Mixed-mode rate-dependent

delamination in geometrically
non-linear multi-layer beam
finite elements

Leo kec*, Giulio Alfano* and

Gordan Jeleni**
*Brunel University London
Kingston Lane, UB8 3PH Uxbridge, UK

**Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Rijeka

Radmile Mateji 3, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

COMPOSITES 2017 - 6th ECCOMAS

Thematic Conference on the
Mechanical Response of Composites

Eindhoven (NL), 20-22 September 2017

The project MOLAY-STRUDEL

MULTI-LAYER BEAM MODEL RATE DEPENDENT CZMs

kec and Jeleni (2014-2017) Alfano and Musto (2013-2017)
geometrically non-linear damage + visco-elasticity
mixed-mode delamination (I+II) mode I delamination

kec and Alfano (2016-2018)

geometrically non-linear
damage + visco-elasticity
mixed-mode delamination (I+II)

open-source software for identification of material parameters

of the interface based on experimental measurements

Brunel University London

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Multi-layer beam model
MOTIVATION:
layered (composite) structures

delamination (debonding)

complex structural behaviour sophisticated mathematical models

THE AIM: to reduce computational costs, but maintain the accuracy
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Multi-layer beam model
simple geometries (standard test specimens for determining fracture toughness - )
plane problems
quasi-static analysis (dynamic effects are neglected)
delamination in single modes I and II, and in mixed mode I+II

LAYERS INTERFACE
geometrically exact beams CZM for mixed-mode delamination

adhesive joints and composites

non-linear kinematic equations non-linear constitutive equations
NUMERICAL SOLUTION: FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (Newton-Raphson method)
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Multi-layer beam model
WHY BEAMS?
3 degrees of freedom per node ( and )
no additional degrees of freedom are introduced for the interface

this can be extended for an arbitrary number of layers

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 MULTI-LAYER BEAM MODEL
Multi-layer beam model (1) computationally cheaper
WHY BEAMS? than 2D solid FEMs

2D FINITE ELEMENTS MULTI-LAYER BEAM MODEL

4-node quadrilateral FEs (Q4) 2-node beam elements (B2)

=4 ( + 1) =3 + 1 = 0.75
8-node quadrilateral FEs (Q8) 3-node beam elements (B3)

= 2 (5 + 3) =3 2 + 1 0.6

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Multi-layer beam model
GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR LAYERS:
KINEMATIC: geometrically exact (non-linear) Reissner beams
CONSTITUTIVE: linear-elastic
EQUILIBRIUM: derived from the principle of virtual work

GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR INTERFACES:

KINEMATIC: relative displacements at the interface for modes I and II ( . i . )
CONSTITUTIVE: bi-linear cohesive zone model (CZM)

= +

EQUILIBRIUM: derived from the principle of virtual work

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Multi-layer beam model
ACCURACY OF THE PROPOSED (GEOMETRICALLY LINEAR) FORMULATION:
EXAMPLE 1: MODE I DELAMINATION (Alfano and Crisfield 2001)

LAYERS INTERFACE
= 135.3 GPa . = 0.28 N/mm
= 5.2 GPa = 57 MPa

to 100 FEs the

capture per spurious
layer oscillations
caused by the discretisation,
modified arc-length method
(Crisfield 1997) is used

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Multi-layer beam model
ACCURACY OF THE PROPOSED (GEOMETRICALLY LINEAR) FORMULATION:
EXAMPLE 2: MODE II DELAMINATION (Mi et al. 1998)

LAYERS INTERFACE
= 135.3 GPa . = 4.0 N/mm
= 0.25 = 57 MPa

20 FEs per layer

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Multi-layer beam model
ACCURACY OF THE PROPOSED (GEOMETRICALLY LINEAR) FORMULATION:
EXAMPLE 3: MIXED-MODE DELAMINATION (Mi et al. 1998)

LAYERS (CFRP) INTERFACE

= 135.3 GPa = 4.0 N/mm
= 5.2 GPa = 0.14 mm

80 FEs per layer

MULTI-LAYER BEAM MODEL

(3) accurate compared with 2D solid FEs
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Multi-layer beam model
THE IMPORTANCE OF GEOMETRICALLY NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS:
EXAMPLE 1: MIXED-MODE DELAMINATION (Mi et al. 1998)

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Multi-layer beam
IMPORTANCE OF GEOMETRICALLY NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS:
EXAMPLE 2: DOUBLE MIXED-MODE DELAMINATION (Alfano and Crisfield 2003)

LAYERS (CFRP) INTERFACE

= 115.0 GPa . = 0.8 N/mm
= 4.5 GPa . = 0.33 N/mm

0.2 mm (A)
= 0.04 mm (B)
0.02 mm (C)
89 FEs per layer (CASE A)
due to convergence
problems for CASE C a new
DAMAGE BASED
modified arc-length
method is developed

MULTI-LAYER BEAM MODEL

(3) robust even in geometrically
non-linear analysis

Brunel University London

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Multi-layer beam model
THE IMPORTANCE OF GEOMETRICALLY NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS:
EXAMPLE 3: BUCKLING WITH MODE-I DELAMINATION (Allix and Corigliano 1998)

LAYERS (CFRP) INTERFACE

= 135.0 GPa = 0.2 1.6 N/mm
= 5.7 GPa = 50 N/mm

200 FEs per layer

second-order beam theory does not
give the correct results when
displacements are relatively large

MULTI-LAYER BEAM MODEL

fast, accurate and robust

Brunel University London

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The project MOLAY-STRUDEL

MULTI-LAYER BEAM MODEL RATE DEPENDENT CZMs

kec and Jeleni (2014-2017) Alfano and Musto (2013-2017)
geometrically non-linear damage + visco-elasticity
mixed-mode delamination(I+II) mode I delamination

kec and Alfano (2016-2018)

geometrically non-linear
damage + visco-elasticity
mixed-mode delamination (I+II)

open-source software for identification of material parameters

of the interface based on experimental measurements

Brunel University London

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Rate-dependent cohesive-zone models
Alfano and Musto developed a family of CZMs within the framework of thermodynamics
only mode I delamination is considered
damage dissipation and viscous dissipation are separated and associated to different
internal variables ( i )
damage evolution is rate-independent
rate dependence is the result of the viscous dissipation
a fractional-calculus based linear visco-elastic model is used (polymers and rubber)
rheological representation of the model:

Scott Blair element

d
=
d

ASSUMPTION: damage is driven by the energy stored in the elastic arm of the model

model has 7 parameters ( , , , , , , )

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Rate-dependent cohesive-zone models
testing the rate-dependent CZM over about 20 logarithmic decades of the relative
displacement speed

excellent agreement with the

experiments for a DCB with rubber
interface across almost 5 logarithmic
decades

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Rate-dependent cohesive-zone models
driving energy can be written as: RATE-DEPENDENT CZMs
excellent characterisation of
= + + , 0,1 material behaviour
where: - energy stored in the elastic arm of the model
- energy stored in the elastic spring of the inelastic arm of the model
- energy stored in the Scott Blair element of the inelastic arm
qualitative results (application on glassy polymers):

for a = 1 and/or b = 1 a bell, rather than sigmoidal, shape is obtained

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Conclusions and future work

MULTI-LAYER BEAM MODEL RATE-DEPENDENT CZMs

geometrically non-linear damage + visco-elasticity
mixed-mode delamination (I+II) mode I delamination
fast, accurate and robust excellent material characterisation

in our model, only

force-displacement
data from the
experiment is needed geometrically non-linear
for parameter damage + visco-elasticity
identification mixed-mode delamination (I+II)
???

open-source software for identification of material parameters

of the interface based on experimental measurements

Brunel University London

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Publications
G. Alfano, M. Musto. Thermodynamic derivation and damage evolution for a fractional
cohesive-zone model. Accepted in Journal of Engineering Mechanics (ASCE), 2017
M. Musto, G. Alfano. A fractional rate-dependent cohesive-zone model. International
Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 105(5):313-341, 2015
M. Musto, G. Alfano. A novel rate-dependent czm combining damage and visco-
elasticity. Composite Structures, 118:126-133, 2013
L. kec, G. Jeleni. Geometrically non-linear multi-layer beam with interconnection
allowing for mixed-mode delamination. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 169:1-17,
2017
L. kec, G. Jeleni, N. Lustig. Mixed-mode delamination in 2D layered beam finite
elements. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 104:767-788,
2015

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

leo.skec@brunel.ac.uk

Brunel University London

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