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  • 04 Vibro

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    زوبير شطي
    95 visualizzazioni28 pagine
    Vibroseis acquisition uses vibrators instead of explosives to generate seismic energy. Vibrators generate a sweep signal that is correlated with the received seismic signal to concentrate the energy. Key advantages of vibrators include safety, ability to work in urban areas, and control over the emitted signal. Vibrators use servo-control and a reference signal to maintain the desired sweep characteristics and minimize harmonic distortion caused by mechanical complexity and ground coupling. The sweep is defined by parameters like length, frequency range, and amplitude and phase variations. Correlation with the sweep signal is needed to concentrate the vibrator energy in the seismic record.

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    Vibroseis acquisition uses vibrators instead of explosives to generate seismic energy. Vibrators generate a sweep signal that is correlated with the received seismic signal to concentrate the energy. Key advantages of vibrators include safety, ability to work in urban areas, and control over the emitted signal. Vibrators use servo-control and a reference signal to maintain the desired sweep characteristics and minimize harmonic distortion caused by mechanical complexity and ground coupling. The sweep is defined by parameters like length, frequency range, and amplitude and phase variations. Correlation with the sweep signal is needed to concentrate the vibrator energy in the seismic record.

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    95 visualizzazioni28 pagine

    04 Vibro

    Caricato da

    زوبير شطي
    Vibroseis acquisition uses vibrators instead of explosives to generate seismic energy. Vibrators generate a sweep signal that is correlated with the received seismic signal to concentrate the energy. Key advantages of vibrators include safety, ability to work in urban areas, and control over the emitted signal. Vibrators use servo-control and a reference signal to maintain the desired sweep characteristics and minimize harmonic distortion caused by mechanical complexity and ground coupling. The sweep is defined by parameters like length, frequency range, and amplitude and phase variations. Correlation with the sweep signal is needed to concentrate the vibrator energy in the seismic record.

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    di 28

    Vibroseis acquisition

    Cefoga

    Page 1 - Vibroseis 1 Geoscience Training Center


    Vibroseis principle

    Replace explosive when possible


    A vibrating system generates a distributed energy
    The vibration generated is called a sweep (A,F, )
    Energy concentred by mathematical process = correlation

    Correlation

    5 to 20 s

    20 ms
    Cefoga

    Page 2 - Vibroseis 2 Geoscience Training Center


    Vibrator: Advantages and Drawbacks

    Advantages
    No more explosives (safety, stocks)
    Ability to work in urban areas
    Signal adaptation to field conditions
    Control of the emitted signal
    Low cost per km
    Drawbacks
    Access problems
    Low energy waves

    Cefoga

    Page 3 - Vibroseis 3 Geoscience Training Center


    Characteristics

    Ground Force
    Force applied to the ground
    Peak force
    Maximum value of ground force = 90% of Peak force

    Drive
    Percentage of max ground force used
    High Drive: Nominal force is about 80% Peak Force
    Low Drive: Nominal force is about 50% Peak Force

    Cefoga

    Page 4 - Vibroseis 4 Geoscience Training Center


    Mechanical description
    Main Lift Mass centring Air bag Hydraulic actuators

    Reaction Mass Base Plate Air Bags

    Cefoga

    Page 5 - Vibroseis 5 Geoscience Training Center


    Base Plate and Reaction mass
    Baseplate Pilot and Main Lift
    acceleration p Master Gate Valve Guide Rod
    Reaction mass: Mm
    Mass
    acceleration m

    Baseplate: Mp







    FG = Mm m + Mp p
    Reaction mass Air bags Plate

    Cefoga

    Page 6 - Vibroseis 6 Geoscience Training Center


    Hydraulic Diagram

    Valve control Valve control


    for extreme Up position for extreme Down position

    Cefoga

    Page 7 - Vibroseis 7 Geoscience Training Center


    Servo-control

    Reference VIBRATOR CONTROL


    Torque Motor
    Generator
    Reference signal

    MAcc

    V LVDT

    BPAcc
    MLVDT

    Cefoga

    Page 8 - Vibroseis 8 Geoscience Training Center


    Importance of servo-control

    4
    VE432
    6
    x 10 WIth
    4

    2
    lbs
    0

    -2

    -4

    -6
    0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

    Without
    4
    x 10 PELTON
    6

    2
    lbs
    0

    -2

    -4

    -6
    0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

    Cefoga

    Page 9 - Vibroseis 9 Geoscience Training Center


    Sweep Definition

    Taper start Taper end

    The SWEEP is defined by:


    Its length
    Its frequency range (fmax-fmin)
    Its frequency variation function (Up, Down, linear,
    exponential, log etc...)
    Its Amplitude variation function and its TAPER
    Its initial phase

    Cefoga

    Page 10 - Vibroseis 10 Geoscience Training Center


    Logarythmic Sweep

    Sweep 10-150 Hz (30s)


    Slope (dB)
    1 a=1
    2 a=5
    3 a = 10

    Linear 4 a = 15
    5 a = 20

    Cefoga

    Page 11 - Vibroseis 11 Geoscience Training Center


    Frequency Scan - Linear

    10-30 30-50 50-70 70-90 90-110 10-110

    Cefoga

    Page 12 - Vibroseis 12 Geoscience Training Center


    Frequency Scan - Logarithmic

    10-30 30-50 50-70 70-90 90-110 10-110

    High
    frequencies
    Cefoga

    Page 13 - Vibroseis 13 Geoscience Training Center


    Correlation necessity
    Receiver Emission
    t
    1st Reflection
    t
    2nd Reflection
    Receiver
    t
    Reception
    t

    Dynamite
    CBT - Correlation t
    Cefoga

    Page 14 - Vibroseis 14 Geoscience Training Center


    Need for Correlation
    Not correlated

    Correlated

    Correlation

    5 to 20 s
    20 ms

    Cefoga

    Page 15 - Vibroseis 15 Geoscience Training Center


    Distorsion

    Mechanical complexity of the vibrator


    Coupling of the baseplate with the ground

    => Non linear events = Distorsion

    Harmonic distorsion is the most easily


    measurable component of distorsion

    Cefoga

    Page 16 - Vibroseis 16 Geoscience Training Center


    Harmonic Distorsion

    Sweep Pilote Real sweep.


    What is sent to
    Sweep generated
    by the DSD using the ground
    the predefined
    sweep parameters

    Cefoga

    Page 17 - Vibroseis 17 Geoscience Training Center


    Harmonic Distorsion
    What is Harmonic distorsion ?

    = + + + So on

    Fundamental H2 H3
    Cefoga

    Page 18 - Vibroseis 18 Geoscience Training Center


    Harmonic Distorsion - Amplitudes
    Time (s)
    0 4 8 12 16
    0
    H1/2
    50
    Frequency (Hz)

    Fundamental
    100

    150
    H2
    200
    H4 H3
    250

    -60 -48 -36 -24 -12 0


    Amplitudes (dB)
    Cefoga

    Page 19 - Vibroseis 19 Geoscience Training Center


    Correlation, Ghosts
    GHOSTS

    Amplitude

    time

    Correlation of a distorted sweep


    against a reference sweep

    Cefoga

    Page 20 - Vibroseis 20 Geoscience Training Center


    Operating techniques, Acquisition procedure

    RP101 SP101.5 RP102 SP102.5 RP103

    Several vibrators generate simultaneously the same signal.

    Cefoga

    Page 21 - Vibroseis 21 Geoscience Training Center


    Vibroseismic operations

    Vibrator spacing > 2-5 m

    U N IV E R SA L V IB R A T O R

    U N IV E R SA L V IB R A T O R

    3
    3

    10 m
    12-15 m

    Cefoga

    Page 22 - Vibroseis 22 Geoscience Training Center


    Vibrated point pattern example

    A Vibrated Point can include one or several sweeps on a single,


    or on successive, locations.

    Cefoga

    Page 23 - Vibroseis 23 Geoscience Training Center


    Vibrators in operation

    Cefoga

    Page 24 - Vibroseis 24 Geoscience Training Center


    Operating techniques, protocol

    DPG
    DSD
    UNIVE R SAL VIB R AT OR

    T0
    2 18 7 0 7

    Sweep parameters

    Time Break QC, Position

    Cefoga

    Page 25 - Vibroseis 25 Geoscience Training Center


    Operating techniques, Positionning

    8
    9
    7

    Cefoga

    Page 26 - Vibroseis 26 Geoscience Training Center


    Source Quality Control

    Cefoga

    Page 27 - Vibroseis 27 Geoscience Training Center


    Signal Strength Estimate (Source Only)

    Ns .C.SL
    dt
    SSE s ( f ) = F.D.Nv Expressed in kN m/s (3D)
    b.SR
    df
    F Peak Force
    D Drive
    Nv Number of vibrators
    Ns Number of sweeps
    C Stacking fold
    b Bin size
    df/dt Derivative of the frequency law

    Linear sweep df/dt = SR/SL


    SR Sweep range
    SL Sweep length
    Cefoga

    Page 28 - Vibroseis 28 Geoscience Training Center

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