7.

5 Tables of Thermodynamic Data 327

The value of the conversion factor Btu/(ft3 psia) was obtained from the table of gas constants
in back of the book. (Verify it!)
3. H was assumed independent of P.

Tables of enthalpies and other state properties of many substances may be found in tables
B5-B9 of this text and Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook2 on pp. 2-206 through 2-316.

TEST 1. What is a state property?

YOURSELF 2. The enthalpy of a vapor A relative to liquid A at 0C and 1 atm is 5000 J/kg at 0C and
(Answers, p. 659) 1 atm, and 7500 J/kg at 30C and 1 atm.
(a) What is H of A(l) at 0C and 1 atm?
(b) What is the approximate value of H for A(v) at 0C and 5 atm?
(c) What is H for the process
A(v, 30 C, 1 atm) A(v, 0 C, 1 atm)
Does the answer depend on the reference state used to generate the table of en-
thalpies? Why not?

7.5b Steam Tables

Recall the phase diagram for water (Figure 6.1-1a, p. 239), which has the following appearance:

Saturated liquid
Subcooled
liquid
Solid
Saturated steam
P

Superheated
steam

Pure water may coexist as liquid and vapor only at temperaturepressure pairs that fall on the
vaporliquid equilibrium (VLE) curve. At points above the VLE curve (but to the right of the
solidliquid equilibrium curve), water is a subcooled liquid. At points on the VLE curve, water
may be saturated liquid or saturated steam (vapor) or a mixture of both. At points below the
VLE curve, water is superheated steam.
For many years, compilations of physical properties of liquid water, saturated steam, and
superheated steam issued in steam tables have been standard references for mechanical and
chemical engineers involved with steam cycles for electrical power generation. Steam tables
are contained in Tables B.5B.7 of this text. We recommend that you look at these tables as we
describe what you can nd in them.
Table B.5 lists properties of saturated liquid water and saturated steam at temperatures
from 0.01C (the triple point temperature) to 102C. The following properties can be deter-
mined for each tabulated temperature (and for intermediate temperatures by interpolation):
Column 2. The pressure, P(bar), corresponding to the given temperature on the VLE
curveby denition, the vapor pressure of water at the given temperature. Instead of look-
ing up a given temperature and nding the pressure, you could look up a given pressure in
the second column and nd the corresponding boiling point temperature in the rst column.

2
R. H. Perry and D. W. Green, Eds., Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1997.
328 Chapter 7 Energy and Energy Balances

Columns 3 and 4. The specic volumes, V (m3 /kg), of liquid water and saturated steam at
the given temperature. The inverses of these quantities are the densities (kg/m3 ) of liquid
water and steam.
Columns 5 and 6. The specic internal energies, U (kJ/kg), of saturated liquid water and
saturated steam at the given temperature relative to a reference state of liquid water at the triple
point. (Remember, we can never know the absolute value of internal energy or enthalpy, but
only how these quantities change when the substance goes from one state to anotherin this
case, from the reference state to the states listed in the table.)
Columns 79. The specic enthalpies, H (kJ/kg), of saturated liquid water (Column 7) and
saturated steam (Column 9), and the difference between these quantities, known as the heat
of vaporization (Column 8). The reference point for the tabulated values of H is again liquid
water at the triple point.

Table B.6 lists the same properties as Table B.5, except that pressure is the rst column and tem-
perature the second and the table covers a much broader range of temperatures and pressures.
Tables B.5 and B.6 are commonly referred to as the saturated steam tables.
Table B.7which is referred to as the superheated steam tablelists V , U , and H of water
(the latter two properties relative to liquid water at the triple point) at any temperature and
pressure, not just at points on the VLE curve. If you are given a temperature and a pressure, you
can locate the properties of water at the intersection of the column corresponding to the given
temperature and the row corresponding to the given pressure. If the intersection falls within
the closed region on the table bounded by the vertical line to the left of the 50C column, the
horizontal line below the 221.2 bar row, and the zigzag hypotenuse, the water is a liquid; outside
this region, it is a superheated vapor.
When you look up a pressure in the rst column of Table B.7, you will nd just below it in
parentheses the boiling point temperature and in Columns 2 and 3 the properties of saturated
liquid water and saturated steam at that pressure. If you are at a point in the superheated steam
region, you can move all the way to the left to determine the saturation temperature at the same
pressure, or the dew point of the superheated steam.
The next example illustrates the use of these tables to obtain physical property data for
water.

EXAMPLE 7.5-2 The Steam Tables

1. Determine the vapor pressure, specic internal energy, and specic enthalpy of saturated steam
at 133.5C.
2. Show that water at 400C and 10 bar is superheated steam and determine its specic volume,
specic internal energy, and specic enthalpy relative to liquid water at the triple point, and its
dew point.
3. Show that U and H for superheated steam depend strongly on temperature and relatively
slightly on pressure.

SOLUTION Verify the results to be given.

1. Table B.5 does not go up to 133.5C, so we turn to Table B.6. For saturated steam at the given
temperature (Column 2),

p 3.0 bar, V 0.606 m3 /kg, U 2543.0 kJ/kg, H 2724.7 kJ/kg

2. From Table B.7, [T 400C, P 10 bar] falls outside the closed region, showing that water is
superheated steam at this temperature and pressure. The table also shows that at this condition,

H 3264 kJ/kg, U 2958 kJ/kg, V 0.307 m3 /kg, T dp 179.9 C

 7.6 Energy Balance Procedures 329

3. Look at the properties of water at 400C and 450C, both at a pressure of 10 bar. You will see
that both U and H change by about 3% when water goes from the rst temperature to the
second one (3264 kJ/kg 3371 kJ/kg for H , 2958 kJ/kg 3041 kJ/kg for U ).
Now consider the properties at 10 bar and 20 bar, both at a temperature of 400C. Even
though the pressure has doubled, the values of U and H change by much less than 1%. Similar
results would be obtained for liquid water. The conclusion is that when you need a value of U
or H for water (or for any other species) at a given T and P , you must look it up at the correct
temperatureinterpolating if necessarybut you dont have to nd it at the exact pressure.

The next example illustrates the use of the steam tables to solve energy balance problems.

EXAMPLE 7.5-3 Energy Balance on a Steam Turbine

.
Steam at 10 bar absolute with 190C of superheat is fed to a turbine at a rate m 2000 kg/h. The
turbine operation is adiabatic, and the efuent is saturated steam at 1 bar. Calculate the work output
of the turbine in kilowatts, neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes.

SOLUTION The energy balance for this steady-state open system is

. . .
W s H m(H out H in )
(Why was the heat term dropped?)

Inlet Steam
Table B.7 indicates that steam at 10 bar is saturated at 180C (verify), so that the inlet steam temper-
ature is 180 C 190 C 370C. Interpolating in the same table,
H in (10 bar, 370 C) 3201 kJ/kg
Outlet Steam
From either Table B.6 or B.7, you can nd that the enthalpy of saturated steam at 1 bar is
H out (1 bar, saturated) 2675 kJ/kg
. . 2000 kg (2675 3201) kJ 1h
Energy Balance W s H
h kg 3600 s

292 kJ/s 292 kW

The turbine thus delivers 292 kW of work to its surroundings.

The superheated steam table, Table B.7, lists values for both liquid water and steam. If you
wish to determine H for liquid water at a temperature T and pressure P that cannot easily be
found in this table, you may calculate it in the following manner: (1) look up U and V for satu-
rated liquid at the specied temperature in Table B.5; (2) assume these values are independent
of pressure, and calculate H ( P, T ) U PV . Furthermore, if the pressure is not excessive
(say, less than 10 bar) or if it is unknown, neglect the PV correction and use the saturated liquid
enthalpy H (T ) given in Table B.5.

7.6 ENERGY BALANCE PROCEDURES

A properly drawn and labeled owchart is essential for the efcient solution of energy bal-
ance problems. When labeling the owchart, be sure to include all of the information you will
need to determine the specic enthalpy of each stream component, including known temper-
atures and pressures. In addition, show states of aggregation of process materials when they