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10351038, 1997
# 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
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AbstractThe solution of the one-dimensional magnetotelluric problem for a multi-layered earth with
varying magnetic permeability has been obtained in the form of a 2 2 matrix by considering appropri-
ate boundary conditions. A Fortran 77 computer program for the computations of apparent resistivity
and phase has been presented. The applicability of the program is demonstrated by computing magne-
totelluric response over a three-layered earth model having variable magnetic permeability. # 1998
Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
y where
0 1
um 1
0 (air) B pm vm qm
um vm C
(0,0,0) x Cm B
@
C 5a
h 1, 1, 1
z=z1 vm A
h 2, 2, 2 qm um vm pm
z=z2 um
vm ekm1 zm 5e
z=zn-2
hn-1, n-1, n-1 Similarly, for zm=zm+1, one can write
z=zn-1
h n, n, n
z=zn Am1 Cm1 Am2
z 1=2 B : 6
Bm1 2 sm1 =mm1 m2
=0, r
Considering all the interfaces, Equation (5) can
Figure 1. Stratied earth model showing notations for var- be rewritten as
ious layer parameters. m, mr and m0 are magnetic per-
meability, relative magnetic permeability and free-space Am Cm Cm1 Cn1 An
1=2 B : 7
magnetic permeability, respectively. Bm s s
m m1 s n1 n
2nm
mm mm1 mn1
the coecients, and other terms are dened earlier.
The impedance, Z0 at the surface of the earth As the solution must remain nite as z tends to
(z = 0) is written as innity, the coecient Bn (for the bottom-most
semi-innite media) can be assumed to be equal to
io m1 A1 B1
Z 2 zero. Now the expressions for A1 and B1 can be
k1 A 1 B 1
written as
where sux 1 refers to the rst layer.
The coecients A1 and B1 can be evaluated by A1 Y
n1
1
S1 Cm 8
considering the boundary conditions which require B1 m1
0
the continuity of tangential components of electric
and magnetic elds at the interfaces. At z = zm, we where
get the equations An
S1 1=2 A constant:
Exm Exm1 and Hym Hym1 s1 s2 sn1
2n1
m1 m2 mn1
or,
Am ekm zm Bm ekm zm Am1 ekm1 zm Although the coecients A1 and B1 can be com-
puted using Eq. (8), the equation is not in a con-
Bm1 ekm1 zm 3 venient form. The form can be improved by
factorizing matrix Cm into
and
1=2 Cm Vm Qm Um 9
sm km zm km zm
Am e Bm e where
mm
1=2 1=vm 0
Vm 9a
sm1 0 vm
Am1 ekm1 zm Bm1 ekm1 zm : 4
mm1
pm qm
From these equations, the solution for the coe- Qm 9b
qm pm
cients Am and Bm can be written in matrix notation
as and
Am Cm Am1 um 0
1=2 B 5 Um : 9c
Bm 2 sm =m m1 0 1=um
m
A FORTRAN 77 program for computing magnetotelluric response 1037
Therefore, 1
ra jZ0 j2 : 15
Y
n1 o m0
Cm V1 Q1 U1 V2 Q2 U2 Vn1 Qn1 Un1
m1 Substituting Equation (14) into Equation (15)
and simplifying leads to
U 1
0 U0 V1 Q1 U1 V2 Q2 Un2 Vn1 Qn1 Un1
C11 C21 2
ra r1 mr1 16
C11 C21
Y
n1
U 1
0 Um1 Vm Qm Un1 and the phase is expressed as
m1
ImagZ0
f tan1 : 17
Y
n1 RealZ0
1
U 0 Rm Un1
m1 Equations (16) and (17) can be used to compute
the apparent resistivity and phase with time over
where
the desired multi-layered magnetized earth model.
0 um1 um1 1
pm qm
B vm vm C
Rm @ vm vm A:
qm pm COMPUTER PROGRAM
um1 um1
Based on the above formulation, a computer pro-
Using Equations (5d) and (5e), it can be seen gram was written in FORTRAN-77. The source
that code is available by anonymous FTP from
um1 vm FTP.IAMG.ORG, or via internet at
ekm hm , ekm hm and U 1
0 1: WWW.IAMG.ORG. The variables used for layer
vm um1
parameters are dimensioned so that the input par-
ameters can take up to fteen layers, and the MT
Therefore, Equation (8) nally becomes response is obtainable for a maximum of 100 dier-
ent values of the period. The dimensions of the
A1 Y
n1
1 variables can be changed, if required. The value of
Un1 S1 Rm 11
B1 m1
0 the magnetic permeability is taken as a relative
value with respect to the free space value, that is,
where mrm=mm/m0 where mm is the permeability of the
layers, mrm is the relative permeability and m0 is con-
pm ekm hm qm ekm hm
Rm 12 sidered to be free-space value, that is, 4p107. The
qm ekm hm pm ekm hm
values of resistivity and thickness for each layer
and
.
Q
As the matrix product n1 m1 Rm is a 2 2 matrix,
the nal result of this product can be written as
d11 d12
: 13
d21 d22
must only be given in units of ohm metres and kilo- Jupp, D. L. B. and Vozo, K. (1977) Two-dimensional
metres, respectively. magnetotelluric inversion. Geophysical Journal of the
Royal Astronomical Society 50, 333352.
Keller, G. V. and Frischknecht, F. C. (1966) Electrical
Methods in Geophysical Prospecting, pp. 243248.
AN EXAMPLE OF MT RESPONSE
Pergamon Press, New York.
Using the computer program, apparent resistivity Kumar, R. (1982) An algorithm for computing magneto-
telluric forward problem of a layered earth.
and phase responses for a three-layered earth model Geophysical Research Bulletin 20, 7582.
containing a magnetized layer have been computed Kunetz, G. (1972) Prospecting and interpretation of mag-
and presented in Figure 2A and B and Table 1. In netotelluric soundings. Geophysics 37, 10051021.
this example, the second layer is assumed to be Larsen, J. C. (1981) A new technique for layered earth
magnetized having relative magnetic permeabilities magnetotelluric inversion. Geophysics 46, 12471257.
Park, S. K., Orange, A. S. and Madden, T. R. (1983)
as 1.2 and 1.5 with resistivity 100 O m and thickness Eects of three-dimensional structure on magnetotellu-
1 km. The resistivity and thickness of the unmagne- ric sounding curves. Geophysics 48, 14021405.
tized surface layer is assumed to be 20 O m and Patella, D. (1976) Interpretation of magnetotelluric resis-
0.02 km, respectively, and the resistivity of the last tivity and phase soundings over horizontal layers.
layer (unmagnetized and extending to an innite Geophysics 41, 96105.
Patra, H. P. and Mallick, K. (1980) Geosounding
depth) is assumed to be 1000 O m. One such curve Principles 2: Time Varying Geoelectric Soundings,
is also prepared for the unmagnetized model to Elsevier, Amsterdam, 419 pp.
show the relationship between magnetized and Porstendorfer, G. (1975) Principle of Magnetotelluric
unmagnetized models. Prospecting, Gebrueder Borntraeger, Berlin, 118 pp.
Rankins, D. and Reddy, I. K. (1969) A magnetotelluric
AcknowledgmentsFacilities provided by the Department study of resistivity anisotropy. Geophysics 34, 438449.
of Geophysics, Banaras Hindu University are thankfully Torres-Verdin, C. and Bostick, F. X. (1992) Principles of
acknowledged. spatial surcial electric eld ltering in magnetotellu-
rics: Electromagnetic Array Proling (EMAP).
Geophysics 57, 603622.
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