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Resumo
Este trabalho apresenta uma sntese de pesquisa bibliogrfica sobre o entomopatgeno
Bacillus thuringiensis e a aplicao dos seus genes cry que codificam protenas inse-
ticidas na engenharia gentica de plantas cultivadas. Na ltima dcada, a importncia
das cultivares transgnicas, denominadas plantas-Bt, tm crescido comercialmente, fato
que as leva a ocupar o segundo lugar entre as plantas geneticamente modificadas (GM),
devido aos ndices de maior emprego e distribuio. Na ltima safra (2006), o total de
plantas-Bt atingiu 19 milhes de hectares e, no mbito mundial, o milho-Bt apresentou 16
aprovaes comerciais, se comparado ao primeiro plantio comercial de arroz-Bt, efetua-
do em 2005, no Ir. O desenvolvimento de tecnologias limpas, como os cultivares GM,
apresenta diversas vantagens em relao aos inseticidas formulados, os quais dependem
de mtodos adequados de aplicao, conforme a cultura ou o modo de vida do inseto, e
causam impacto a organismos no alvo e ao ambiente. Nesse sentido, o arroz-Bt tem o
potencial de aumentar a produtividade, diminuir a aplicao de pesticidas e, conseqen-
temente, melhorar a qualidade ambiental nas reas de cultivo, as quais esto interligadas
a reas de conservao ambiental, como as regies inundadas do Rio Grande do Sul. Os
potenciais de benefcios que o arroz-Bt pode oferecer, com base nos resultados j obtidos
com o algodo-Bt e o milho-Bt, devem se tornar motivadores para as novas pesquisas e
para o desenvolvimento de diferentes cultivares de arroz-Bt. Assim, ser possvel acelerar
a aprovao e a liberao dessa tecnologia aos orizicultores.
Abstract
This study presents a bibliographic synthesis about the entomopathogen Bacillus
thuringiensis and the cry genes application on the genetic engineering of cultivated crops
1
Programa de Ps-Graduao em Biologia,
which codify insecticide proteins. Over the last decade, the importance of the transgenic
Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Av.
Unisinos, 950, 93022-000, So Leopoldo, crops named Bt crops has increased commercially, leading them to take the second
RS, Brazil. place among genetically modified (GM) crops most used and distributed. In the last harvest
Laura M.N. Pinto, Lidia Mariana Fiuza
(2006), total Bt crops reached 19 million hectares worldwide, and the Bt-corn already
presented 16 commercial approvals, given that the first commercial Bt-rice plantation
was made in Iran, 2005. The clean technology development, such as GM cultivars,
presents several advantages in comparison to formulated insecticides, which depends
on appropriated application methods according to the crop culture or the insect behavior,
and the impacts over the nontarget organisms and the environment. In this sense, the Bt-
rice has the potential to increase productivity, decrease the pesticide application and thus
improve the environmental quality on the agricultural systems, which are highly related
to environment conservation areas such as flooded regions of Rio Grande do Sul. The
potential benefits that Bt-rice can offer, based on already obtained results with Bt-cotton
and Bt-corn, should motivate new researches and the development of different varieties
of Bt-rice. As a result, it could accelerate the approval and release of this technology to
the rice farmers.
A bactria Bacillus
thuringiensis
Tabela 1. Vegetais modificados com genes cry de B. thuringiensis, resistentes a insetos-praga de importncia agrcola (adaptado de
Fontes et al., 2002).
Table 1. Insect-resistant crops modified with cry genes from B. thuringiensis (adapted from Fontes et al., 2002).
pdf) especifica Normas para a Libe- principalmente sobre seus efeitos em em complexidade, de acordo com o
rao Planejada no Meio Ambiente de organismos no alvo, como inimigos conhecimento adquirido durante testes
Organismos Geneticamente Modifica- naturais (predadores e parasitides) e prvios.
dos. Essa normativa apresenta os pro- no homem. Para a avaliao dos riscos em orga-
cedimentos (Figura 2) que se aplicam De acordo com Romeis et al. (2006), nismos no alvo, uma srie de testes
liberao, no Brasil, de organismos gene- para o estudo sobre o efeito ambiental realizada em laboratrio visando de-
ticamente modificados (OGMs) no meio das toxinas de B. thuringiensis sinte- terminar se o organismo em questo
ambiente (inclusive OGMs importados) tizadas por plantas GM, deve ser rea- susceptvel toxina nas condies mais
- seja para experimentos no campo ou lizada uma anlise detalhada dos po- adversas. Nesse caso, o organismo
em outro meio. tenciais efeitos das plantas GM, antes exposto diretamente a altas doses da
O avano da produo de plantas da liberao comercial. A avaliao de toxina (Dutton et al., 2003).
GM tem impulsionado pesquisas que risco ecolgico, para fins regulatrios, Esses testes so simples de delinear
abordam questes sobre o impacto deve estar baseada numa srie de abor- e padronizar e originam resultados
dessa tecnologia na biodiversidade, dagens, em que a avaliao aumenta de fcil interpretao. Se os resulta-
Tabela 2. Genes cry de B. thuringiensis utilizados na transformao gentica de cultivares de arroz, conferindo resistncia aos lepidp-
teros-praga da cultura.
Table 2. Cry genes from B. thuringiensis, used in genetic transformation of lepidopteran resistance rice cultivars.
aplicada no campo, utilizando 16,77 tanto, uma nova gerao de plantas- VASQUEZ, A.; SENADHIRA, D.; DATTA,
kg a menos de pesticida por hectare, Bt est surgindo, com variedades que S.K. 1998. Production of transgenic deep water
indica rice plants expressing a synthetic Bacil-
se comparado aos produtores de arroz expressam simultaneamente duas ou lus thuringiensis cry1A(b) gene with enhanced
convencionais, representando uma re- mais protenas Cry de B. thuringien- resistance to yellow stem borer. Plant Science,
duo comparativa de 80%. sis (Cohen et al., 2000; Bates et al., 35:25-30.
Essa diminuio do uso de pestici- 2005; Ferry et al., 2006). Essas novas ALVES, S.B. 1998. Controle microbiano de in-
das reflete diretamente na qualidade setos. 2 ed., Piracicaba, FEALQ, 1163 p.
plantas-Bt visam alcanar esse obje-
BAI, Y.Y.; JIANG, M.X.; CHENG, J.A. 2005.
ambiental e na sade humana, pois tivo, pois, pelo seu maior nmero de Impacts of transgenic cry1Ab rice on two col-
os agricultores reduzem a exposio protenas expressas, ampliam o alcan- lembolan species and predation of Microvelia
aos produtos qumicos, os quais geral- ce a outros insetos, alm de retardar o horvathi (Hemiptera: Veliidae). Acta Entomo-
mente tm grande toxicidade (Breitler aparecimento de resistncia aos inse- logica Sinica, 48:42-47.
et al., 2004; Huang et al., 2005). BARTON, K.A.; WHITELEY, R.H.; YANG,
tos susceptveis.
N.S. 1987. Bacillus thuringiensis -entodoxin
Este trabalho de reviso bibliogrfica expressed in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum pro-
Consideraes finais revela que as plantas-Bt podem ser vides resistance to lepidopteran insects. Plant
consideradas mais uma ferramenta Physiology, 85:1103-1109.
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SHELTON, A.M. 2005. Insect-resistance
devido aos ataques dos insetos, um de pragas, pois tm o potencial de management in GM crops: Past, present and fu-
fator significante limitante produo aumentar a produtividade, alm de ture. Nature Biotechnology, 23:57-62.
de alimentos na escala mundial. A re- diminuir a aplicao de pesticidas BHATTACHARYA, R.C.; VISWAKARMA,
sistncia a insetos-praga, mediada por e, assim, melhorar a qualidade am- N.; BHAT, S.R.; KIRTI, P.B.; CHOPRA, V.L.
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tas cultivadas de interesse econmico
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