Advanced High Strength Natural Fibre Composites in Construction

Table Of Contents:
1- Introduction: a perspective - natural fibre composites in construction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basic concept and classification of natural fibre composites for construction
1.3 Natural fibre composites in building construction
1.3.1 Composites for roofing systems of building construction
1.3.2 Composite walls of building systems
1.3.3 Composite flooring and ceiling systems of building construction
1.3.4 Natural fibre composite insulation systems
1.3.5 Advanced composite beams and columns
1.3.6 Full composite building systems
1.4 Performance in use of natural fibre composites
1.4.1 Long-term performance of natural fibre composites
1.4.2 Sustainability of construction composites
1.5 New development of natural fibre composites for future engineering
1.5.1 Fundamental research on the structures and related theory
1.5.2 Super lightweight composites
1.5.3 Long-term performance of natural fibre composites
1.5.4 Test methodology for wood-based panel building systems
1.5.5 Environment and sustainability of natural fibre composites
1.5.6 Intelligent and nanotechnology-enhanced natural fibre composites
1.6 Conclusions
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2- Chemical compositions of natural fibres
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Groups of compounds found in natural fibres
2.2.1 Cellulose
2.2.2 Hemicellulose
2.2.3 Phenolics and lignin
2.2.4 Terpenes, waxes, acids and alcohols
2.2.5 Proteins
2.2.6 Inorganic material
2.3 Major differences in chemical composition of fibres
2.3.1 Plant-based fibres
2.3.2 Wood-based fibres
2.3.3 Bast fibres
2.3.4 Stalk fibres
2.3.5 Cane, grass and reed fibres
2.3.6 Leaf
2.3.7 Seed and fruit
2.3.8 Protein-based fibres
2.4 Effects of modification on natural fibre composition
2.4.1 Chemical modification
2.4.1.1 Mercerization (alkali treatment)
2.4.1.2 Acetylation
2.4.1.3 Graft copolymerization
2.4.1.4 Coupling agents
2.4.1.5 Permanganate
2.4.1.6 Nanocellulose treatment
2.4.2 Thermal modification
2.4.3 Enzymatic modification and oxidative and hydrothermal modification
2.5 Analysis of chemical components
2.5.1 Extraction and isolation methods
 2.5.2 Chromatographic analysis
2.5.3 Spectroscopic analysis
2.5.4 Emerging technologies
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3- Physical and mechanical properties of natural fibers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Natural plant fiber
3.3 Physical properties of natural plant fiber
3.3.1 Ultrastructure
3.3.2 Geometric features including fiber length, width, and aspect ratio
3.3.3 Microfibrillar angle (MFA)
3.3.4 Cellulose content and its crystallinity index (CrI)
3.3.5 Density
3.3.6 Water, moisture absorption, and swelling thickness
3.3.7 Water repellent treatment
3.4 Mechanical properties of natural plant fiber
3.4.1 Tensile strength and Youngs modulus
3.4.2 Elongation at break (%)
3.4.3 Impact strength
3.4.4 Flexural strength
3.4.5 Stiffness
3.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
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4- Functional pretreatments of natural raw materials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Functionalization of natural raw materials
4.2.1 Wood colour treatment
4.2.2 Dimensional stabilization of wood
4.2.3 Wood strengthening
4.2.4 Flame retardant treatment of wood
4.2.5 Wood preservative treatment
4.2.6 Woodemetal composite materials
4.3 The main process and mechanism of pretreatments
4.3.1 The main process and mechanism of pretreatments
4.3.1.1 Indentation method
4.3.1.2 Compression method
4.3.2 Physical method
4.3.2.1 Freezing
4.3.2.2 Steam explosion method
4.3.2.3 Microwave treatment
4.3.3 Chemical method
4.3.4 Biological treatment method
4.4 Evaluation method of pretreatment effect
4.4.1 Fluid permeability
4.4.2 Water absorption rate
4.4.3 Nitrogen adsorption method
4.4.4 Mercury intrusion porosimetry
4.4.5 Image processing method
4.4.6 X-ray computed tomography
4.5 Future trends
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5- Cellulose polymer composites (WPC)
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Formulation of wood plastic composites
5.2.1 Polymer matrix
 5.2.1.1 Polyolefins
5.2.2 Natural fibres
5.2.2.1 Chemical composition
5.2.3 Reinforcement treatments
5.2.3.1 Grinding
5.2.3.2 Refining
5.2.3.3 Thermomechanical treatment
5.2.3.4 Chemical treatment
5.2.4 Geometry of natural fibres
5.2.4.1 Fibre length and diameter distribution
5.2.4.2 Geometrical considerations
5.2.5 Interface
5.2.5.1 Wetting
5.2.5.2 Interdiffusion adhesion
5.2.5.3 Electrostatic attraction
5.2.5.4 Mechanical adhesion
5.2.5.5 Chemical bonding
5.2.6 Modelling
5.3 Manufacturing technologies for wood plastic composites
5.3.1 Compounding
5.3.2 Extrusion
5.3.3 Injection
5.4 Future remarks
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6- Long natural fibre composites
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Long length natural fibres and natural fibre reinforcements
6.2.1 Long length natural fibres
6.2.1.1 Extraction and production of long natural fibres
6.2.1.2 Structure and composition of long natural fibres
6.2.1.3 Mechanical properties of long natural fibres
6.2.2 Long natural fibre reinforcements
6.2.2.1 Mats
6.2.2.2 Hybrid long natural fibre mats
6.2.2.3 Twisted and nontwisted yarns
6.2.2.4 Hybrid (nontwisted) yarns
6.2.2.5 Fabrics
6.3 Resin systems for long natural fibre composites
6.3.1 Thermoset resin systems
6.3.2 Biobased resin systems
6.4 Production of long natural fibre composites
6.4.1 Mat and fabric-reinforced laminates
6.4.2 Unidirectional long natural fibre composites
6.4.3 Tubed long natural fibre composites
6.4.4 Pultrusion of long natural fibre composites
6.5 Properties of long natural fibre composites
6.5.1 Tensile and flexural properties of long natural fibre composites
6.5.2 Compressive properties of long natural fibre composites
6.5.3 Mechanical property of hybrid long natural fibre composites
6.6 Long natural fibre composites as building components
6.6.1 One-dimensional long natural fibre composite rods
6.6.2 Two-dimensional long natural fibre composite panels
6.6.3 Three-dimensional long natural fibre composite building components
6.7 Conclusions
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7- Cellulose fiber-based high strength composites
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Production of reinforced composites
7.2.1 Thermal induced reinforcement
7.2.1.1 ThermoWood process
7.2.1.2 Plato process
7.2.1.3 Retification process
7.2.1.4 OHT process
7.2.2 Chemical modification
7.2.2.1 Impregnation with organic compounds
7.2.2.2 Impregnation with inorganic compounds
7.2.2.3 Sol-gel process
7.2.3 Densification treatments
7.2.3.1 Bulk densification
7.2.3.2 Surface densification
7.3 Properties of reinforced composites
7.3.1 Mechanical properties
7.3.1.1 Mechanical properties of heat-treated wood
7.3.1.2 Mechanical properties of chemically modified wood
7.3.1.3 Mechanical properties of densified wood
7.3.2 Dimensional stability
7.3.2.1 Dimensional stability of heat-treated wood
7.3.2.2 Dimensional stability of chemically modified wood
7.3.2.3 Dimensional stability of densified wood
7.3.3 Microstructure
7.3.3.1 Microstructure of heat-treated wood
7.3.3.2 Microstructure of chemically modified wood
7.3.3.3 Microstructure of densified wood
7.3.4 Thermal properties
7.3.4.1 Thermal properties of heat-treated wood
7.3.4.2 Thermal properties of chemically modified wood
7.3.5 Wettability of reinforced composites
7.3.5.1 Wettability of heat-treated wood
7.3.5.2 Wettability of chemical modified wood
7.3.5.3 Wettability of densified wood
7.4 Mechanism of property changes due to treatments of reinforced composites
7.4.1 Mechanism of thermal treatments
7.4.2 Mechanism of chemical modification
7.4.3 Mechanism of densification treatments
7.5 Application and future trends
7.5.1 Application prospects
7.5.2 Future trends
7.5.2.1 New reaction system
7.5.2.2 Combination of various techniques
7.5.2.3 Functionalization
7.5.2.4 Industrialization of new technology
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8- Natural fibre cement composites
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Natural fibres as reinforcement
8.3 Reinforcement of cement composites
8.4 Application of natural fibre cement composites in construction
8.5 Natural fibre in concrete
8.6 Summary
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9- Natural fibre rebar cementitious composites
9.1 Short introduction
9.2 Natural fibre rebar materials
9.2.1 Organic fibres
9.2.2 Inorganic fibres
9.3 Cementitious matrices
9.4 Natural fibre reinforcements
9.4.1 Resin impregnated rebars
9.4.2 Organic natural fibre grid
9.4.3 Inorganic natural fibre grid: basalt fiber reinforced polymer grid
9.4.4 Natural fibre sheets
9.4.5 Natural fibre ropes
9.5 Current applications
9.6 Concluding remarks and future trends
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10- Development of bamboo fiber-based composites
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The characteristics of bamboo and its fiber
10.2.1 The characteristics of bamboo
10.2.2 The characteristic of a single bamboo fiber
10.2.2.1 Morphology
10.2.2.2 Surface wettability
10.2.2.3 Tensile properties
10.2.3 The characteristics of bamboo bundle fiber and veneer
10.2.3.1 Preparation of bamboo bundle fiber veneer
10.2.3.2 The effect of brooming times on bamboo fiber
10.3 Development of advanced bamboo fibe composites
10.3.1 Bamboo bundle veneer lumber
10.3.1.1 Manufacturing technique
10.3.1.2 Mechanical and physical properties of bamboo bundle laminated veneer
lumber
10.3.1.3 Application of bamboo bundle laminated veneer lumber
10.3.2 Core-shell structured bamboo plastic composites
10.3.2.1 Materials and preparation
10.3.2.2 Manufacture process of core-shell structured bamboo plastic composites
10.3.2.3 The characteristic of core-shell structured bamboo plastic composites
10.4 Prospects
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11- Straw fibre-based construction materials
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Renewable bio-based construction materials
11.2.1 Straw in construction
11.3 Straw material science
11.3.1 Main constituents of straw biomass
11.3.2 Surface chemical distribution
11.3.3 Surface elemental composition
11.3.4 Crystallinity
11.3.5 Straw biomass morphology
11.3.5.1 Node
11.3.5.2 Internode
11.4 Pretreatment and processing of straw biomass
11.4.1 Biocomposites
11.4.1.1 Bioengineering of straw biomass to biocomposites
11.5 Interfacial bonding in biocomposites
11.5.1 Matrices for biocomposites
 11.6 Conclusions and future perspectives
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12- Electricity functional composite for building construction
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Natural wood fiber-based antistatic composites
12.2.1 Antistatic mechanisms
12.2.2 Antistatic modification and performance
12.2.2.1 Production of antistatic elements
12.2.2.2 Performance of antistatic agents in the composites

12.2.3 Application of natural wood fiber-based antistatic composites

12.3 Wood-based electromagnetic shielding composites
12.3.1 Electromagnetic shielding mechanisms
12.3.2 Methodology and performance of shielding composites
12.3.2.1 Surface coating
12.3.2.2 Laminated composites
12.3.2.3 Hybrid composites
12.3.2.4 Carbonized electromagnetic shielding composite
12.3.3 Joints and engineering applications
12.3.3.1 Bonding definitions and methods
12.3.3.2 Bonding technology in the laminated electromagnetic shielding plywood
12.3.3.3 Electromagnetic shielding case and its performance
12.3.3.4 Electromagnetic shielding wooden door
12.3.3.5 Design and construction of electromagnetic shielding room
12.4 Electric heating composites
12.4.1 Mechanisms for electric heating and heat transfer
12.4.1.1 Mechanisms for electric heating
12.4.1.2 Mechanisms of heat transfer
12.4.1.3 Heat transfer of radiation
12.4.2 Methodology and performance of electric heating composites
12.4.2.1 Preparation process and drop rate of resistance
12.4.2.2 Structure design and performance
12.4.3 Electrical safety of electric heating composites
12.4.3.1 Electrical safety protection
12.4.3.2 Electric connection
12.4.3.3 Supply voltage
12.4.3.4 Reducing volatile organic compounds
12.4.3.5 Shielding harmful electromagnetic radiation
12.5 Application and future trends
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13- Sound absorption and insulation functional composites
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Sound transmission through barriers
13.1.2 Definitions
13.2 Sound absorption functional composites
13.2.1 Sound absorption mechanism
13.2.1.1 Mechanism of porous absorption materials
13.2.1.2 Mechanism of resonate absorption materials
13.2.2 Sound absorption measurement
13.2.2.1 Standing wave tube method
13.2.2.2 Transfer function method
13.2.2.3 Reverberation room method
13.2.3 Sound absorbing of wooden materials
13.2.3.1 Porous sound absorption materials
13.2.3.2 Wooden perforated panels
 13.2.4 Theoretical models of porous fibrous absorption materials
13.2.4.1 Empirical model theory
13.2.4.2 Microstructural model theory
13.2.4.3 Phenomenological model theory
13.2.5 Developments and future trends
13.3 Sound insulation functional composites
13.3.1 Sound insulation mechanism
13.3.1.1 Airborne sound insulation mechanism
13.3.1.2 Airborne sound insulation mechanism
13.3.2 Sound insulation measurement
13.3.2.1 Airborne sound insulation measurement
13.3.2.2 Impact sound insulation measurement
13.3.3 Sound insulation of wooden materials
13.3.3.1 Airborne sound insulation properties of wood and wood-based composites
13.3.3.2 Impact sound insulation properties of wood and wood-based composites
13.3.4 Sound insulation applications of wooden materials
13.3.4.1 Airborne sound insulation properties of wooden partitions and timber doors
13.3.4.2 Impact sound insulation properties of wooden floors
13.3.5 Developments and future trends
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14- Fire performance of natural fibre composites in construction
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Synthetic polymers and biopolymers for natural fibre composites
14.2.1 Polyesters
14.2.2 Thermal decomposition of polymers
14.3 Natural fibre reinforcements
14.3.1 Hemp fibres
14.3.2 Mechanical properties of natural fibres
14.3.3 Thermal decomposition of natural fibres
14.4 Thermal process in the manufacture of natural fibre composites
14.4.1 Material selection
14.4.2 Manufacturing of natural fibre composites
14.5 Fire performance of natural fibre composites
14.5.1 Reaction to fire testing
14.5.2 Heat transfer of natural fibre composite building materials
14.5.3 Thermal decomposition of natural fibre composites
14.5.4 Fire resistance of natural fibre composites
14.6 Modelling fire performance of natural fibre composites
14.6.1 Residual mechanical properties
14.6.2 Thermophysical properties of natural fibre composites
14.7 Conclusions and future trends
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15- Temperature sensitive colourchanged composites
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Temperature sensitive colour-changed compounds
15.2.1 Classification
15.2.2 Application
15.2.2.1 Textile industry
15.2.2.2 Anti-counterfeiting field
15.2.2.3 Industrial temperature indicator
15.2.2.4 Daily supplies field
15.2.2.5 Other applications
15.3 Temperature sensitive colour-changed composites by mixtures impregnation
15.3.1 Colour-changed mechanisms
15.3.2 Impregnation methods and performance
 15.3.3 Bonding mechanisms
15.4 Temperature sensitive colour-changed composites fabricated by microcapsules
15.4.1 Microencapsulation mechanisms
15.4.2 Production and performance
15.4.2.1 Production and performance of thermochromic microcapsules
15.4.3 Incorporating mechanisms
15.5 Future trends
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16- Architectural (decorative) natural fiber composites for construction
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Flat lamination
16.2.1 The form of veneer flat lamination
16.2.2 The principle of impregnated paper flat lamination
16.2.3 The flat lamination materials
16.2.3.1 Veneer flat lamination materials
16.2.3.2 Impregnated paper flat lamination materials
16.2.4 The technological process of flat lamination
16.2.4.1 The technological process of veneer flat lamination
16.2.4.2 The technological process of impregnated paper flat lamination
16.2.5 Technical parameters of flat lamination
16.2.5.1 The technical parameters of veneer flat lamination
16.2.5.2 The technical parameters of impregnated paper flat lamination
16.2.6 The application of flat lamination
16.3 Roll flat laminating with polyurethane reactive hot melt
16.3.1 Feature of polyurethane reactive hot melt
16.3.2 Typical production line
16.3.3 Main factors influencing the quality of lamination
16.3.3.1 Substrate sanding
16.3.3.2 Substrate cleaning
16.3.3.3 Substrate preheating
16.3.3.4 Glue application
16.3.3.5 Calender press
16.4 Thermal forming
16.4.1 The principle of thermal forming
16.4.2 The thermal forming materials
16.4.3 The technological process of thermal forming
16.4.4 Technical parameters of thermal forming
16.5 Wrapping
16.5.1 The principle of wrapping
16.5.2 The wrapping materials
16.5.3 The technological process of wrapping
16.5.3.1 Cleaning of substrate materials
16.5.3.2 Preheating of substrate materials
16.5.3.3 Gluing cover materials
16.5.3.4 Pressing
16.5.4 Technical parameters of wrapping
16.5.5 The application of wrapping
16.6 Surface finishing and printing
16.6.1 Roller coating with ultraviolet lacquer
16.6.1.1 Introduction of UV lacquer
16.6.1.2 Introduction of roller coating
16.6.2 Indirect printing combining with roller coating
16.6.3 Possible lacquering results and causes
16.7 Conclusions
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17- Short term and long-term properties of natural fibre composites
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Physical properties
17.2.1 Dimensional stability
17.2.2 Reaction to fire
17.3 Mechanical properties
17.4 Influence of service conditions in durability
17.5 Final remarks
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18- Creep behaviour of plant fibre composites
18.1 Introduction: perspectives and applications of plant fibre composites
18.2 Some indications on viscoelasticity of polymers
18.3 Creep behaviour of biopolymers and possible improvement
18.4 Relaxation of polymers forming plant fibres: effect of temperature, load and humidity
18.5 Interfacial strength in plant fibre composites: effect of fibre treatment
18.6 Dynamical and creep behaviour of composites including plant fibres
18.6.1 Hemp
18.6.2 Flax
18.6.3 Sisal
18.6.4 Jute
18.6.5 Other fibres
18.7 Prospective application of plant fibre composites in the construction sector with reference to
their creep behaviour: cement matrix plant fibre composites
18.8 Conclusions
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19- Thermal and flame retardancy properties of thermoplastics/natural fiber biocomposites
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Types of natural fibers
19.2.1 Classification of natural fibers
19.2.2 Structural organization of plant fibers
19.3 Types of flame retardants
19.3.1 Phosphorus-containing flame retardants
19.3.1.1 Organic phosphorus
19.3.1.2 Inorganic phosphorus
19.3.1.3 Intumescent flame retardants
19.3.1.4 Red phosphorus
19.3.2 Metal hydroxides and oxide flame retardants
19.3.3 Silicon-containing flame retardants
19.3.4 Nanoscale flame retardants
19.4 Biocomposites fabrication
19.4.1 Chemical modification of natural fibers
19.4.2 Fabrication approaches
19.5 Thermal properties
19.5.1 Thermal properties of natural fibers
19.5.2 Thermal properties of biocomposites
19.5.2.1 Thermal degradation of poly (lactic acid)/natural fibers biocomposites
19.5.2.2 Thermal degradation of polyhydroxybutyrate-cohydroxyvaerate/natural fiber
biocomposites
19.5.2.3 Thermal degradation of poly(1,4-butanediol succinate)/natural fiber
biocomposites
19.5.2.4 Thermal degradation of other natural fiber-based biocomposites
19.6 Flame retardancy properties
19.6.1 Flammability of natural fibers
19.6.2 Flammability of polymeric biocomposites
19.6.2.1 Flammability of poly (lactic acid)-based biocomposites
 19.6.2.2 Flammability of polyhydroxybutyrate-cohydroxyvaerate-based
biocomposites
19.6.2.3 Flammability of poly(1,4-butanediol succinate)-based biocomposites
19.7 Flame retardancy mechanism
19.7.1 Flame retardancy mechanism of phosphorus-based flame retardants
19.7.2 Flame retardancy mechanism of inorganic flame retardants
19.8 Summary and outlook
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20- Design characteristics, codes and standards of natural fibre composites
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Overview of natural fibre composite applications for sustainable construction
20.3 Design of natural fibre composites for shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams
20.4 Proposed design model for shear strengthening of reinforced beam using kenaf fibre reinforced
polymer laminate
20.4.1 Design strain of kenaf fibre reinforced polymer laminate
20.4.2 Design shear force of kenaf fibre reinforced polymer laminate strengthened beam
20.4.3 Required dimension of kenaf fibre reinforced polymer laminate for shear
strengthening of reinforced concrete beam
20.4.4 Theoretical model to predict the shear capacities of beam specimens
20.5 Design example: case study on shear strengthening of kenaf fibre composite reinforced concrete
beam
20.5.1 Design descriptions
20.5.1.1 Flexural capacities of beams
20.5.1.2 Design strain of kenaf fibre reinforced polymer laminate
20.5.1.3 Required cross sectional area of kenaf fibre reinforced polymer laminate for
shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beam
20.6 Conclusion
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21- Sustainability and life assessment of high strength natural fibre composites in construction
21.1 Introduction
21.2 A brief history of sustainability and life cycle assessment for construction products
21.3 The environmental impacts measured in life cycle assessment
21.4 Life cycle assessment
21.4.1 The life cycle of a construction product in life cycle assessment
21.4.2 Stages of the life cycle assessment (LCA)
21.4.2.1 Goal and scope
21.4.2.2 Life cycle inventory
21.4.2.3 Life cycle impact assessment
21.4.2.4 Interpretation
21.4.3 Data generated from life cycle assessments
21.4.3.1 Embodied carbon
21.4.3.2 Acidification
21.4.3.3 Eutrophication
21.4.3.4 Stratospheric ozone depletion
21.4.3.5 Photochemical ozone creation
21.4.3.6 Abiotic depletion
21.4.3.7 Raw material use/mineral extraction
21.4.3.8 Toxicity
21.4.3.9 Land use
21.4.3.10 Embodied water
21.4.4 Environmental product declarations
21.5 Regulations and standards
21.5.1 Regulations and standards for products
21.5.2 Regulations and standards for the building level
21.6 Life cycle assessment applied to high strength natural fibre composites
 21.6.1 Create environmental profiles
21.6.2 Data set from the analysis
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22- Future scope and intelligence of natural fibre based construction composites
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Future scope and challenges
22.2.1 Challenge 1: variability of mechanical property and stiffness
22.2.2 Challenge 2: long-term durability
22.2.3 Challenge 3: reduction of costs
22.2.4 Challenge 4: codes and standards
22.2.5 Challenge 5: market acceptance
22.3 New technologies and intelligence of natural fibre composites
22.3.1 Inherent intelligence of natural fibre composites
22.3.2 Smart natural fibre composites
22.3.3 Nanocoating
22.3.4 Nanocellulose composites