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ABSTRACT
KEYWORDS: Professional personnel in the pharmaceutical industry may
For agents containing necessary and the cationic surface active compound 0.01%.
For agents like chlorobutanol, cresol, and phenol 0.5%
For sulphur dioxide as an anti oxidant 0.2%.
In addition to the stabling affects of additives the air with in an Injectable product is frequently
replaced with an inert gas such as nitrogen, to enhance the stability of the product by preventing
chemical reaction between the oxygen in the air and the drug.
Chelating agents:
It may be added, to bind in non ionisible form, trace amounts of heavy metals, which if free, would
catalyzes degrdative changes. The agent most commonly used is disodium or calcium disodium
salt of EDTA in a concentration of 0.05%. An example of this chelating agent is the stabilization of
thimersol in poliomyelitis vaccine. Thimersol is a present as a bacteriostatic agent but its unstable
in presence of cupric ions, the breakdown product of which destroy the antigenicity of the vaccine.
The chelating agent stabilizes the thimersol and thereby stabiles the vaccine. The heavy metals
extracted from rubber closures also may be bound by the presence of a chelating agent, reducing
the possibility of reactions with the ingredients in the formulation.
Sometimes complexion occurs between an added ingredient and a macromolecule in the
formulation. The methyl and propyl esters of p- hydroxybenzoic acid have been found to complex
with polysorbate so with a corresponding decrease in the antibacterial activity. Their effectiveness
can be regained by the non ionic surfactant. The additives are the injections packed in the
ampoules, vials, or sterile solutions and the latter is reconstituted with suitable diluents before
addition of to the IV fluid. All transferring and admixture preparations should be done aseptically.
Certain injections are light sensitive and are protected against photolysis by the container
packaging and in case of drug substances having poor stability in aqueous solutions, the drug is
packaged as a sterile solid either dry filled or lyophilized.
In order to increase the efficacy of i.v admixture programmes, a number of hospital pharmacist
have found it convenient to freeze the reconstituted drugs, particularly antibiotics. In cases where
published information is available, close adherence must be observed as to freezing temperature,
storage conditions and packaging.
When one or more additives are combined with an IV fluid, their presence together may modify
the inherent characteristics of the drug substance present: resulting in a parenteral incompatibility.
IV Additive Program:
It consist of polices and procedures for both the preparation and administration of intravenous
fluids to which drugs are to be added under specific conditions, on around the clock basis,
and controlled as to location and person preparing the product.
IV Additive Services:
It refers only to the preparation of the product by individuals who may not necessarily be the
same as those who will administer them and assume the responsibility for monitoring of its
clinical effect. The conclusion is arrived is that an additive service is a part of an IV additive
programmes.
Though the implementation of an IV additive service, the hospital pharmacist might be
expected to achieve the following objectives:
If necessary any auxiliary labeling should also be prepared at this time. When Appling label
to the container, it must be positioned in an upside down order to facilitate the reading when
container is hung from iv solution pole on the patient bed. Preparations of the solution always
take place under laminar flow hood using sterile needles and syringes. Once transfer is made,
the metal disc must be replaced and a new seal crimped on to the container. As a safety
device, a different colored seal should be used in view of the fact that it warns individuals
that drugs have been added.
Before permitting the admixture sent to ward pharmacist must carry out a final inspection of
the product. The inspection should include a review of label, clarity of solution, and
mathematics involved in the preparation.
ASHP guide lines for pharmacist participation in home Parenteral nutrition programmes:
Home Parenteral Nutrition (HPN) programs have been developed to meet the needs of the
patients who require prolonged or lifelong IV feeding. In many hospitals, pharmacist has
assisted in the solution preparation and supply; in patients training in solution preparation,
infusion technique, and catheter care and in monitoring the side effects of HPN. Certain
constitutional, personal and the patient resources needs are necessary to provide services to
patents safety.
The following guide lines will assist pharmacist in deciding whether they should develop an
HPN program.
INSTITUTIONAL QUALIFICATION
The hospitals should have an IV admixture program. Because in an around the clock, long
term form of the therapy, the institution must able to provide for a 24 hour service. The
institution must be able to respond to HPN related concerns, such as catheter and pump
repair, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, sepsis and support of the patients underlying disease.
Reimbursement arrangements for supplies and services should be established. The institution
must have criteria by which patients can be selected for HPN. Criteria should embrace
patients learning ability, physical capability, family support, medical condition and
prognosis.
DISCUSSION:
Knowledge of alternative sources of HPN drugs and supplies is important. Procedures for
dealing with emergency shortage must be established. Pharmacist must take their own
decisions as to whether they elect to participate in HPN programs. They need to determine
the financial, social and professional impact of an HPN program upon their institution. They
need to consider the availability of these services from other hospitals or through private
providers of home health care. These guidelines are intended to help pharmacist make these
decisions.
REFERENCES:
1. Merchant S.H. and Quandrys J. S. (2003-04), Manufacture of pharmaceutical
preparations; the text book of hospital pharmacy, 6 edition, page no: 182-200.
2. William. E, Hassen. J.R.; Manufacturing of bulk and sterile; In Hospital pharmacy; 5
edition; 1986; page no: 455-463.
3. Remington: The science and practice of pharmacy. Page no: 837- 847.
4. Guidance for nurses and midwives in practice development units who are involved in
the education of staff in the preparation and administration of injections in near-
patient areas. August 2007 Review Date August 2008.