Renal

1- Define Renal Threshold? How is glucose reabsorbed in renal tubules?

What is the normal values of transport maximum for glucose?
2- Summary of functions of kidney (2)
4 Endocrine functions (1)
3- A man drinks 1 liter of water in 1 liter of water in 10 minutes. What changes occur in his
water and electrolyte balance?
4- Filtration coefficient, normal value. Define GFR. Factors affecting GFR. Hormones and
autocoids (5)
Effect of sympathetic stimulation on GFR
5- Role of urea in hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitium and concentration of urine
6- Role in calcium homeostatis
7- 60 year old man diabetes hypertension with edema, nausea, vomiting, mental
detrioation. BUN is high. Creatinine high, ph 7.2
a- condition
b- change in physiology
8- 3 lines of defense against H+ ions (3)
how kidneys regulate extracellular fluid hydrogen concentration
9- draw and label juxtaglomerular apparatus
macula densa feedback to autoregulate GFR (2)
10- cystometrogram
11- neurosyphylisis (tabes dorsalis)
destruction of which nerve
bladder condition
features
12- what are the various buffer systems in blood?
13- Spinal cord damage above the sacral region (2)
- Which type of micturition abnormality
- Features
B) innervation of urinary bladder
14- What is micturition reflex
15- Mechanisms that contribute to the development of hyperosmolarity of renal medullary
interstitial fluid? ( 2)
- How is this hyperosmolarity maintained?
16- Summary of functions f proximal tubule (2)
17- features of metabolic acidosis? Alkalosis? Cause? How does the body compensate? (3)
18- hormonal control of renal tubular reabsorption. Site of action and effects produced by
their actins (2)
19- role of counter current multiplier and counter current exchanger mechanism in the
kidney
20- abnormalities of micturition wiith reason (2)
- pathophysiology of each
21- define obligatory urine volume
 22- role of tubuloglomerular mechanism in autoregulation of GFR

Special Senses

1- Draw rhodopsin cycle,

night blindness (3)
a- Cause
b- Area of retina
c- What will be the role of her treatment in rhodopsin formation
2- Changes in eyes when focused on near object? Nervous mechanisms
3- Mechanism of light and dark adaptation. significance
4- Argyll Robertson pupil (2)
5- How ossicular system in middle ear transmits sound waves, significance
6- Entering bright light after dark
7- Place principle
8- Change in refractive power from distant object to close
Role of ciliary body and iris while focusing gaze
9- Man focuses his eyes on a near object, give changes in his eyes during this focusing.
What is the nervous pathway for these changes
10- Person turned head towards sound, mechanism for detection where sound came from?
- Region of the brain which turns eyes and head towards strong sound,
How?
11- Effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic on eye, heart, GIT, sex organs
12- What is horners syndrome
13- Five neurotransmitters released by the retina (neurons)
14- What is impedence matching. Why is it needed for normal hearing (2)
15- Kid cant see far. Disease. Cause. Where is distant object focused? Treatment
16- Draw rhodopsin visual cycle
17- What is neuronal pathway for pupillary light reflex?
18- What is presbyopia? How can it be corrected?
19- What is attenuation reflex? Signifance?
20- Protanope and deuteranope?
21- What receptors are responsible for colour vision. Location
22- Mechanism in the middle ear by which inertia of the fluid in the cochlea is overcome
while hearing
23- Hyperopia, treatment

CNS

1- Effects of hemi section (5)

- Features at and below level
2- Motor areas in the cerebral cortex
Functions of brocas area
Effects of sympathetic stiumation in body
3- Which neurotransmitters released by the sympathetic postganglionic fibers?
8 effects if sympathetic stimulation (2)
4- Effects of parasympathetic stimulation
neurotransmitters
5- Functions of cerebrocerebellum. (2)
8 features of cerebellar disease
6- Teroms of hands and lips. Rigidity of limbs. Expressionless face. Short gait.
a- Disease
b- cause and mechanisms
c- drugs for treatment
7- speech area in cerebral cortex?
Dyslexia
8- 8 functions of brainstem
9- 60 year old man, tremors in hands and fingers. More pronounced as he reaches for glass
of water. Difficulty maintaining balance.
a- Component of nervous system
b- How different from other tremors due to lesion of nervous system
c- Why difficulty maintaining balance.
10- Parkinsons characteristics, treatment, component, cause, hormones involved (5)
11- Slow vs fast pain (2)
Referred pain with diagram
12- Structure and function of muscle spindle
13- EEG phases sleep and awake
a- Difference between insomnia and somnolence
14- Functions of spinocerebellum + disease
15- Compare dorsal column medial lemniscus and anterolateral system regarding (2)
a. Pathways, nerve fibers
b. Sensations carried
16- Foot strikes sharp object, man feels pain. Which reflex is activated and what will be the
response?
- Give receptors, reflex arc and features
17- Upper motor neuron lesion features
18- Functions of hypothalamus. Features of disease
19- NREM vs REM sleep. What is narcolepsy
20- Analgesia system
21- Name motor and sensory speech areas in cerebral cortex. Give functions . effects
produced by the lesion of speech areas
22- Difference between spasticity and rigidity
23- Adaptation in receptors
24- Consolidation of memory
Endo
1- Thyroid hormone clinical
a- Disease
b- Investigations
c- Cause
2- Actios of cortisol on protein metabolism (3)
and carbohydrate metabolism (4)
lipid metabolism
Six features of cushing syndrome
3- Cushing syndrome vs disease (2)
4- Cortisol secretion regulation
5- Female. Muscle spasms and numbness of arms and legs. Plasma 6.5mg/dl
a- Condition
b- Normal plasma
c- Mechanism of spasms and numbness
6- Boy 10 years, growth of 4-5 years
a- Disorder
b- Cause
c- Different types
7- Hormones of ant. Pituitary
Somatomedins?
8- 24 hour regulation of blood glucose
9- effects of TSH on thyroid glan
10- endocrine functions of pancrease
11- factors increasing insulin secretions
12- toxic goiter
13- mechanism of action of thyroid hormone
14- actions of glucagon
15- thyroid adenoma. Spasms of hands and feet,
cause
change in plasma calcium
mechanism of development
16- mechanism of development of large endemic goiter (2)
effects of hypothyroidism. Eight
name the edema that develops in hypothyroid patients
17- boy of 12 years, looks 5. Intelligent. Proportionate body parts. (2)
- Disorder
- Types of this disorder
- Important features of cretinism (2)
18- Differentiate between Levi Lorain dwarfism and cretinism
19- Patient underwent thyroidectomy. Now muscle spasm and abnormal skeleton. Reason
and hormones involved to prevent this condition
 20- Adenoma of adrenal cortex. Hypersecretion of adrenocortical hormones. Plasma ACTH
low. Disorder and features.
21- increased volume and frequency of urination. Thirst and increased apetite. History of
weakenss and weight loss. Blood glucose 160
- disease
- physiological basis of increase urinary volume and thirst and apetite
- enumerate disease complications he can suffer from
22- physiological actions of aldosterone
- effect of growth hormone on carb and fat metabolism
23- myxedema
24- actions of parathyroid hormone.
- Effect of insulin on protein and fat metabolisms
25- Hypothyroidism. What is the cause of edema and atherosclerosis? Which tests?
26- Palpitations, swelling of anterior neck. Increasingly nervous and agitated. Good apetite
but weight loss.
27- What is exophthalmos and causes?
28- Rheumatoid arthritis. Large amounts of glucocorticoids. Moon shaped face, buffalo
torso, central obesity Diagnosis. Other causes of this condition
29- Hypothyroidism in kid. Causes?
30- Enumerate second messenger mechanism for mediation intracellular hormonal
functions
31- Actions of GH on protein and lipid metabolism
32- 4 hypothalmic hormones that control secretion of anterior pituitary gland
33- hyper GH. Features
34- hormones that produce gluconeogenesis and ketoneogenesis
35- physiological actions of insulin

Reproduction

1- Functions of testosterone during fetal life. (4)

Functions of sertoli cells
2- Actions of estrogen, progesterone (2)
a- Uterus
b- Breast
3- A- breast milk ejection, how? (2)
c- Why menstrual cycle stopped in lactation (2)
4- Capacitation (3)
5- Hormonal factors which cause increased uterine contractility at end of pregnancy
6- Factors causing male infertility
7- Hormones and their effects on female breast during her adolescence, pregnancy and
lactation
 8- How does ovulation take place?
9- Physiological basis of menopause and lactational amenorrhea
10- Hormonal functions of placenta? (2)
11- Which hormone can be measured in blood to confirm pregnancy
- Site of section
- Functions
12- Functions of progestrone

GIT

1- Obstruction and hemolytic jaundice differences

2- Factors that regulate gastric emptying
Factors that can excite enterogastic reflexes from duodenum (2)
3- A- gastric ulcers
c- Pathophysiolocy
d- How intestine handles excesive acidity in chime
4- Vomiting reflex
Chemoreceptor trigger zona
5- Functions of colon.
Control of peristalsis in small intestine
6- What is enteric nervous system. Function and features. (4)
a. Neurotransmitters released. 8 of them. and functions of it (2)
b. Achalasia of esophagus
7- Difficulty swallowing. 2-year-old kid. Regurgitates food and vomits. Dilated lower part of
esophagus. Absence of primary peristalsis in lower third of esophagus.
- Disease
- Pathophysiology of this condition
- Treatment
8- Functions of large intestine
9- Metabolic functions of liver
10- Factors that can initiate entergogastric inhibitory reflexes
11- Actions of cholecystokinin?
12- Stages of swallowing