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Cefoga
Correlation
5 to 20 s
20 ms
Cefoga
Advantages
No more explosives (safety, stocks)
Ability to work in urban areas
Signal adaptation to field conditions
Control of the emitted signal
Low cost per km
Drawbacks
Access problems
Low energy waves
Cefoga
Ground Force
Force applied to the ground
Peak force
Maximum value of ground force = 90% of Peak force
Drive
Percentage of max ground force used
High Drive: Nominal force is about 80% Peak Force
Low Drive: Nominal force is about 50% Peak Force
Cefoga
Cefoga
Baseplate: Mp
FG = Mm m + Mp p
Reaction mass Air bags Plate
Cefoga
Cefoga
MAcc
V LVDT
BPAcc
MLVDT
Cefoga
4
VE432
6
x 10 WIth
4
2
lbs
0
-2
-4
-6
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Without
4
x 10 PELTON
6
2
lbs
0
-2
-4
-6
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Cefoga
Cefoga
Linear 4 a = 15
5 a = 20
Cefoga
Cefoga
High
frequencies
Cefoga
Dynamite
CBT - Correlation t
Cefoga
Correlated
Correlation
5 to 20 s
20 ms
Cefoga
Cefoga
Cefoga
= + + + So on
Fundamental H2 H3
Cefoga
Fundamental
100
150
H2
200
H4 H3
250
Amplitude
time
Cefoga
Cefoga
U N IV E R SA L V IB R A T O R
U N IV E R SA L V IB R A T O R
3
3
10 m
12-15 m
Cefoga
Cefoga
Cefoga
DPG
DSD
UNIVE R SAL VIB R AT OR
T0
2 18 7 0 7
Sweep parameters
Cefoga
8
9
7
Cefoga
Cefoga
Ns .C.SL
dt
SSE s ( f ) = F.D.Nv Expressed in kN m/s (3D)
b.SR
df
F Peak Force
D Drive
Nv Number of vibrators
Ns Number of sweeps
C Stacking fold
b Bin size
df/dt Derivative of the frequency law