properties,
American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication, pp. 269-
30.
8. Field Manual for Subsurface Exploration, prepared by HNTB
9. Houlsby, A.C., 1990. “Construction and Design of Cement Grouting,” pp. 221-
222, J. Wiley & Sons.
10. Mikulic, Donald G. and Kluessendorf, J. “Subsurface Stratigraphic Relationships

of the Upper Silurian and Devonian Rocks of Milwaukee County, Wisconsin.”
11. Pennock, E.S., Fradkin, S.B. and Ilsley, R.C., 1991. “Impacts of Solution
Features on Mining of the North Shore Tunnel in Milwaukee, Wisconsin,” in
Proceedings: Association of Engineering Geologists 34th Annual meeting,
Chicago, pp. 38-47.
11
APPENDIX A
Summary of Review of Geotechnical Reports and As-Builts

from MMSD Projects in the Study Area
CONTENTS
Introduction.................................................................................................................1
Study Area Geology-East and Central (Milwaukee River) Alignments.....................1

Physiography...................................................................................................1
Soil ..................................................................................................................2
Rock ................................................................................................................3
Groundwater Conditions in Soil .....................................................................5
Groundwater Conditions in Rock ...................................................................7
Domestic and High Capacity Wells............................................................................8
Construction Experience...........................................................................................10
NSHLRS .......................................................................................................10
Section 1............................................................................................10
Section 2............................................................................................10
Encountered Ground Conditions and Excavation Rates...................10
NESRS (Contract 287)..................................................................................11
Study Area Geology- West (27th Street) Alignment ................................................12

Soil ................................................................................................................12
Rock ..............................................................................................................13
Construction Experience: North Shore Phase IIA Tunnel........................................14
i
APPENDIX A
SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL INFORMATION AND

CONSTRUCTION EXPERIENCE IN THE STUDY AREA
INTRODUCTION
The study area is bounded east to west by Lydell Avenue and 43rd Street and north to
south by Green Tree Road and Hampton Avenue. Within the study area, three north to
south corridors have been identified. These are the East Alignment along Lydell Avenue
(equivalent to 1st Street); the Central Alignment along Sunny Point Road (equivalent to
13th Street); and the West Alignment on 27th Street (meeting Hampton Avenue
somewhere between 27th and 32nd Streets).
Because of the relative lack of tunnel construction experience along the East Alignment
and the likely similarities in the soil and rock conditions, the East and Central Alignments
will be described together. The West Alignment merits a separate discussion. The
sources of information used are the Geotechnical Reports and As-Built Reports as listed
below. The locations of these project alignments are shown in Figure 1 (Appendix A).
• North Side High Level Relief Sewers, or NSHLRS, (Contracts I48G11, G12, G13,
G14, G15); Geotechnical Report and As-Builts
• Northeast Side Relief Sewer System East Branch, or NESRS, (Contracts 287 & 288
[I45541]); Geotechnical Report and As-Built for Contract #287 only
• North Shore Interceptor—Phase IIA Main Tunnel Grouting (Contract I36G15);
Tunnel Maps only
• North Shore Interceptor (Contracts I36G11, 12, 13, 21, 22, 23, 24, 31, 32, 33, 34, 51,
42, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64); Geotechnical Report
STUDY AREA GEOLOGY: EAST AND CENTRAL ALIGNMENTS
Physiography
The following is from the NSHLRS Geotechnical Report:
The area is underlain by gently dipping sedimentary rocks of

Paleozoic age. The bedrock surface has greater relief than that
of the present land surface as a result of preglacial and glacial
erosion. The rock is almost entirely covered by soil deposits of
glacial and postglacial origin. The present relief is a composite
of bedrock topography, glacial landforms and changes caused
by erosion by streams, rivers, and Lake Michigan and by works
of man.
1
Soil
The following discussion is from the NSHLRS Geotechnical Report. The alignment is
shown in Figure 2 (Appendix A). The following sections are referenced in the text:
Section 1, Station 0+00 at Dropshaft NS-3 to Station 45+00 at Port Washington Road;
Section 2, Station 45+00 to Station 116+00 at 24th Street.
In Section 1, the sewer will be installed in bedrock, a discussion

of which is presented in a later section of this report. The soils
overlying the bedrock in this area include fill of varying composition,
lacustrine clays and clay tills, generally in descending order. The fill
soils are generally limited in depth to the upper 10 feet of the profile
and vary texturally from silty sand and gravel to silty clay. Granular
fills are generally in a medium dense condition and clay fill is typically
in a stiff to very stiff condition
The lacustrine clays and clay till soils are typically found to be in a
stiff to hard condition. The latter soil type extends to the bedrock
surface, which occurs at depths of 8 to 30 feet below grade, generally
increasing to the north.
The soil conditions of Section 2 include four major soil types. The
surficial soils, extending to depths in the range of 5 to 10 feet, are fill
materials of variable composition and density. In the general area of Lincoln
Park, the fill is typically underlain, in order, by strata of silty sand alluvium
and silty clay of lacustrine origin. The sandy soils, a postglacial deposit, are
generally in a medium dense condition. The clay soils are generally in a stiff
to very stiff condition. The combined thickness of these soils extend to
approximately elevation 20.0 to 30.0 feet, terminating above the sewer
envelope. Further west in this section, the soils below the surficial fill are
generally postglacial granular alluvium. These soils, extending
approximately to elevations 25.0 to 30.0 feet and including fine, to fine to
coarse sands with variable silt content, are generally in a loose to medium
condition to depths of approximately 15 feet, and medium dense to dense at
greater depth.
Glacial lacustrine soils occur below approximately 20.0 to 30.0-feet elevation

throughout Section 2 and will comprise the sewer envelope soil. These soils
generally consist of horizontally laminated clayey silt and silt with occasional
layers of fine sand and silty clay. They are generally in a medium dense
condition (granular soil) or stiff to very stiff condition (cohesive soil). These
lacustrine soils, in particular the silt soil, exhibit a high degree of dilatency
and are considered to be moderately to highly sensitive to disturbance. That
is, they experience a dramatic loss in strength upon remolding and are,
therefore, susceptible to disturbance by construction activities.
2
The following discussion is from the Contract 287 Geotechnical Report. The alignment
is shown in Figure 3 (Appendix A). Of particular interest is the north-south section on
Green Bay Road and Green Tree Road and the east-west section along Green Tree Road
between Green Bay Road and Port Washington Road.
Based on the characteristics of samples recovered in the exploration program

and a review of other construction projects in the area, this tunnel project can
be divided into several broad geologic settings. West of the Milwaukee River
the soil is dense, overconsolidated glacial till, characterized as Till 1. The
tunnel often cuts into overlying more clayey glacial deposits, Till 2. Till 2 acts
to confine the groundwater in the water bearing seams of Till 1. Groundwater
levels are above the crown in this setting.
Near the Milwaukee River, extensive alluvial sands and other river bed
deposits should be expected within the glacial sediments. Borings did not
yield samples of this type soil but it is likely that it exists. Groundwater levels
are above the crown in this area.
East of the river, clayey glacial sediments (till 2) predominate. Within these
sediments are extensive deposits of waterlaid stratified drift. These deposits
exhibit varves, or silty layers, which may tend to conduct large amounts of
water. Groundwater east of the river varies from above crown to below the
invert at the eastern extreme of the project.
Rock will be encountered near the beginning and end of the project. Mixed
face conditions govern at transitions. Top of rock may be weathered and
broken. A fault zone is possible at the rock section at the east end of the
project. Groundwater is above the crown in the western rock section and
below the invert in the eastern rock section. Pinnacles of rock may be
encountered between boreholes elsewhere, especially west of the river.
Extreme variability in soil and rock conditions with location should be
expected. Boulders, including possible granite glacial erratics, were not
encountered during exploration but are likely to be found during excavation.
Rock
The predominant bedrock forming the top of rock in the study area consists of the
Milwaukee and Thiensville Formations of Devonian Age. Figure 4 (Appendix A) is from
Reference 1 and is a map showing the extent of the outcrop of the Milwaukee,
Thiensville and Waubakee Formations. Below the Waubakee and increasing in age are
the Racine, Waukesha and Mayville Formations. However, the Mayville will not be
intercepted in the East and Central Alignments. Table 1 of Appendix A (Table 3-6 Area
Stratigraphic Section) shows the thicknesses of the formations and Figure 5 (Appendix
A) is a geologic section of the North Shore Phase II tunnel in the east-west direction,
generally along Hampton Avenue until about Station 405+00 where the tunnel turns due
south beneath 32nd Street and terminates at NS-12 Dropshaft at Capitol Drive. The
3
following rock formation descriptions are from the North Shore Interceptor Geotechnical
Report.
Milwaukee Formation
The Milwaukee Formation has been subdivided into units based upon
differences in lithology. The Milwaukee 1 (Mil-1) unit is a green, soft,
pyritiferous mudstone that slakes or breaks down rapidly when immersed in
water (Appendix B). It forms the bedrock surface at the Humboldt Yards
access shaft site. The bedding plane spacings are predominantly close. The
Milwaukee 2 (Mil-2) unit is a greenish, gray argillaceous dolomite that
becomes highly argillaceous towards the base. It forms the bedrock surface
at Sites NS-7, NS-6 and NS-5. The Milwaukee 3 (Mil-3) unit is generally a
greenish gray, moderately soft to hard, occasionally very soft dolomitic
mudstone with close to medium bedding and is not susceptible to slaking
(Appendix B). The Milwaukee 4 (Mil-4) unit is a greenish gray, hard,
argillaceous dolomite, with close to medium bedding and occasional thin clay
partings. It forms the bedrock surface at the sites of dropshafts NS-3, NS-8
and NS-11 and the Schlitz Terminal access shaft.
Thiensville Formation
The Thiensville Formation consists of interbedded dolomites and limestones
with occasional mudstone beds. The dolomite beds vary from brown
(generally bituminous) to gray and from slightly to highly weathered. The
limestone beds are weathered and solutioned. A weakly cemented, breccia
has been noted principally at the base of the formation, but occasionally
above the base. It consists of angular fragments of dolomite and limestone in
a silty clay matrix.
Tunnel mapping in local projects and cores from this project indicate that the
lower part of the Thiensville Formation is weathered. Mapping in MMSD
Contracts 289 and 867 north of the North Shore Interceptor site revealed that
various beds were subaerially weathered before the deposition of overlying
beds. The degree of weathering ranged from moderate to high. One of the
features mapped was a 50-foot long crevice filled with rock debris and
cemented by secondary calcite. Boring evidence of weathering includes high
core loss and weathered samples.
The contact between the Thiensville Formation and the underlying Waubakee
Formation is an unconformity. The bedding above and below the
unconformity are essentially parallel. Mapping in MMSD tunnel contract 867
indicates that locally the unconformity is an undulating surface with an
amplitude of 1 to 2 feet. The average dip of the unconformity appears to be
parallel to the dip of the adjacent formations. Borehole pressure testing of the
unconformity and the adjacent Waubakee formation resulted in permeability
calculations as high as 2x10-3 cm/sec. This indicates that the unconformity
could yield high groundwater inflows.
4
Waubakee Formation
The Waubakee Formation is a very close to closely bedded dolomite with thin,
alternating brown and light and dark gray bands. The typical bedding plane
parting is very thin shale across which the core readily separates giving
smooth, planar surfaces. Low RQD values generally reflect the presence of
numerous bedding plane partings. The bedding planes are generally
horizontal but dips of up to 25 degrees were measured in core from I30-NS-
MR-4D, about 1,100 feet east of the alignment where the Waubakee Strata are
flank beds on a Racine formation reef.
Racine Formation
The Racine Formation is a uniform, light gray, dense dolomite with bedding
plane spacings that range from close to medium. There are occasional zones
of very closely spaced, thin, shaly partings and rock containing small pores or
vugs.
A reef was encountered in borings 130-NS-DS-6, I30-NS-MR-4D and MI-5,

with an extent of approximately 1,500 feet in an east-west direction. The reef
rock is generally vuggy throughout with several zones of coarse vugs.
Pressure testing in borehole I30-NS-DS-6 gave permeabilities ranging from
1x10-3 to 5x10-4 cm/sec for the reef rock.
Waukesha Formation
The Waukesha Formation, generally a dense, gray dolomite, is divided into
three units on the basis of lithologic variations as shown below. Unit WA-1 is
generally dense, very close (less than 0.2 foot) to close (0.2 to 1.0 foot)
bedded, and cherty. Its midportion is typically fossiliferous, finely vuggy and
medium bedded. Unit WA-2 is characterized by the general absence of chert.
The top part is medium to widely bedded with stylolites and is generally
fossiliferous and finely vuggy. The bottom part of the unit is very close to
close bedded with shale partings and is dense. Unit WA-3 is a light gray,
dense dolomite and is very close to close bedded with thin shale partings.
Chert occurs as coarse nodules and layers throughout the unit. Bedding
plane fillings in the Waukesha Formation are predominantly shale and range
up to 0.05 inch in thickness. Most of the other fillings are clay with mean
thicknesses of 0.25 inch in Unit WA-1 and 0.02 inch in Units WA-2 and WA-3.
Groundwater Conditions in Soil

The following discussion is from the NSHLRS Geotechnical Report and applies to the
alignment shown in Figure 2 (Appendix A).
GROUNDWATER CONDITIONS IN SOIL

The soil deposits in the area form a generally complex stratigraphy, and an
equally complex arrangement of aquifers and aquicludes. The soil aquifers
usually consist of sand and gravel zones, of alluvial deposits or outwash
5
deposits or occasionally sandy and silty lacustrine deposits. The alluvial
aquifers are located in the lowland areas along the valley courses of rivers
and streams. They can be extensive and continuous within those confines.
The glacial aquifers are considerably more widely distributed and indefinitely
defined.
On a local scale, individual soil aquifers can be confined or unconfined,

depending upon the nature and extent of surrounding deposits of soil and
rock. The confining soils are generally clayey till and clayey lacustrine
deposits. The grain size distribution of all the soil deposits can vary, which
changes their effectiveness as aquifers or as confining layers. This is
particularly true of till deposits. The hydraulic properties of permeability,
transmissivity and specific storage of the glacial and postglacial aquifers can
vary greatly.
The soil aquifers are recharged primarily by infiltration of precipitation and

water from rivers and streams. Groundwater discharge from the soil aquifers
is primarily to streams, rivers and the underlying bedrock. The
potentiometric heads in nearby soil aquifers may differ from each other or
from the head in nearby unconfined aquifers, or from the position of the water
table.
Groundwater flow through the soil aquifers is dependent on their grain size
characteristics, their extent, the degree of confinement provided by
surrounding aquicludes, and their connection to sources of recharge. In
addition, all of the glacial soils may include layers or pockets of permeable
soils that could produce groundwater inflow. Fine-grained deposits of
alluvial and sandy or silty lacustrine soils, such as occur along the Milwaukee
River and Lincoln Creek, have all, on occasion, been observed to loosen in
boreholes when hydraulic pressures were not maintained above in-situ
hydrostatic pressures. This indicates that these soils may become unstable
even under low hydraulic gradients.
The results of permeability tests performed in piezometers and observation

wells in soil indicate permeability coefficients ranging from about 4x10-6
cm/sec to 1x10-4 cm/sec (refer Table 2). Higher permeability coefficients
could be expected in sandy lacustrine deposits or in outwash deposits. One
test was performed in alluvial deposits along Lincoln Creek and indicated a
permeability coefficient of 4x10-3 cm/sec.
The generally low measured permeability coefficient of the soils indicates that
dewatering by use of gravity wells or vacuum assisted wellpoints would
probably not be effective, except for shallow depth excavations in the more
coarsely grained alluvium along Lincoln Creek.
6
In the area of the C&NW Railroad crossing of the Milwaukee River, which
corresponds to the alignment crossing the river approximately between
stations 69+90 and 71+90, the 10-year flood is estimated to cause a rise in
river level to about elevation 39 feet, and the 100-year flood is estimated to
cause a rise in river level to about elevation 42 feet {12}. In the river channel
areas, groundwater level elevations in the soil are generally about equal to
the surface water levels in the Milwaukee River. In the upland areas,
groundwater levels range up to elevation 75 feet (generally 5 to 15 and
occasionally as deep as 30 feet below ground surface). Water levels
measured in piezometers and observation wells along the North Side High
Level Relief Sewer system are listed in Table 4.
The following discussion is from the Contract 287 Geotechnical Report. Refer to Figure
3 o f Appendix A for the alignment.
West of the Milwaukee River, water level observations indicate full saturation
along the proposed interceptor and a water table configuration consistent
with the general groundwater gradient toward the Milwaukee River. Water
levels vary from near ground surface to about 20 feet below surface.
In general, sand content of Pleistocene deposits is higher and more uniformly
distributed on the west side of the Milwaukee River than elsewhere along the
project. For purposes of evaluating interceptor and shaft dewatering
feasibility, the deposits west of the river should be treated as one
hydrogeologic unit.
East of the Milwaukee River, water levels are generally near tunnel crown
elevations or lower. Depth of water ranges from about 30 feet to about 85
feet below the surface. Ten test borings are dry. The water level in hole EB-
17 appears anomalous. Based on water levels measured in adjacent test
borings and type of material logged in this hole during drilling, it is believed
that the high water elevation measured in boring EB-17 is due to piezometer
construction rather than groundwater conditions.
Neglecting this irregular water level observation, the general trend of

groundwater slope is from the Milwaukee River toward Lake Michigan.
Groundwater Conditions in Rock

The following discussion is from the NSHLRS Geotechnical Report and refers to
expected conditions in the Thiensville Formation only. The alignment discussed is that
portion in rock and mixed face described as Section 1 previously, i.e., from Station 0+00
at NS-3 Dropshaft to Station 45+00 at Port Washington Road.
The piezometric head observed in boring ULC-3 is approximately 28 feet

above tunnel crown and appears to generally coincide with the level of the
Milwaukee River at the alignment crossing in Estabrook Park. Measured
piezometric heads in borings ULC-5A and ULC-5B are at approximately 21
7
feet to 25 feet above tunnel crown. This data indicates that piezometric levels
in the upper bedrock are at or near the river levels.
Hydraulic pressure (packer) testing of the Thiensville Formation indicates

permeability coefficients ranging from 1x10-5 cm/sec to 3x10-3 cm/sec. A
summary of results for these tests is presented in Appendix E. Permeability
coefficients within the tunnel envelope range from 1x10-4 cm/sec to 3x10-3
cm/sec. In addition, analysis of pump test data from the construction of the
Schlitz Terminal Access Shaft of the Inline Storage System (adjacent to the
NS-3 site) near the south end of the alignment indicates a range of
permeability coefficients from 1x10-1 cm/sec to 9x10-3 cm/sec. Design of the
dewatering system for the Thiensville Formation by the use of deep gravity
wells along the southern portion of the alignment from Station 0+00 to
approximately 19+00 should consider, amongst other constraints, the terrain,
the river crossing, the high rock-mass permeability and transmissivity, and the
proximity to the river which is a direct source of recharge to the rock. The
design of a dewatering system north of Station 19+00 should consider the
potentially high rock-mass permeabilities and transmissivities, and the
presence of domestic wells in the alignment vicinity (refer Appendix H for
locations). The use of compressed air to control groundwater inflow
throughout the rock portion of the tunnel appears to be technically feasible.
Refer to the section “Surface Constraints” for further discussion regarding
these wells and the use of compressed air.
The groundwater table was encountered at depths in the range of 2.2 feet to
28.3 feet below present grades. A tabulation of groundwater levels observed
in each of the piezometer/observation well installations along the alignment is
presented in Table 4.
The following general discussion of the Dolomite Aquifer which includes the Devonian
and Silurian Age Formations and applies generally to the existing North Shore Phase II
alignment along Hampton Avenue (refer to Figure 5 of Appendix A). A review of the
packer test data for the exploration borings along the North Shore Phase II alignment
show that for the Waubakee Formation the measured permeability was generally in the
range of 4x10-3 to > 1x10-7 cm/s; and for the Racine and Waukesha Formations generally
in the range of 7x10-5 to > 1x10-7 cm/s. A further evaluation of potential water inflows
during construction will be discussed below based on tunnel mapping of the North Shore
Phase II Tunnel.
DOMESTIC AND HIGH CAPACITY WELLS

The location and concentration of domestic wells is useful information from a potential
project impact viewpoint as is the location of high capacity wells (>10,000 gallons/day)
which may have industrial use. Figure 6 (Appendix A) is from the Contract 287 and 288
Geotechnical Report presents an overview of the density of the domestic wells and the
location of the high capacity wells. The current activity status of the high capacity wells
8
is not known. The following discussion is from the Contract 287 and 288 Geotechnical
Report.
EXISTING DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY WELLS

Logs were located for 217 domestic water supply wells within one mile of the
proposed alignment were located [sic]. The logs are part of well
constructor’s reports submitted to the Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources. These wells can be located by use of State Plane Coordinates.
The number assigned to each well is for identification and can be used in
conjunction with the original well logs. These logs can be reviewed by
appointment at the PMO. Well construction information includes the
following parameters: drawdown after initial well test, depth of surface
casing, and lithology and length of production zone. The drawdone and
specific capacity of each well were calculated and tabulated (Tables E-1 and
E-2, Appendix E).
The total depth of the wells ranges between 73 and 460 feet. The production
zone thickness is reported to be from 4 feet to 292 feet. Although no
correlation was established between length of production zone and well yield,
it seems that wells with long production zones also demonstrate large
drawdowns (or small specific capacities). Well yields at time of completion
ranged from about 7 to 50 gpm.
Few of the domestic wells exhibited confined (or artesian) conditions at time
of completion. No such wells were recorded within two miles of the proposed
tunnel.
The domestic well logs can be used to confirm and verify depth to top of
bedrock in places where test borings did not penetrate bedrock. Well drillers’
logs must be assigned a limited reliability because of the crude mode of well
installation.
Each property along West Green Tree Road (between the Milwaukee River
and Port Washington Road) has its own well. Based on conversations with
home owners in the area, it was determined that these wells have quite
uniform characteristics. Most are about 100 feet in total depth and were
drilled into the upper part of the bedrock. At the time of completion, these
wells yielded between 10 and 30 gpm.
Appendix H of the NSHLRS Geotechnical Report lists wells indicated to exist within
1,000 feet of that alignment. These locations are presented in Tables 2 and 3 of
Appendix A.
9
CONSTRUCTION EXPERIENCE
The following information is derived from the As-Built Profiles for tunnels and
constructed in the study area.
NSHLRS
The NSHLRS was constructed under two separate contracts.
Section 1
Section 1 extends from Station 0+00 at the NS-3 Dropshaft to Station 45+00 at Port
Washington Road and was principally excavated within the Thiensville Formation.
Sections 2, 3 from Station 45+00 to Station 116+00 at 24th Street was the second
contract. Section 1 was excavated to a 10.5 foot diameter using a Robbins Tunnel Boring
Machine (TBM) except for the last (approximately) 200 feet which was excavated by
drill and blast. This was because high water inflows washed the fines out of the mined
rock in the face into the tunnel invert from where it had to be hand-mucked. The
contractor did not attempt to dewater and submitted a claim for an alleged Differing Site
Condition. The peak water inflow experienced was 1100 gpm at Station 7+00. The
mixed face conditions were excavated using a shield with drill and blast.
Section 2
Section 2 from Station 45+00 to 116+00 at 24th Street was excavated at 7.5 feet diameter
using a Lovat TBM equipped with flood doors (can be closed to prevent soil/water
inflow) and “pressure relief gates” which are hydraulically operated gates within the
plenum that are used to control the amount of soil exiting the plenum onto the conveyor.
The system affords good ground control when in poor soil conditions and can be “opened
up” when in good ground conditions. Of the three river crossings, two were made in
open cut and one completed by tunneling under the Milwaukee River, which was 250 feet
wide at this point. The tunnel support throughout was provided by jacked concrete pipe.
From Station 45+00 to 76+00 the finished diameter was seven feet. From 76+00 to
Station 214+00 the finished diameter was six feet.
Encountered Ground Conditions and Excavation Rates

The excavation for the seven-foot diameter jacked pipe tunnel between Station 45+00 to
76+00 encountered “Grey sandy clay.” Progress rates ranged from 16 to 96 feet and
averaged 52 feet per one-day shift (assumed to be eight hours). There was no indication
of wet conditions. The tunnel depth was approximately 42 feet over this length, reducing
to 32 feet beneath the Milwaukee River. The overall continuous pipe jacked length was
about 1,450 feet.
The excavation for the six-foot diameter jacked pipe tunnel between Station 75+00 to
89+50 (just east of Lincoln Creek Crossing No. 1) encountered principally silty clay,
occasionally soft and wet with a few boulders on one shift. Progress ranged from 7.5 to
90 feet and averaged 47 feet per shift (assumed eight hour shift). The total length of
continuous jacked pipe was 1,160 feet.
10
The section between stations 95+66 to 115+14 at the east side of Lincoln Creek crossing
No. 2, encountered primarily “silty clay” which was “wet” for 57% of the total length of
1,918 feet. The excavation rate ranged from 17.5 to 73 feet with an average of 32.5 feet
per shift. The depth of cover to the tunnel invert averaged about 28 feet.
The 1,258 foot section between stations 119+05 and 131+63 at Villard Avenue and 27th
Street, encountered principally “damp, sticky, silty clay, in lumps:” cobbles and boulders
were encountered over a length of 105 feet (8.5% of length).
The excavation rate ranged from 7.5 to 45 feet and averaged 29 feet per shift. The depth
of cover above the tunnel invert averaged about 22 feet. The occurrence of sticky clay
likely had an adverse affect on tunnel excavation rates. Note that the majority of this
tunnel excavation was completed in the flood plain of the Milwaukee River and Lincoln
Creek at shallow depths up to 42 feet. The soils encountered were silty clay and sandy
clay, with very occasional sands and no gravel and few cobbles and boulders. These soils
are described as “glacial lacustrine deposits” in the project Geotechnical Report.
NESRS (Contract 287)

The 12,080 feet of eight-foot diameter tunnel for the NESRS was excavated using a
Lovat TBM, with the same capabilities as that TBM described for the NSHLRS, and
supported with ribs and lagging at four-foot centers. A small section in rock at Station
0+00 (discussed in more detail under the West Alignment) was hand-mined and the
Milwaukee River Crossing was in open-cut excavation.
The following discussion relates to the section of the alignment from Station 34+80 at
Green Bay and Mill Road north along Green Bay Road to the junction with Green Tree
Road at Station 61+50. The tunnel was excavated in Till 1 which is very hard, very
consolidated silt, gravel with cobbles and boulders and virtually dry; it lies directly on the
Thiensville bedrock. Occasionally the overlying Till 2 would dip down into the tunnel.
The Till 2 consisted of either moist clays or wet sand and/or gravel. Excavation rates in
the Till 1 averaged 43 feet and ranged from four to 96 feet per shift (assumed to be eight
hours). At two locations, wet sand and gravel in the crown led to sink holes, the larger
being about 60 feet long and seven feet deep. Ground modification using chemical grout
was done. The tunnel progress was impacted such that over a period of 11 days the
average progress was 15.5 feet and ranged from six to 29 feet.
From Station 61+50 to 75+65 (west of Milwaukee River Crossing) and from 86+90 at N.
River and Green Tree Roads, to station 120+80 at Green Tree and Port Washington
Roads. The tunnel was excavated in Till 1. At two locations, wet sand and gravel was
intercepted that led to major sinkholes, both about 10 feet deep and 70 feet long. Some
chemical grouting of the tunnel ahead of the excavation was done between the sinkholes.
Rock was intercepted in the invert at two locations: one 60 feet, the other 155 feet long.
It appears the TBM was able to excavate through the rock with some blasting. All of the
domestic wells along the section from station 86+90 to 113+00 were dried up by the
project dewatering and were serviced by tanker truck. Excavation rates for 4,800 feet
averaged 70.5 feet per shift and ranged from four to 164 feet per shift.
11
STUDY AREA GEOLOGY—WEST ALIGNMENT
This alignment extends along 27th Street in a northerly direction from Hampton Avenue
between 27th and 32nd Street, to an east-west line of Green Tree Road extended (about the
junction with Vera Street). This alignment has the following differences with the Central
and East Alignments:
• It is the furthest away from the Milwaukee River, Lincoln Creek and their confluence.
• The predominant soils are likely to be Till 1 on bedrock and overlain by Till 2 with
very little recent post-glacial soils.
• The Thiensville Formation forms the TOR and is closer to the ground surface in the
Mill Road vicinity.
• The density of domestic wells decreases, but four highcap wells are shown on Figure
6 of Appendix A.
• The thickness of Thiensville diminishes towards the west and the contact with the
Waubakee Formation is closer to the ground surface as shown in Figure 5 (Appendix
A).
The differences will generally be advantageous to construction of the deep tunnel

alternative. The high top of rock presents problems for a large diameter shallow tunnel.
Soil
The following description is from the NSHLRS Geotechnical Report. The alignment is
shown in Figure 2 (Appendix A). Sections 3 and 4 are from Station 116+00 at 24th and
Villard Avenue, north along 24th to Station 214+60 at Mill Road and Sydney Place. The
soils are described as follows:
Glacial lacustrine soils occur below approximately 20.0 to 30.0 feet elevation
throughout Section 2 and will comprise the sewer envelope soil. These soils
generally consist of horizontally laminated clayey silt and silt with occasional
layers of fine sand and silty clay. They are generally in a medium dense
condition (granular soil) or stiff to very stiff condition (cohesive soil). These
lacustrine soils, in particular the silt soil, exhibit a high degree of dilatency
and are considered to be moderately to highly sensitive to disturbance. That
is, they experience a dramatic loss in strength upon remolding and are,
therefore, susceptible to disturbance by construction activities.
Glacial till soils are the predominant soil type in Section 3, extending
approximately from 24th Street to the southernmost crossing of the Soo Line
railroad. Excluding a limited amount of overlying lucustrine and alluvial
soils (as described for Section 2 above) occurring near the east end of Section
3 (refer to borings ULC-13, ULC-13A and ULC-13B) and isolated fill and
topsoil deposits near the surface, the soils of the area are generally moderate
strength, low to moderate plasticity, silty clay. These soils generally exhibit
unconfined compressive strengths in the range of 2 to 3 tsf. Occasional lenses
of lacustrine silt and clayey silt were observed interlayered with the till.
These soils contain a trace of sand and gravel and the occurrence of boulders
12
or cobbles is considered infrequent, none having been encountered in the
borings in this area.
Till soils are also the predominant soil type in the northernmost portion of the
alignment, Section 4. However, two distinctly different till types occur. The
upper portion of the profile (generally extending 20 to 40 feet in depth) is
similar to that described for the preceding section and consists of moderate to
high strength clay till. At greater depth, a second till with texture ranging
from sandy clayey silt to sandy silt occurs. This soil type is characterized by a
much greater sand and gravel fraction and an extremely dense condition.
Boulders and cobbles are known to be prominent in this latter till. The
borings in this section were terminated in this till except boring ULC-22 at the
northern terminus of the Upper Lincoln Creek alignment which encountered
bedrock at a depth of 64 feet.
The Geotechnical Report for Contract 287 NESRS describes the glacial soils along the
alignment between Station 0+00 at Mill Road and Sydney Place and 34+80 at Mill Road
and Green Bay Road as follows:
Till 1 is composed primarily of sand and silt mixtures with random cobbles
and boulders. It is generally found directly above bedrock along most of the
alignment. It is overlain by Till 2. Till 1 is generally gray to gray-brown. It
is a hard, dense soil with a water content lower than that of the overlying soil.
It is assumed that Till 1 is a remnant of the first stages of Wisconsin glaciation
in the region.
Till 2 underlies surficial fill at most boring locations. Till 2 is primarily

clayey silt. Silts are more predominant west of the Milwaukee River. Some
lenses of sand and gravel occur in Till 2. Generally, it is less dense and more
moist than the underlying Till 1. Till 2 is considered to have been deposited
from one of the later glacial stages of southeastern Wisconsin. It is generally
brown to gray-brown. In the literature, it has been described as buff-colored.
These deposits are less compressed and consolidated than the older
underlying material. Till 2 contains lenses of waterlaid stratified drift.
Rock
Figure 5 (Appendix A) is the geologic profile of the North Shore Phase II Tunnel which
is generally east-west along Hampton Avenue. At about Station 405+00 the tunnel turns
due south down 34th Street. Also, at Station 405+00 the invert of the tunnel is at the
stratigraphic boundary between the Waukesha Formation overlying the Mayville
Formation. The Racine Formation forms the top of rock. No packer tests were done in
borehole I30-2-NS, the only deep boring at this location. A tunnel bored to the north
along 27th Street at this same depth would likely be at or slightly above the
Waukesha/Mayville boundary. The Waukesha has been described previously, the
following description of the Mayville is from the North Shore Interceptor Geotechnical
Report.
13
Mayville Formation
The Mayville Formation is a light gray and gray mottled dolomite, with light
brown, finely vuggy nodular zones. Many of the vugs are coarse and clay- or
gypsum-filled. The formation becomes dense towards its base. It is close to
medium bedded with thin shaly partings.
About 35 percent of the bedding plane fillings recovered during coring are
clay with a mean thickness of 0.22 inch. Shale fillings constitute more than 50
percent of the remaining filling types, with a mean thickness of 0.10 inch.
CONSTRUCTION EXPERIENCE: NORTH SHORE PHASE IIA

TUNNEL
The tunnel was excavated to a diameter of 19.5 feet. Figures 7, 8 and 9 of Appendix A
are As-Built geologic profiles which were included in the North Shore Interceptor Phase
IIA Lining Report No. 2. Figure 7 shows that on the north-south leg from about Station
453+50 to 410+00 the tunnel was excavated along the boundary of the Waukesha and
Mayville Formations. A vuggy zone several feet thick which yielded residual flows up to
about 250 gpm (Figure 10 of Appendix A) was present continuously along this 4,350 feet
length of tunnel. Figure 8 shows the tunnel turning 90 degrees to an east-west direction
and indicates faulting. Geologic tunnel maps indicate a series of fault zones over about
500 feet, extending from Station 405+40 to 400+43. The tunnel inflow in this tunnel
length at the time of mapping was 313 gpm, but was certainly higher when first
excavated by the TBM. The ground was supported by the design pattern of rock dowels,
additional dowels, wire mesh, mine straps and rolled channel pieces. No steel sets were
placed. A fault was intercepted at Station 371+75 and when mapped, an inflow of 200
gpm was estimated.
Figure 9 shows the tunnel passing upwards through the boundary between the Waukesha
and Racine Formations and continuing east in the Racine Formation before turning south
to join with the 32-foot diameter North Shore Phase I tunnel. Note that Boring I30-NS-
AL-11 is very close to the junction of the central alignment (Milwaukee River) and the
North Shore Phase IIA Tunnel. The report also indicates that the frequency of solutioned
bedding planes was higher than anticipated in the Geotechnical report. An example is
given of a single bedding plane intersected between about Stations 329+00 to 306+00
which was solutioned for much of its length, in parts up to one to two feet wide. Portions
of the bedding plane were filled with red claystone and the open portions produced
significant amounts of groundwater inflow. A summary of water inflows into the tunnel,
measured on three different occasions in the period 12/19/89 to 2/19/92 are presented in
Table 4, Sheets 1 and 2. A histogram showing the cement (sacks) per 100 feet of tunnel
placed during the post-excavation grouting program is presented in Figure 11 (Appendix
A).
14
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Hem - Phase IIA
lock S Wy Beach Ct
Hemlock Rd W e
Skyline Ln
in tW Ln
Appendix A - Figure 1
Crossway Rd
to
n Daisy Ln W
51st St N
Av
Br
id
e
Pierron Ave N
W Clinton Ave W
ge
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Ln
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Barnett Ln
PP
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Cr
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Village of River Hills
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42nd St N
Rd
55th St N
41st St N
sw
e
32n
yA
ay
Crestwood Blvd N
ve
PS0502
Beech Tree Rd N
n
W Helena St W
tL
Ave W 70509 DC0406
Bethmaur Ln N
d
Rochelle
58th St N
on
Braeburn Ln N
Bernard Ln W Green Tree Rd N Greentree Rd

Hustis St W
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44th St N
Valanna Ct W
Ironwood Ln N
Glen Shore
Yates Rd
Be
Elm Tree Rd N
(N
l
BS0404 !
(
wP
Rd
Da
53rd St N
Vera Ave W
Neil Pl N
Vie
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Cheyenne St W
58th St N
Tr
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43
St
Green Tree Rd W Village of Fox Point

54th St N
e
e Rd W
N
Dr N
Gr
Daphn Coventry Ct
City of Milwaukee
Green Bay Ave N
Sidn
Crestwood Blvd N
Braeburn Ln N
Elm St W Daphne Rd
56th St N
40th St N
58th St N
Hassel Ln W
55th St N
ey
Apple Tree Rd W
Atwah
Apple Tree Rd
42nd St N
Kiehnau Ave W
Pl N
Sunny Point Rd N
53rd St N
Acacia Rd W
Alberta Ct N
52nd St N
Pine Shore Dr N
Milwauk
Acacia Rd
51st St N
Hyacinth Ln N
l Dr N
49
Sunset Ln N
th
DC0409
Ct
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School Rd
N
Mill Rd W Mill Rd W
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Sherman Blvd N
Woolworth Ave W
Berkeley Blvd N
Lake Dr
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Douglas Ave W Bender Glen River Rd W

Rd W
Bridgewood Ln N
Hopkins St N
rk
Port Washington Rd
Teutonia Av
City of Glendale Park Rd N

Rd) Pkw
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Flint Rd N
l Monrovia Ave W Lake Ter E

Ave
Baker Rd N
W
Douglas Ave W
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Florist Ave W Montclaire Av

36th St N
!
n
Florist Ave W (
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M
37th St N
ar
P
42nd St N
ne Riverview Dr W
lN
Shore Dr N
Bobolink Ave W Av
rN
39th St N
38th St N
41st St N
e
34th St N
Oriole Dr W W Civic Dr Theresa Ln W

st D
Am
Arg
Day Ave E
40th St N
33rd St N
Carmen Ave W
ore
es A
yle
Ln N
rF
55th Pl N
56th St N
Dex
Ave Ave N
ve N
58th St N
Village of Whitefish Bay

e
Lasalle Ave W
Riv
t er
Kendall Ave W
W
Sunse
Reichert Pl W
G
Mohawk Ave N
Silver Spring Dr
E
Silver Spring Dr W !
26th St N
35th St N
BS0514
(
33rd St N
34th St N
Glen Ave E
27th St N
Iroquois Ave N
Hollywood Ave N
Shoreland Ave N
§
¨
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N Birch Av
eW
Shasta Pl N
ei Lake Forest Ave E

lP
58th St N
Sheridan Ave W 43
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Diversey Blvd N
Navajo Ave N
Lo
31st St N
Circle Dr E
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ve
Isl
33rd St N
34th St N
46th St N
Custer Ave W Lawn Ave W

an
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N
13th St N
50th St N
Lexington Blvd E
dD

45th St N
52nd St N
Bay Ridge Ave N

Kent Ave N
rN
Sylvan Ave E
48th St N
n
53rd St N
49th St N
W
Hop
ve
Dr Ma
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19th St N
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22nd St N
56th St N
Meadow Pl E Pa
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21st St N
Eggert Pl W
rtin Lu
Eggert Pl W
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24th Pl N
47th St N
La
57th St N
St N t N
23rd St N
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41s
27th St N
51st Blvd N
Colfax Pl E
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28th St N
Rd
DC0507
ther K
Dr
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Fairmount Ave W
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46th St N
19th St N
Newhall St N
38th St N
52nd St N
Cameron Ave W
ing Jr
Cumberland Blvd N
18th St N
19th Pl N
50th St N
48th St N
25th St N
Chateau Ave W An Chateau Pl E

Larkin St N
Stark St W Linwal Ln W ita

Stark St W
Marlborough Dr N
Ardmore Ave N
Av
36th St N
DC0504NS-2
Idlewild Ave N
Dr
e
Woodburn St N
N
40th St N
DC0505
DC0405 Hampton (Park Rd) Rd W
22nd St N
"!
(
21st St N
Ave W
DC0509"
)
Hampton
NS-1 )
23rd St N 23rd St N
Elkhart Ave N
52nd St N
38th St N
Sheffield Ave N
!"
() Derby Pl W
Pa
32nd St N
Pa
48th St N
53rd St N
!BS0516
54th St N
rkw
Port Washington Rd N
(
24th Pl N
Courtland Ave W
rk
30th St N
50th St N
Pur
49th St N
w
d
ay
ue Eula Ct W
ay
35th St N
Peck Pl W St W
44th St N
Cramer St N
A
Dr
24th St N
45th St N
Wildwood Ave N
ve
Newhall St N
! BS0515
(
29th St N
W
Morris Blvd N
N
47th St N
Wi
39th St N
DC0503 NS-3
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58th St N
Ruby Ave W
Woodburn Ave N
28th St N
56th St N
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18th St N
17th St N
16th St N
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N
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nd
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36th St N
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46th St N 45th Pl N
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15th St N
14th St N
21st St N
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26th St N
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48th St N
Olive St W
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20th St N
M
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kin
47th St N
rk R
19th St N
49th St N
50th St N
10th S
o n hur
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24th St N
Bartlett Ave N
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El
31st St N
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NS-12
St
Wi
m
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8th St N
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Fiebrantz Ave W
!
(
al Rd
13th St N
W
34th St N
lso
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24th Pl N
St
DC0502
54th St N
53rd St N
k wy
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N
Port Washington Ave N
"!
Capitol Dr W
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22nd St N
2nd St N
N
30th St N
Holton St N
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18th St N
Cramer St N
Melv
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STH 57
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27th St N
8th St N
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10th St N
7th St N
Sp
9th St N
W W
ie er
lvd N
19th Pl N
Pl
57th
Vienna Ave E Beverly Rd E

23rd St N
25th St N
12th St N
Pl Pl
t
Fratney St N
3rd St N
oy
W W
4th St N
Booth St N
54th Blvd N
58th B
6th St N
H
Ho
St N
2nd St N
Vienna Ave W
Singer Cir E Menlo Blvd E
pk
0 1,750 3,500 7,000

1st St N
5th St N
Nash St W
ins
Nash St W Feet
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Finn Pl W Finn Pl W Finn Pl W

W

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PORT WASHINGTON ROAD RELIEF SEWER

PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING REPORT

MMSD Project: CO5013E01

PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING REPORT

Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District

MMSD Contract No. CO5013E01

Brown and Caldwell

PRELIMINARY GEOTECHNICAL DATA

Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District

MMSD Contract No. CO5013E01

Brown and Caldwell

PROJECT OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................1

HISTORICAL SUBSURFACE INFORMATION ...........................................................1

EXPLORATION AND TESTING PROCEDURES ........................................................2

PRELIMINARY SITE GEOLOGY EVALUATIONS ....................................................5

Appendix A Summary of Review of Geotechnical Reports and As-Builts from MMSD

Appendix B Boring Logs with General Notes

Appendix D Water Pressure Tests Results

Appendix E Laboratory Tests on Soil Samples

Appendix F Laboratory Tests on Rock Samples

1 Summary of Boring and Elevations

2 Summary of Piezometric and Standing Water Elevations

3 Thicknesses of Soil and Rock Formations at Boring Locations

4 Ranges of Core Recovery and Rock Quality Designation

1 Milwaukee River Alignment: Boring Locations

2 27th Street Alignment: Boring Locations

3 Milwaukee River Alignment: Geologic Profile

4 27th Street Alignment: Geologic Profile

Purpose and Scope of the Preliminary Geotechnical Data Report

HISTORICAL SUBSURFACE INFORMATION

Summary of Historical Subsurface Information Reviewed

Published Literature and Theses

As-Built Records of MMSD Tunnel Construction

EXPLORATION AND TESTING PROCEDURES

Boring Location and Survey

Milwaukee River Alignment:Rochelle Ave W

Green Bay Ave N

Port Wash ington Rd N

Silver Spring Dr W Silver Spring Dr W Silver Spring Dr E

Bay Ridge Ave N

Rohr Ave W Rohr Ave W

River Park Blvd N

Proposed Dropshaft Roc helle Ave W

Proposed Ventilation Shaft

MIS Green Tree Rd W

Port W ashin gton Rd N

Port W ashin gton Rd

Camde n Rd W Monrovia Ave W Monrovia Ave

Berke ley Blvd N

Proposed Relief Tunnel

Reichert Pl W Kendall Ave W

Bay Ridge Ave N

Custer A ve W Custer A ve W L e xin

Rohr Ave W Rohr Ave W

Henry Clay Ave W Henry Clay St E

Congress St W Estabrook B lvd

WA-1 46.88 46.72

WA-2B 95.66 95.37

CA-1 48.55 ----

CA-2 47.38 ----

CA-3 58.48 ----

Notes: ---- No piezometer installed

Drilling and Sampling Procedures

Field and Laboratory Testing Programs