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Assignment
ASSIGNMENT TITLE :
DATE : 25/03/2014
INTERNAL VERIFIER :
PLAGIARISM:
While research and discussion are an essential part of an assignment, the deliberate copying
of someone elses work or unacknowledged copying from printed or electronic sources is
NOT permitted. You may be subject to disciplinary procedure if you do this. You should sign
this sheet to show that you comply with these regulations.
Assessor Comments:
Date:_____/_____/
Assessor: Signature:
___________
Date:_____/_____/
Internal Verifier: Signature:
___________
Total 100
Allocated Given
TASK 02 Marks Marks
2.1 List down & briefly explain the objectives, purposes of meetings. 25
2.2 State the different types of meetings & list some examples under each type. 20
2.3 Explain how an agenda helps to properly conduct a meeting. 25
2.4 Explain what are Minutes & the importance of recording the minutes. 20
2.5 List down at least ten characteristics/skills of a good speaker. 10
Total 100
Allocate Given
TASK 03 d Marks Marks
3.1 Explain what is meant by Advertising 25
3.2 List down & briefly explain what are the effective advertising methods available 25
By taking an example explain about the competition in advertising (feel free to use
3.3 30
local to international examples)
3.4 Explain how presenting supports to introduce a certain product to a market. 20
Total 100
Allocate Given
TASK 05 d Marks Marks
Following areas has to be properly managed & given priority when it comes to
reaching to success & completing your work. Briefly explain the following topics &
state how you manage the following areas to effectively complete your work.
Allocate Given
TASK 06 d Marks Marks
Assume you are working in a locally governed advertising company that operates all
its businesses even in an international level. And the owner of the relevant company
has decided to handover the management to a Korean management consultancy
company. There will be no new recruitments except top management authorities.
Same no of employees will be working under the operational level under their
current designations. So before handing over the management to Korean
management authorities, as the director of the business you should analyze and get
solutions for future issues. The solutions that you supposed to be taken cannot be
badly impacts to the new intended management.
6.1 List down & briefly discuss what types of issues that may arise 20
6.2 List down & briefly explain what are the benefits that may arise due to above change 35
6.3 What are the systematic approaches you may apply to handle the problems? 45
Total
100
Allocated Given
TASK 08
Marks Marks
8.1 Define what is meant by stress. 10
8.2 What are the most common causes for stress? 15
What are the common signs/symptoms of stress?
END OF ASSIGNMENT
Task 01
T 1.1 .. 09
T 1.2 .. 10
T 1.3 .. 14
T 1.4 .. 17
T 1.5 .. 18
T 1.6 .. 19
T 1.7 .. 20
T 1.8 .. 23
Task 02
T 2.1 .. 24
T 2.2 .. 25
T 2.3 .. 26
T 2.4 .. 28
T 2.5 .. 29
Task 03
T 3.1 .. 31
T 3.2 .. 31
T 3.3 . 36
T 3.4 . 38
Task 04
T 4.1 .. 40
T 4.2 .. 40
T 4.3 . 42
Task 05
T 5.1 .. 43
T 5.2 .. 44
T 5.3 .. 47
Task 06
T 6.1 .. 50
T 6.2 .. 53
T 1.1
Explain the differences between data & information
Data
Data, which is the plural of the word datum, are basically just facts. These facts have not
been processed or dealt with and are in their rawest form. Because of this raw and possibly
unorganized form, data may sometimes appear random, overly simple, or abstract.
As data is raw facts and figures are data in brief and do not give a meaningful value directly
and cant be used to make decisions.
Data can be further broken down into either qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative data can
be observed but not measured, and deals with aspects that may be observed by the senses,
i.e. colour, texture, smell, taste, appearance, etc. Quantitative data is data that deals with
numbers and can be measured. Criteria such as length, height, area, volume, weight, time,
temperature, speed, cost, age, etc. are all considered quantitative in nature.
In the world of computing, the concept of data is formal. It can be represented in many
different ways, including tables, data trees, and graphs, among others. Data is the
information that is input into the computer as quantities, characters, and symbols, then
operations are performed on these data and stored as electrical signals then recorded on
magnetic, optical, or mechanical recording media. A computer programs component parts
are just sets of data that are made up of coded software instructions that control the
operations of a computer. This analytics course will help you work with data better as well
as perform analytics better.
Information
Information means processed data. They are meaningful. Therefore we can make decisions
by using data. Information is knowledge that has used and processed certain data and has
performed useful. Without data there is no information.
Information, like data, is a term that has applications when dealing with computers. If data
are the tidbits that are put into the computer, its information that comes out as a result. If a
companys marketing department inputs data culled from their customers, their program is
able to give them relevant information based on the data it was given.
Data Information
Figure 1.1.2
Data Information
1. Data means the facts which are to be 1. Information means processed data.
processed.
Example;
Data: Information:
1. Nadee Tharanga Student name: Nadee Tharanga
2. Biology -75 Total marks :229
3. Physics 78 Average :76.33
4. Chemistry-76
T 1.2
Explain the term called communication with the list of communication
barriers.
What is communication?
Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another.
The different categories of communication are:
Spoken or Verbal Communication: face-to-face, telephone, radio or television and
other media.
Non-Verbal Communication: body language, gestures, how we dress or act - even
our scent.
Written Communication: letters, e-mails, books, magazines, the Internet or via other
media.
Visualizations: graphs, charts, maps, logos and other visualizations can communicate
messages.
Communication requires a sender, a message, and a recipient, although the receiver does
not have to be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of
communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space.
Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative
commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver understands the
sender's message.
1. Language Barriers
Clearly, language and linguistic ability may act as a barrier to communication. However,
even when communicating in the same language, the terminology used in a message may
act as a barrier if it is not fully understood by the receiver.
2. Physical Barriers
Figure 1.2.1
3. Psychological Barriers
The psychological state of the receiver will influence how the message is received. For
example, if someone has personal worries and is stressed, they may be preoccupied by
personal concerns and not as receptive to the message as if they were not stressed. Stress
management is an important personal skill that affects our interpersonal relationships.
Anger is another example of a psychological barrier to communication, when we are angry it
is easy to say things that we may later regret and also to misinterpret what others are
saying.
4. Physiological Barriers
Physiological barriers may result from the receivers physical state: for example, a receiver
with reduced hearing may not grasp to entirety of a spoken conversation especially if there
is significant background noise.
5. Systematic Barriers
Systematic barriers to communication may exist in structures and organisations where there
are inefficient or inappropriate information systems and communication channels, or where
there is a lack of understanding of the roles and responsibilities for communication. In such
organisations, individuals may be unclear of their role in the communication process and
therefore not know what is expected of them.
6. Attitudinal Barriers
Attitudinal barriers are behaviours or perceptions that prevent people from communicating
effectively. Attitudinal barriers to communication may result from personality conflicts,
poor management, and resistance to change or a lack of motivation. Effective receivers of
messages should attempt to overcome their own attitudinal barriers to facilitate effective
communication. Cultural difference is also an attitudinal barrier. The norms of social
interaction vary greatly in different cultures, as do the way in which emotions are
T 1.3
Explain the Characteristics of effective meeting
With proper planning and preparation, any meeting can be effective and enjoyable.
Meetings have several functions. They give members a chance to discuss and evaluate goals
and objectives, keep updated on current events, provide a chance to communicate and keep
the group cohesive. But most of all, meetings allow groups to pull resources together for
decision making. If the facilitator starts with a careful plan and finishes with a thorough
follow-up, the meeting will "run smooth."
The following are some tips to help you make your next meeting successful, productive and
even fun.
Greet members and make them feel welcome, even late members when
appropriate.
If possible, serve light refreshments; they are good icebreakers and make your
members feel special and comfortable.
Start on time. End on time.
Review the agenda and set priorities for the meeting.
Stick to the agenda.
Encourage group discussion to get all points of view and ideas. You will have better
quality decisions as well as highly motivated members; they will feel that attending
meetings is worth their while.
Encourage feedback. Ideas, activities and commitment to the organization improve
when members see their impact on the decision making process.
Keep conversation focused on the topic. Feel free to ask for only constructive and
non- repetitive comments. Tactfully end discussions when they are getting nowhere
or becoming destructive or unproductive.
Keep minutes of the meeting for future reference in case a question or problem
arises.
As a leader, be a role model by listening, showing interest, appreciation and
confidence in members. Admit mistakes.
Summarize agreements reached and end the meeting on a unifying or positive note.
For example, have members volunteer thoughts of things they feel have been good
or successful or reiterate the organization's mission.
Set a date, time and place for the next meeting.
Figure 1.4.1
The goal of communication is to convey information and the understanding of that
information from one person or group to another person or group. This communication
process is divided into three basic components: A sender transmits a message through a
channel to the receiver. The sender first develops an idea, which is composed into a
message and then transmitted to the other party, who interprets the message and receives
meaning. Information theorists have added somewhat more complicated language.
Developing a message is known as encoding. Interpreting the message is referred to as
decoding.
The other important feature is the feedback cycle. When two people interact,
communication is rarely oneway only. When a person receives a message, she responds to
it by giving a reply. Otherwise, the sender can't know whether the other parties properly
interpreted the message or how they reacted to it. Feedback is especially significant in
management because a supervisor has to know how subordinates respond to directives and
plans. The manager also needs to know how work is progressing and how employees feel
about the general work situation.
Figure 1.5.1
Figure 1.5.2
T 1.6
Explain the term called a pleasing telephone personality
Figure 1.6.1
T 1.7
List down the characteristics/skills of a good Listener and Objectives of
Listening.
Good listeners are not hasty in making judgments. They are willing to think about
something for a while. They dont have to categorize everyone and everything
immediately.
Good listeners pay careful attention to words. They dont assume that an idea they
are hearing is identical to an idea they are already familiar with simply because it has
similarities. They respect the complexity of reality and are willing to make fine
distinctions and treat each person, each statement, and each idea on its own terms.
Good listeners ask questions. Not to embarrass or attack, but to clarify and distill.
Good listeners are not lazy. They exert energy in listening. For example, other
people can usually tell that they are listening from their body posture and nonverbal
communication. A good listener will nod, smile and give the speaker auditory
feedback such as "Mm hum", "Yeah" "I see" or "No, really?" in a sincere and
interested way to encourage to continue and to indicate that they are listening.
Good listeners dont feel threatened by not controlling the conversation. They are
comfortable with silence. They give the speaker unthreatened, unhurried space in
which to operate while communicating.
Good listeners understand that everyone has different communication styles, and
adjust their listening to correspond to the speakers communication style.
Good listeners interrupt intentionally and gently, rather than habitually and rashly.
Good listeners recall their own subjectivity and finitude as a listener. They consider
the angle and point of view from which they are listening.
Good listeners do not unreasonably question the motives of the speaker. They
make a good faith assumption that, all other factors being equal; the speaker is
trying to communicate clearly and truthfully.
Good listeners dont equate listening with agreeing. Good listeners understand that
careful listening equips you to disagree well, because by listening you understand
more clearly what it is that you disagree with.
Good listeners are not simply waiting to talk again when someone else is speaking.
They actually value the contributions of other people.
Good listeners are willing to speak. They dont equate listening with silence. They
understand that the speaker may need them to communicate in order to further the
conversation.
Objectives of Listening
Listen effectively in a variety of situations for a variety of purposes
Practise the behaviours of effective, active listeners
Assess strengths in listening and set goals for future growth
Figure 1.7.1
Purpose:
First we should understand the exact purpose of communicating to decide whether
the selecting medium would be effective and efficient.
Media:
The selecting media should be available for the both parties to communicate and it
must suit the purpose. Example: If it is an urgent purpose it is not really wise to
choose mailing.
Technology should be available:
We have to consider about the infra-structure facilities and the technology to
communicate.
Effective time:
We should decide the time which is more effective to succeed our purpose of
talking. For that we should understand the other partys work, mentality etc.
Time spending:
We should consider on the spending time because it would affect the work of both
parties and communicator would not be pleased if the conversation interrupt their
work.
Quality:
We always try to choose the medium with highest quality to communicate and it
would be more effective.
Cost:
We should try to maintain a less cost.
Analysis:
Highly complex situations may require multiple subject matter experts. Frequently
experts have their own vocabulary, and a meeting is appropriate equate
understanding and agreement.
Assignments:
Structured meetings or workshops provide an excellent means of building
agreement around roles and responsibilities. We can leave the meeting with a
consensually built GANTT chart, estimation of resource requirements, and
approximation of budget needs.
Decision-Making:
Since resources typically fall short of the demands, giving priority is critical for high
group performance. No team has the time or resource to do everything. Consensual
understanding around prioritization provides one of the best justifications for
hosting a meeting or workshop.
Idea Generation:
The reason that groups are smarter than the smartest person in the group is because
groups create more options than simply aggregating the input of participants. Many
of the best ideas did not walk into the meeting; rather they were created during the
meeting, based on stimulation from others.
Information Exchange:
By far and away the most common reason for meetings is also one of the worst
possible reasons for justifying a meeting. With instant access and electronic filing
cabinets, coming together face-to-face is a very expensive way to exchange
information. A better justification would be to address questions about clarity,
agreement, and omissions of related information or the impact the information
ought to have on the behaviour of participants.
Inspiration and Fun:
T 2.2
State the different types of meetings & list some examples under each type.
Informing meetings
Consulting meetings
These meetings are used to discuss about specific policy or innovation and can be used
to get participants views of an idea.
These meetings are dependent upon the chairperson tell the problems as clearly to
members. Members should be gathering as a group. That group has an experienced
members and consultants.
These meetings are dependent on all members. All members want to participate
discussions and give opinions to the table. At the last the chairperson should take a
decision.
T 2.3
Explain how an agenda helps to properly conduct a meeting.
Development of a meeting agenda is the first step in preparing for a meeting and planning
the issues to be discussed. By sending the agenda out in advance of the meeting, attendees
can provide updates on agenda items or suggest other issues for inclusion. The meeting
Control
Everyone involved in a meeting has a greater sense of control with a meeting agenda. The
agenda is often sent out in advance of the meeting so attendees know what to expect and
have time to prepare. An agenda gives the person conducting the meeting control over the
flow of discussions, the issues covered and the attendees responsible for reporting specific
information at the meeting. An agenda also can help keep the meeting within a
predetermined time frame controlling when issues are discussed. People are less likely to
slow the meeting with interruptions if they know that their issue is on the agenda. Each
attendee can relax knowing that the meeting is under control and that issues that are
important to each are listed on the agenda.
Productivity
An agenda increases productivity at meetings. Attendees understand that all items on the
agenda must be discussed and are likely to move at a pace that ensures they will cover
everything. Agendas make it clear what the action items are and who are the responsible
people. This allows attendees to leave meetings knowing what must be accomplished
before the next meeting. The agenda also allows attendees to review action items at the
next meeting and receive progress reports of progress. The agenda helps attendees zero in
on the areas where decisions are needed and clears the way for progress. Attendees can
leave the meeting feeling a sense of accomplishment with the agenda to verify their
productivity.
As meeting attendees work their way through the agenda, the person taking minutes notes
on the agenda the results of each discussion, which action items were completed or newly
developed, reports given, issues to be resolved and other documentation of events at the
meeting. The agenda notes help with creating minutes that match the flow of the meeting
and also provide comprehensive documentation of the meeting.
T 2.4
Explain what are Minutes & the importance of recording the minutes.
Definition:
Meeting minutes are the written or recorded documentation that is used to inform
attendees and non-attendees of the happenings during the meeting. The meeting minutes
are generally taken or recorded during a meeting so that participants have a record of what
happened during the meeting.
T 2.5
List down at least ten characteristics/skills of a good speaker.
Figure 2.5.1
Definition of advertising:
Advertising is the paid, impersonal, one-way marketing of persuasive information
from an identified sponsor disseminated through channels of mass communication to
promote the adoption of goods, services or ideas.
Purpose of Advertising:
Advertising is at the front of delivering the proper message to customers and prospective
customers. The purpose of advertising is to convince customers that a company's services or
products are the best, enhance the image of the company, point out and create a need for
products or services, demonstrate new uses for established products, announce new
products and programs, reinforce the salespeople's individual messages, draw customers to
the business, and to hold existing customers.
T 3.2
List down & briefly explain what are the effective advertising methods
available
Figure 3.2.1
Infomercials
An infomercial is a long-format television commercial, typically five minutes or
longer. The word "infomercial" is a combination of the words "information" and
"commercial". The main objective in an infomercial is to create an impulse purchase,
so that the consumer sees the presentation and then immediately buys the product
through the advertised toll-free telephone number or website. Infomercials describe,
display, and often demonstrate products and their features, and commonly have
testimonials from consumers and industry professionals.
Radio advertising
Radio advertising is a form of advertising via the medium of radio. Radio
advertisements are broadcast as radio waves to the air from a transmitter to an
antenna and a thus to a receiving device.
Online advertising
Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide
Web for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract
customers. Online ads are delivered by an ad server. Examples of online advertising
include contextual ads that appear on search engine results pages, banner ads, in
Figure 3.2.2
Press advertising
Press advertising describes advertising in a printed medium such as a newspaper,
magazine, or trade journal. This covers everything from media with a very broad
readership base, such as a major national newspaper or magazine, to more narrowly
targeted media such as local newspapers and trade journals on very specialized
topics. A form of press advertising is classified advertising, which allows private
individuals or companies to purchase a small, narrowly targeted ad for a low fee
advertising a product or service.
Figure 3.2.5
In-store advertising
In-store advertising is any advertisement placed in a retail store. It includes
placement of a product in visible locations in a store, such as at eye level, at the ends
of aisles and near checkout counters (aka POP Point of Purchase display), eye-
catching displays promoting a specific product, and advertisements in such places as
shopping carts and in-store video displays.
Figure 3.2.6
Coke Vs Pepsi
One of the most heated rivalries in advertising is between Coca-Cola and Pepsi. These two
giants in the soft drink industry have been engaged in back and forth competitive ad shots
since the Pepsi Challenge launched in 1975. This long-running campaign features regular
people taking part in taste tests on film and indicating a preference for Pepsi over Coke.
Both brands have invested heavily over time to project images distinct from each other.
Pepsi has often pushed itself as the more hip, trendy brand, while Coke has often
emphasized its history and played on customer nostalgia.
Samsung was one of several targets of Apple in a run of patent infringement lawsuits related
to its iPad release. Following Apple's failed patent lawsuit injunction against the Samsung
galaxy tab in Australia, Samsung created an ad campaign directly targeting Apple. It coyly
marketed its tablet computer with the tagline, "The tablet Apple tried to stop." This not only
Figure 3.3.3
T 3.4
Explain how presenting supports to introduce a certain product to a
market.
When a certain company is ready to launch a new product to the market it is essential to
choose a certain method to present it to the market so that customers would get attracted
to it. When a company is ready to take the product to market, the impact of an effective
global product launch can be great, but so can the cost of one that is poorly executed. High
development costs and competitive pressures often force companies into many markets as
When deciding a method to present the product the advertising method should
contain following features.
Amplified expressiveness.
Impersonality
T 4.1
Produce a Gantt chart to show how the time has been utilized & activities has
been managed under the above research work.
Apr 2014 May 2014
ID Task Name Start Finish Duration
4/6 4/13 4/20 4/27 5/4 5/11 5/18 5/25 6/1
T 4.2
Briefly explain how difficult/ easy it is for you to work according to a certain
dead line.
Easiness
1. Deliverable Guidance
Our project's final deadline can help determine deliverable due dates. Resources on our
project may utilize the projected amount of time or more to complete tasks. We want
to ensure that the resource has the time to efficiently complete deliverables but within
budget and a reasonable time for the project. Pointing to the project's final deadline,
Difficulties
While a deadline can add focus, it can also add pressure. If the deadline is too tight, or if
unforeseen issues arise, it can put added stress on the team. When the team works
under stress, the potential for error increases. The team will likely be rushing to meet
When the team is under the pressure of a tight deadline, the stress level is elevated.
When the stress level is elevated, conflicts can occur. A team that has member fighting
among themselves will be ineffective. The end product will suffer, the individual team
members look bad, and we, as the scheduler, will look equally as bad.
T 4.3
By using a tabular format, prepare a time planner for the above activity.
research areas.
Launching and monitoring 1 month 12/4/2014-12/5/2014
Collecting questionnaires 4 days 12/5/2014-16/5/2014
Analysing 5 days 16/5/2014-21/5/2014
Finalizing 1 day 22/5/2014
Workload management
Workload is the amount of work to be done by someone or something. Because of this one
get in to many troubles and might some time miss his or her work.
In computing, the workload is the amount of processing that the computer has been
given to do at a given time. The workload consists of some amount of application
programming running in the computer and usually some number of users connected to and
interacting with the computer's applications.
Get on the same page. We can talk to our manager about the resources we need to
complete the most pressing tasks.
Try teamwork. Seek input from coworkers on the best course of action when we are
confronted with a difficult or unknown situation.
Focus on solutions. Direct our energy toward situations where we can affect the
outcome, and dont spend time fretting about what we cannot control. We may not
be able to move a tight deadline, for instance, but we can ask our supervisor to take
a project off our plate, at least temporarily, so we can tackle the immediate need.
Time mangement
Time management is the art of arranging, organizing, scheduling, and budgeting ones
time for the purpose of generating more effective work and productivity. There are an
abundance of books, classes, workshops, day-planners, and seminars on time management,
which teach individuals and corporations how to be more organized and more productive.
Figure 5.1.1
Time management is important for everyone. While time management books and
seminars often place their focus on business leaders and corporations, time management is
also crucial for students, teachers, factory workers, professionals, and home makers. Time
management is perhaps most essential for the person who owns his or her own business or
who runs a business out of the home. Managing work and home responsibilities under the
same roof takes a special type of time management.
Stress may be considered as any physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes
bodily or mental unrest and that may be a factor in causing disease. Physical and chemical
factors that can cause stress include trauma, infections, toxins, illnesses, and injuries of any
sort. Emotional causes of stress and tension are numerous and varied. While many people
associate the term stress with psychological stress, scientists and physicians use this term to
denote any force that impairs the stability and balance of bodily functions.
If stress disrupts body balance and function, then is all stress bad? Not necessarily. A
mild degree of stress and tension can sometimes be beneficial. For example, feeling mildly
stressed when carrying out a project or assignment often compels us to do a good job, focus
better, and work energetically.
Figure 5.1.2
Breathe slowly and deeply. Before reacting to the next stressful occurrence, take
three deep breaths and release them slowly. If you have a few minutes, try out a
relaxation technique such as meditation or guided imagery.
Whenever you feel overwhelmed by stress, practice speaking more slowly than
usual. You'll find that you think more clearly and react more reasonably to stressful
situations. Stressed people tend to speak fast and breathlessly; by slowing down
your speech you'll also appear less anxious and more in control of any situation.
Jump-start an effective time management strategy. Choose one simple thing you
have been putting off (e.g., returning a phone call, making a doctor's appointment),
and do it immediately. Just taking care of one nagging responsibility can be
energizing and can improve your attitude.
Get outdoors for a brief break. Our grandparents were right about the healing power
of fresh air. Don't be deterred by foul weather or a full schedule. Even five minutes
on a balcony or terrace can be rejuvenating.
Drink plenty of water and eat small, nutritious snacks. Hunger and dehydration, even
before you're aware of them, can provoke aggressiveness and exacerbate feelings of
anxiety and stress.
Do a quick posture check. Hold your head and shoulders upright and avoid stooping
or slumping. Bad posture can lead to muscle tension, pain, and increased stress. If
you're stuck at a desk most of the day, avoid repetitive strain injuries and sore
muscles by making sure your workstation reflects good ergonomic design principles.
There is information about ergonomics and healthy workstations to assure your
station is more ergonomically safe.
Change management is a holistic process that seeks to transform the current ways of
doing things. The need for change begins because there are issues with the existing
methods. We have to embrace the change and appoint champions to drive the
success of change. Resistance against change is a normal reaction. There must be
constant motivation in order to reinforce the changes. After completion of change
management, reflect and learn from our experience. We will find that subsequent
change management will be successful in the long run.
As a local advertising company, the local management is goes with the Sri Lankan
culture and they have more knowledge about the local society, people more than the
Korean management. And also the Korean management has not got any idea about local
advertising industry. So we can understand that according these facts, after starting the
Korean management many issues may be arise and they will effect to the company
positively or negatively. Among those issues, followings will be major problems to the
company.
2) Cultural effects
Every country has their own culture and those cultures are different one to another.
So we can easily understand that Sri Lankan culture is completely different from the Korean
culture. So our foods & drinks, traditions, favorites, religion and rules and regulations will
not match for the Korean management and it will be a problem for the both parties the
management and also the workers.
Sometimes the management will not satisfy with the accommodations because of
these miss matches. And it will badly effect to the company because, if the management is
always unhappy due to those reasons they will not give hundred present contributions for
the development of the company.
On the other side this cultural miss match badly effect to the employees because they
had not worked in a situation like this before. So sometimes the workers will be against to
the management if the management will not respect to their culture. As the local
management we should educate the workers about these things and take necessary steps
to break these issues.
4) Language issues
The languages of the two countries, Sri Lanka & Korea are completely different one to
another and it will be a great problem to communicate each other in the working
environment. But there is a good sign and it is, we are handling our management in
internationally level and we are using English to communicate each other among the
managers. So the language issues are not valid to the directors & managers.
But the problem is the workers are unable to use English to communicate each other
because they are not so much educated. According to this reason the workers are unable to
discuss their matters with the management and the management will be unable to
communicate with the workers too. This will greatly effect to the system of the company
and development of it.
T 6.3
What are the systematic approaches you may apply to handle the problems?
We can have a systematic approach to handle various problems that arises because we have
a Korean management team. To minimize these kinds of problems we can adopt several
measures as follows.
We can handle various disputes without much more trouble if we have a board
meeting to discuss our matters. With that we can have a more flexible and
advantageous decision.
We can have company policy indicating that each and every important
document must have the signature of a relevant authorized person,
especially for financial documents and documents regarding passing
of an important decision.
3) We can send a copy of the expenses that the company has made during the period.
We can continue this process at the end of certain time period.
Figure 7.1.1
Figure 7.2.1
6 Six Cs of Decision Making:
The decision making team is discussed for information and advice but one person unifies
and makes the decisions. Group calculating the choice is based on some form of calculating
of separate individuals choices. Voting a choice is made based on accomplishing decided
parts of ballots of the team. Several guidelines are available that include greater part, or
maximum number of ballots, and often guidelines can consider developing lowest
contribution for credibility. Agreement a greater part confirms.
The context problem
Problem finding and agenda setting is must be in decision making
Qualifications of the members of decision making panel
The members must be trustworthy
Will they follow up the procedures
They must be well trained, should have a good personality and leadership qualities
T 7.4
What is SWOT analysis? Explain strategic use and creative use of SWOT
analysis
Figure 7.4.1
Define the Problem: The first step towards a decision-making procedure is to define the
problem. Obviously, there would be no need to make a decision without having a problem.
So, the first thing one has to do is to state the underlying problem that has to be solved.
Develop Alternatives: The situation of making a decision arises because there are many
alternatives available for it. Therefore, the next step after defining the main problem would
be to state out the alternatives available for that particular situation. Here, we do not have
to restrict ourselves to think about the very obvious options; rather we can use our creative
skills and come out with alternatives that may look a little irrelevant. This is important
because sometimes solutions can come out from these out-of-the-box ideas.
Evaluate the Alternatives: This can be said to be one of the most important stages of the
decision making procedure. This is the stage where we have to analyse each alternative we
have come up with. We have to find out the advantages and disadvantages of each option.
This can be done as per the research we have done on that particular alternative. At this
stage, we can also filter out the options that we think are impossible or do not serve our
purpose.
Make the Decision: This is the stage where the hard work we have put in analysing would
lead to a proper decision. The evaluation process would help us with clearly looking at the
available options and you have to pick whichever you think is the most applicable.
Implement the Solution: The next obvious step after choosing an option would be
implementing the solution. Just making the decision would not give the result one wants.
Rather, we have to carry out the decision you have made. This is a very crucial step because
Monitor your Solution: Just making a decision and implementing it, is not the end of the
decision-making procedure. It is crucial to monitor our decision regularly once they are
implemented. We may need to measure the implemented result against your expected
standards. Monitoring of solutions since early stage may also help us to alter our decisions,
if you notice deviation of results from your expectations.
Directive Style: A person has this style if they have a low tolerance for ambiguity and are
efficient, rational, and logical in their way of thinking. They focus on the short term and are
quick to make decisions, usually resulting in a decision that has been made with minimal
information and not carefully analysing other alternatives.
Analytic Style: As opposed to the directive style, a person with an analytic decision-making
style has greater tolerance to ambiguity. They are careful decision makers that like to be
well informed and thoroughly assess their options. They usually have the ability to adapt or
cope with unique and challenging situations.
Conceptual Style: Conceptual decision makers are generally very broad in their approach
and consider all available alternatives. They are long-term oriented and are usually capable
of formulating creative solutions to problems.
Behavioural Style: People with a behavioural decision-making style work well with others,
are open to suggestions, and are concerned about the achievements of their team. They
generally try to avoid conflict and place importance on their acceptance by others.
Forecasting future demand requires relevant information gathered at the right time. There
are several techniques used for demand forecasting. These can be divided into qualitative
and quantitative techniques. Qualitative techniques include expert opinion, surveys and
market experiments while quantitative techniques are time series analysis and barometric
method. The expert opinion method, also known as expert consensus method, is being
widely used for demand forecasting. This method utilizes the findings of market research
and the opinions of management executives, consultants, and trade association officials,
trade journal editors and sector analysts. When done by an expert, qualitative techniques
provide reasonably good forecasts for a short term because of the expert's familiarity with
the issues and the problems involved. There are various methods of confirming the opinion
regarding future demand by experts. One of these methods is the Delphi method.
Company decisions are recognized by risk and doubt. Therefore forecasting is usually used
by entrepreneurs to accomplish the company decision making processor. However
predicting alone cannot guarantee entrepreneurs of the long term durability and success of
their company. Businessmen also need to acutely notice the whole company atmosphere to
anticipate risks coming up not only from opponents but also from changes in the financial
circumstances of the nation. Economic predicting helps entrepreneurs to understand these
changes and accordingly come up with company techniques.
T 7.7
Why innovative ideas are important to the companies/organizations
1. Creative Development: Qualities of innovative nature are essential for new businesses
today. We can achieve growth by learning how to be creative. We need to learn this
business skill to help make things of value from our creativeness. When we have this
4. Making the Most of What You Have Already: It is not all about creating a new product or
service which we can sell, but we also need to focus on our existing business procedures to
improve your efficiency, find some new customers, increase our profits and cut down on the
amount of our waste. When we are continually innovating and improving on the practices of
our business we will likely also attract better staff and keep more of our existing staff. This is
detrimental to the health and performance of the business in the long-term.
5. Responding to Competition and Trends: Innovation can help to see what exists now in
opportunities or which ones will likely pop up in the near future. Businesses which are
successful dont only respond to the current needs of their customers, but usually predict
the future trends and come up with an idea, service or product that can meet the future
demand quickly and effectively. In this way the organization can stay ahead of its
competition as trends, technology or markets shift.
6. Having a Unique Selling Point: Generally, consumers will see innovation as something
which adds value to products or a company. When this is used the right way, it can give an
advantage commercially, especially in a market that is saturated or shifting rapidly. It can
get more positive exposure in the media and customers will be more willing to pay the extra
money for something that is well-designed and new, rather than picking the less exciting
and cheaper rival.
T 7.8
Explain the barriers in decision making process
Resistance to change: People are often reluctant to change from the time-honoured
way of doing things. Resistance to change can prevent people from taking chances
and from considering new possibilities.
Habits: Habits limit our vision of what can be accomplished and many stand in the
way of solving a problem. Habits may go undetected by an individual and may be a
tremendous deterrent to correcting a problem. For example, receptionist who is
having difficulty in completing his or her work may be unaware that the habit of
taking personal calls is taking the bulk of work time.
Individual insecurity: Individual insecurity may deter individuals from taking risks or
from pursuing behaviour that may require them to take a stand. Individual insecurity
may come from past experiences or from an overall lack of self-confidence.
Past history: Knowing what has happened before and what worked and did not work
can inhibit an individual's desire to try new methods of problem solving or decision
making. Past history is frequently an excuse for not making changes. The individual,
who may not wish to approach a situation in a new way, may remind others that a
similar idea failed in the past.
Perceptions: As we have stated, perceptions are the ways that we see things based
on our experiences. We may be unable to see something from another perspective
because we are so blinded by our own perception
Stress or strain can be of two kinds physical and psychological though the underlying
meaning in both is the same namely tension.
Physical stress
In simple terms:
Stress is the force applied to a body such as pushing down on, say, a plastic bar.
Strain is what that body exhibits when the external force is applied, for example
deformation, cracks etc.
Psychological Stress
A person could, for example, experience a job loss and respond to its perceived threat not
with healthy problem-solving but with anger. This anger may be conscious or unconscious,
but as long as it persists a state of physiological arousal will be maintained. In addition,
perhaps this unfortunate person will experience a Major Depressive Episode or will develop
an Anxiety Disorder.
In traditional terms it could be said that this person is under intense stress. In fact, because
of Selves influence, psychology and medicine have tended to regard stress as if it were some
thing that could destroy our health and happiness even against our wills.
But it could just as well be said that the person in the example has simply failed to accept
change in a healthy, adaptive manner.
So maybe stress isnt anything at all. Maybe its just a descriptive term that our culture uses
to normalize unconscious anger, a fear of love, a lack of forgiveness, a desperate clinging to
a vain identity, and an absence of a spiritual life. Maybe stress is just a convenient myth to
shift responsibility for life away from ourselves and onto something so vague that everyone
can love to hate it.
T 8.2
What are the most common Causes for stress?
Stress is a fact of life for many people. Our response to everyday problems determines our
level of stress and our overall well-being. Some people have the ability to face monumental
issues with relative ease, while others are overwhelmed by minor nuisances. While the
things that trigger stress vary from person to person, there are some life occurrences that
are common sources of stress for many. It is important to identify stressors in order to make
necessary life changes that will help reduce stress levels.
Family life can be a rewarding and fulfilling experience for most people. However, at times,
demands placed by children, spouses, parents and siblings can be overwhelming. The need
to juggle a peaceful home life, coupled with outside demands, can be burdensome.
Friendships also can cause stress when arguments ensue, too much is asked of our time or
relationships change or ultimately end.
Life Changes
Marriage, pregnancies, divorce and death are some major life events that can be extremely
stressful. While many positive life changes are planned for and welcome, even those can
cause stress due to new responsibilities and expectations. Coping with these events is easier
with advanced knowledge and preparation.
Money
Financial woes have become commonplace to many people. Stress about money may be
caused by insufficient income and getting behind in bills, arguing with your spouse about
spending habits or fears of not having enough to fund retirement.
Workplace demands are placed on all employees, and expectations must be met. Jobs can
become stressful when a person feels unable to meet these demands, is overworked or
even becomes bored with the job. The Mayo Clinic states that impossible bosses or changes
at work also can cause stress symptoms. Fears of being fired often prevent workers from
speaking up or requesting changes that would decrease their stress levels.
Figure 8.2.1
Health Issue
Physical ailments, such as chronic pain, can be a daily burden on the sufferer. According to
the Cleveland Clinic, physical illness causes stress due to the disruption in regular schedules
and routines. Stress also can worsen an existing illness; therefore, managing stress
effectively is critical for overall health.
Physical symptoms that may occur from stress include headaches, chest pain, excessive
fatigue, insomnia, stomach upset and a change in sex drive, according to the Mayo Clinic.
Other symptoms may also include dry mouth, racing heart rate, cold hands and/or feet and
excessive sweating. If you develop chest pains along with shortness of breath and dizziness,
you should seek emergency help to ensure you don't have more serious health problems
going on.
Emotional stress can be a hazardous condition if it is not monitored properly. Many forms of
stress are present in our everyday lives and learning to understand and cope with the
effects are a prerequisite to good health. Taking the time to maintain your emotional health
should not only be a priority, but a very real necessity to living a peaceful and enjoyable life.
Since emotional stress isn't always easily detectable, knowing the signs and symptoms is
helpful.
Sleep Habits
Staying in bed and taking frequents naps throughout the day, as well as not being
able to sleep more than a few hours, are signs of emotional stress. The resulting lack
of sleep can lead to a loss of coordination and possible accidents during the
workday.
Temper Flares
Isolation
Avoiding activities that you used to enjoy can be a symptom of emotional stress.
Body Aches
Having aches and pains in the upper regions of the neck and back of the head are
symptoms of stress. Consider visiting a psychologist or other mental health
professional if the symptoms increase markedly within the space of a few days, as
this can be a sign of clinical depression.
Substance Abuse
Deciding to smoke cigarettes incessantly when you previously did not smoke may be
a sign of emotional stress.
Behavior is another common complaint from caregivers who may find the changes in social
and personal conduct embarrassing or frustrating. These behaviors are often associated
There may also be repetitive or compulsive behaviors that may include hoarding, doing the
same thing over and over (for instance, reading the same book several times or walking to
the same location again and again), pacing, or repeating particular "catch phrases" over and
over in their speech.
The person with may experience false thoughts that are jealous, religious or bizarre in
nature. Or they can develop euphoria excessive or inappropriate elation or exaggerated self-
esteem.
Even though they might complain of memory disturbance, patients with the behavioral
variant of front temporal dementia can usually keep track of day to day events and
understand what is going on around them. Also, for people with their language skills and
memory usually remain intact until late in the disease.
These behaviors have a physical cause and are not something that the person can usually
control or contain. Indeed, often the person has little or no awareness of the problem
behaviors.
Figure 8.3.1
It is impossible for us to avoid stress, it normally happens over situations we can and cannot
control. Stress can happen to everyone but how they allow it to affect them is all different.
There are certain situations that stress will appear from and some things we can do
something about right away and some you cannot. The idea is not to really let the stress
affect our daily life. The reason is that at some point during the day we will have to go to
work, see our family or friends. Sometimes with stress it can make we lash out against
people for no reason. People under stress are moody, agitated and often hard to calm
down. This is not good for the people around we and it is not good for your health.
If we are having personal or even work issues, it is a great idea to talk to someone about
them. By talking about what the problem is, maybe someone else can offer some
suggestions on what to do to reduce or even eliminate that stressor that is making we
upset. By carrying around stress during the day, it can affect not just our mood but it can
affect our judgment.
Stress can affect our work life as well. The same as judgment, if we are stressed out and
especially if the stress is work related, chances are we are feeling overwhelmed. This can
cause us to make mistakes or become rude to other co-workers. Let's take our home life,
with someone who is feeling a lot of stress often allows it to come into their home lives. We
may start shutting down emotionally on our family, maybe snapping at them or plain out
ignoring them. If we have kids, it is not a good idea to allow stress into our home.
We know that it is hard to leave stress at the door, so we have to come up with an idea of
how to at least manage our stress. It is a good idea to make a list of everything that causes
we stress. Take a long look at the list, put checkmarks or make notes on the problems that
can be fixed right away. If we are thinking about stress that may come in the future then
that is just silly. We have to worry about today and not what is going to happen in the
future.
Briefly explain how can you analyze/measure the different stress levels of
individuals?
In order to effectively manage stress, we must become aware of the amount and types of
stressors in our everyday life. One way of developing awareness is to assess the frequency
and amount of stress in our daily routine, and then trace the stress to its source. Below is a
list of five quick, easy ways of measuring stress in our daily life. These methods can be easily
used anytime and anywhere.
When we scan, we are checking different muscles in our body as if we could X-ray
each part and look for tension. Start at the top of our head and work our way down.
Check our forehead, eyes, and jaws. Then move to our neck and shoulders and check
for tension or pain. Check our breathing to see if it is rapid and shallow rather than
slow and deep. Scan our upper legs, calves and our feet and toes.
Place our hand on the side of our neck just above our collar. If our hand is noticeably
cooler than our neck, our hand temperature indicates that our body is probably
stressed.
Many people perspire when they are tense. This is an involuntary stress response
that is caused by the secretion of certain stress hormones. This is yet another simple
indicator that our body is responding to some stressor.
At rest, most people will have a pulse rate in the 50s or 60s. However, if your pulse
rate is higher than 75 bpm, it may indicate that our body is responding to a stressor.
When people are relaxed, they breathe slowly and deeply with relaxed stomach
muscles. When people are tense, they often tighten their stomach muscles and
breathe through their chests. Since the chest is not as expandable as the stomach,
one will exhibit rapid, shallow, chest breathing. One technique for managing stress is
to learn to breathe in a more relaxed Fashion. Relax the stomach and breathe in
slowly, filling the stomach first and then the chest. Relax again as you exhale and
repeat.
Note that each of these methods for dealing with body stress utilizes a physical sign or
symptom to assess stress levels. These signs may not always be perceptible however,
becoming more aware of stress symptoms may reinforce healthy attitudes and practices in
response to common stressors.
After we have used these methods to uncover the most stressful times and places in our
day, then take some time to analyze these situations to see what seems to be causing the
stress. Perhaps it has to do with our workstation. A computer display terminal that is set too
close to our face so that we experience eye strain, or a chair that is too high or too low. A
keyboard that is too high or too low. Or, perhaps our problem is that we and your boss
constantly disagree, or that he or she is putting extra pressure on us to perform tasks within
unreasonable deadlines.
Once we are able to define our most stressful situations and what causes them we will then
be able to map out our strategy for managing these stresses.
Task 08
T8.1
https://www.google.lk/search?q=Define+what+is+meant+by+stress.&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-
8&rls=com.yahoo:en-
US:official&client=firefox&channel=sb&gws_rd=cr&ei=BPhTU_u_NI7e8AWw2YCwDQ
30/04/2014 9.45PM
T 8.2
https://www.google.lk/search?q=What+are+the+most+common+causes+for+stress%3F&ie
=utf-8&oe=utf-8&rls=com.yahoo:en-
US:official&client=firefox&channel=sb&gws_rd=cr&ei=LvhTU8b0OcKj8AXR34DIAQ
30/04/2014 9.58PM
T 8.3
http://www.helpguide.org/mental/stress_signs.htm 01/05/2014 6.30AM
https://www.google.lk/search?q=Behavioral+symptoms+/signs&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-
8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-
a&channel=np&source=hp&gws_rd=cr&ei=EMNgU5WJJ4SPiAfiwoHIDQ#channel=np&q=em
otional+symptoms+%2Fsigns&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official 01/05/2014 6.45AM