[Also availabe stom MoGraw-Hill ‘Schaum’s Outline Series in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering ach oie inclss an thor. defintins, and hundseds of solved problems and soplemeiary podlens with answers Curent List Ines: ‘atc Egeatons of Exgoering (Coninnn Mecanc xgmeerng Econ Branning Meche, kein Pid esha & dees I mt Lepergin Dnt Moskne Desir Operon Reerch Srengih of Matra, 2 fon Trcrcce Mechs Available at Your College Bookstore DESIGN OF ___ THERMAL SYSTEMS ‘Third Edition W. F. Stoceker Proenr Emer ef Mecha Entering (ners of na Uren Champeiee Meraw-il, ne. New York St. Lows San Francisco Auckland Bogotd CCareeas Lisdon Lencon Mactid. Mexico Cyt Montreal Now Dothi San Juan Shgepere Sysney Tony Toremowt “stock nas tin Tine Re Pete Series. Prt Lary tice See RPE Db & So Cony us oe nee Sma outee tert Se he aie nea eran tae Saegernn maaan an 768 TS GO oF ISGN 0-07-0b1L20-5 nay Congest in Pe Doe "Bon af ema ee bre bas dine acter Nola sims TaN Br WIOS BOCOSS “hs book i rinted on acl paper ABOUT THE AUTHOR Wilder F, Stocckeris Professor Emits of Mechanical Eginering othe Univesity of Mois at Uibauu Champaign where he cominvcs # tech pat time, He received his undergradute education atthe Univerty of ‘ttaum at Rolla and prague egies trots the University of line and Pardue University, De Stocker is he aor of Indra! Refrigeration, Kofigeraion and Air Constonng, with J.D. ones, and Mcroeonpiter Cones of Thermal and Mechanical Sterns, with P. A. Stocker Hea the tachor of over 30 tebe per, tat tector itemationaly and eres ‘saminda consultant. He sa member of ASMIE, ASE. aad ASHRAE, ‘md several iemutional efigeraion an ar coneiiningorgamzatons and Isalso the rcpt of sumotows seh asCONTENTS 3 & 0 in 2 8 8 Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface 10 the Fit Eaition gine Dosen Desoning& Workable Sporn soos Egustion Fins ‘oseling Therma Equipment Systm Simulon Optiniz grange Muller Ghomeie Popramaies Linear Progamming Mahemaeal Mossling —Thermadynamic Popeton Stady-tte Simslation of Large Sssems Dynamic Benvior of Thennal Syeme CCleas Metteds of Opimianion (Glew of Vaitions and Dynamic Programming Probable Approaches to Desig Appendix 1. Comprehensive Problems ‘Appendix Il. Generalized System ‘Simulation Program, ‘Appentis 111 Index 20 2 bo an a sis sso 555PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION ‘The fed of tera ye dsin and nays contin to develop. The rer of worker is prowing, tcl papers span ave se nd ne textooks a eg ten, “The major clectve af Ws tind ein ist gm sone of he ew approaches ht are now svelale alto ponte more Dexily to sacs who use Desig of Thermal Stems a ext The change o he ‘relve chapter of te second sition ae met acm come he Itcsion of sone atonal end-chopcr poles. Chapes 13 tah 19, however, a all mew. Ont possible eof the Fat fo cone the fist ewelve capt an advance! undciprade couse and he remiting Sven chapter a3 rat ous, ln some engieeing sens ‘deat steady fave Sie Kit of optmztios couse poo king ae ‘ermal design couse. For those cles erin shapes of th ist rele (usally the ones on search meio, dyanic programming, Test ‘ograrming) ean be Omited and mail ean be saplemete fot he ‘ew sven chaps Seve athe pe chapters ar extensions of the ito flexed Inthe fra twelve chaps, especallyrnthenatial madeig. sed state system simulation and sear methods. Chap i ess some of the stalenges at tbe when sling large thermal systems. New materi apes Chop 1S on dyn eka. a Chaps 18 wich nodaces ‘clus of variations a 2 sorspanin to dymamie programing. and ‘Chaptr 19 on probable apreaches io dexgn, nich explo "The author thas cllesges both a Be Univer ot lino a she: Charpagn and thr eginceing schools fo conti at suggestions dung the pst eral years om to keep retook eh McGraw would ao ike t thank the folloiag eviews for tc ay wef comments: Joba R. Bc, Caifona Stas yeeUnive, Pomor Theoloe F. Sih The Univesity of ws: Fd (©, Stel, Caioia Ste Pays Univesity, San Ls Obi on ‘A Ty, Ressler Pts fst; Dane 7 Vletioe, Chon Coles ao Wiliam J. Wer, Geog nti of Teneo. WF Soccer PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ‘The fel of seal ssn design has begin to mae. The lof te ‘epi ws potbly the Unversity of Michigan project some the ‘198 by the Navona Scene od Fd Foundations. The ovata ‘Ma tine mg hee been onieed ariel, beane he parc pas ia Shar progam wes setae as of wing dil comptes enseting dean. ‘The topics amd cages Seed i he Poet, modeling Sulton. a apimiaon, rote w be sgn ‘The firs eon of Desi of Pama Stns appt in be ety \9t0sani concerted on he mplicatins w heal ers of msi, Sioultion an optimization. Att ie the iat apes wee ‘Somembt are,evetal Tinted olage ena and eau ie. The emerence ofthe energy ei about 197! oie the pas forte mst aplication of Sse sulin, Stem siulan as become an acspe olfr ery cas of power encaing. acon ‘Stoning, seguaton, ander tem pecests las Sin 1 ‘fen wed nthe eg or eveloment age eval eary rege tents ofthe proposed sta or explore poe savas ne cot The scene Of esi zan eb #8 aks wel mang. less fil, buc mary engines fel ht is oly a mater of tie a inetd fait wt he per of spiced optimization exhigus efor sespancs hecomet wierd ‘The reate for preparing a second eon of Desi of Thermal Ss- tens het he eld has soared du he es ee he penance of Ie is ean, Some te emques ef sinlaion and otrzatio ane bene more seid. The ihr alo Believes hat some oe OR to be explain mee cry an ht aon xara ples fan vile te use of dese pics Since he comers dst 3 he fd of tie ext have been arate any inst, hee mune as Fen nested W.F, Seeder aPREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION ‘Tete, Design of Therma nem, fe te te coesps embodied les Rooke ain, nara, tn, DESIGN A eget rac of he engines efor den, st of cel tions oF apt hat is a aburton al Sexton of tarda, Win fining edn, he cokbock spac So design pated Aig the 94D, cvecd th dig clon wo at any engine Schools dropped desige cones om ti rest Be 1980 But wo esi hs eased. Tis eemegeace oa ape te xe roe Ses: esgn is eappecgg a case se gay esa act ‘THERMAL ‘Within mony mech egincsing cnc the term deg i ini 9 nacine denn: Ivete io Cmpense fr ths gue ack of coc of thea desig, sre spec emp on this sb fr the me few yeas is wattaned. Te digo thera! ingle acu an ‘ates Bsa on princes hemodyraes, Ret taster ad ld roles, “The hare asec wih ermal stems inde a, pps, cones, eines snr, aie, hast i a xen nd ‘Rac, al ieremected Wi Sone fo of sind. General he ‘esting sbvanes re fas Thee pe toms epee sch de tesa per genrton, lca suis. gan cond ‘honing ate, ad inthe fod, bea, ad prowess dss, isy mance erm SySTEMS incing con predomi proves orented, wie easiest partce ie redomanaly vm eer Mot sows of dy ng ering joie te stent ith an fete expose w ‘uch pees {'e y of compel id sou nae 2 be behave of ‘atedyenn nd teal Bondy aes ts sues. The actin ‘hg fowete Ht Wo be Coto wi «nk sich 5 esi tttecromi eso a eres auc gu fom pipeline aed ms ‘Tamdrpoend fr er age, Th big ep beeen now of ‘Rd process tn he Pega of hee proces a nen cere "Cs a toad nt beacon y mining the cpa soon mes Ay neg of tne my rea me fale oe Sve, Ba wins vera ernment {fers engincas wo en iking srs of ses. Aer fern fr nem ones aviv none in Te tency te ugh pas of suse ot te ae ome techs sina Sa pinnae (t'beted tema speene, These asl ol and to mad ‘Sed fne come fal ve hm Wits ihe maiy of ocedus of simiston an option is oes ae stan, te pacica spinon a hoe proces has aly ecenty fee wien Rea of te avai) of he i fp Hector he Hono tie operat hand ce {anf cxampe of anoint of fon us pence Upon (ec tunes ef deen ore Th ho! hat ing {ees cmt of one or aces of coronene fal of ac Mpa wortate ten nso snes compliment a the etre ‘iccgng soap ssn vastly shasoned The posh maton eprseuson fe fe fase of dee ‘OUTLINE OF THIS BOOK “The goof his bok ithe eign of osinun termal ystems, Chaps i ugh Tl cover topes and spi posure: optiminoe. Aer ‘Chap exis the piel semen of the optimsaon problem and Ses how this eee ees ow te pil sittin, ie chap teat lion expire tilatonproedwesweh ances weeds, ‘Shchinchd, geome progr. dy preparing, an iar gai, tse ave pny any he of [cds esse oss sem a gare On he oe ind te applic ae chown fom te teal elo cmb he ‘pp fr opiatin i is so ONS fe easiness st ot ty opine a maveneiy complex thermal system, be fe soon nek by the ned for ping te erlrmance of tat system, vn cele nat condone eromace Fiieaauits of conponatt Tt fo Ge prces of patm stereo, Sytem smultion aot oly ay De api he opiaon proces Bat tay have a sefss fs om igh A system ay be died oe ‘sso some mentum ia conn ut ay oper 9S pst fe tie at erdamrasigum fed Sten saulaon peo examina ‘the oprating conditions hme Feo posble operating am col probit tron design sont ‘Sine system simulation and optimization on eny bat te simplest probios ae sonst pero, te exces af ie poe us be Frormed on a camper: Whes ming = comput, te jut fn of ‘Rprsecution cf te perfomance of Sompates abd expression af POP ‘ies of bus &amch ie coment han lr er ppc Rpmseratons. Char fof ube! madlng preset ore ich Tue fr etn desler the ae where thee and ao we ‘teen some ing ee oatps sed in hen Gage 30 estas, apc teenie eogieing dein an sconomes or separable, se esse eu rn 0 0 Inzane the economic one. Chap 2, cn werate rc, en to coeey ve single Pet ioc stacton—te cfc een he ‘eign poeta tenet worabe se income apna ser The nt cape on engine dig lass he pores desgn i am engine dag. The appends cae sone Frode steers of several compe sie rove nich ya parte sects Cust ok me oe Tce erm cee ily reid at ere pt (of tome of he pies expla ne et, Me aaie for wich he Bok wt wien ibn eno oi ex gna es areca oem casing. tg tfemmoignamis, ha ander, Mie mechanic, and ae hace of te frfrmance charters o eh homal alpen x Ret exchnges ps and comeresars, The now genni acted ity of eng {0 o bse dip compar programing abo rere ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ter yee vgn pod emerging a an cnet. Spec reogakion shoud Se ghen fot program scr the Universi of Michigan ce Comput a Eagnserag Design Eaton ‘hi i 1966 clea delioeed pics ad eid cts Dat ate ‘ince pronedto bepouetve.Acoowledgmen soa peat seesa tech enlace Fi fo evelopment at oe ‘ivan nse cae al, 6 ose enema Sem of mecha ‘roe. ‘Many fc members dung te past ve year have ve, ao independent, a We same concn wt aubor the tne i opptne fee ceveopeats i thermal eign. Many of hese faculy meres Have ‘Shard sore of hel exprcoe etal design section of Mechanical Enaoering News snd ave, ty ey od tcely coated To sexes ts boc. ‘The immo he hin eon of text mati wanda the Design of Thermal Syne cose ate Usiveiy ofMios a Uae Champign {hak th sent no fave worked wh in hs course forte suggestions fr moroveneat ofthe mano. The cond eiton ‘rian sricivey pitied Wokle peared by my Deyartment Pabizaton Offs, George Mm, Desto. Jone Kempe sad Dune Mei. ‘fe and Don ances, Brove Bretenfeld and Pal Stockard. Speci ns edu fo the Engineering Deparment of mo Cama Capron, Chaco oe irre in Eginring edt tad for ‘hercontc ever of tin res showy ring the Serco. Coupee coleapes a invaluable vung bars fr dea an ss conte of ea of tir own. Prfese LE Doyle feed sg [Bsns oa te economsehgtrad Pr. C. 0. Federen, a coor ‘nthe development of the term sya program athe Unset of ‘ni Uns Changeign, pode dv at many stage. Doma BR Wi ands cae of wheal eghesing ven ot Py ‘Ste Universe te roasts pov alae Sgaes ‘kos fom he pt of ew of we ofthe ook. Bene conment ‘etc aio care fom te Newark Colle of agiecing. woe Pro. Eugene Starr and a group of seas sed he maaserp oe ‘ye coning eae of McGraw ll Book Company. supe pre ‘omens nts of peggy a wll 8 De esa ees of ‘heal Stems "Te lino in the took were prepared by Gorge Mors of ‘Champa, ins By tring te ecpe dat hey ae, my wife Pt an chien Foal, Jun and asahave made he work on is boo, wells an (Sor een wort WF. Sector OOO OHA DESIGN OF THERMAL SYSTEMSSe cee CHAPTER 1 ENGINEERING DESIGN 1.1 INTRODUCTION ‘Typ pofesom atin of egies ictfe es, corsa, research devebpnent, and devin Design wl te ou spec seer tis bok. Te immedi proof dean poss asp tf fallen, sale 2 daving te ae sb of adr, The oe Bee dog my bea ess cma soca of ‘Ou emphasis vil be on mse design, mice & tem i ened 1 a alec of componss ni nerd perfrmare, Ee te ‘nal systems, where fds and ecg in he fry of eat end work re ‘oveyed ad conver Bele aujesing is oa, Rowetr epee ‘il exomin he argr pce in which he cri egieerig se iy blends. We tall al is lager opeaion ae eniechag safer, implying et engin playa sds re tw ae dere nh oe eidrtons, Enpacerag nds pele» wie vey oman hats entepsn swell uel, ie, ol ea spose pei.2 oenorrmussiss 1.2 Decisions in an Engineering Undertaking te cent years sn appeciable aman of atenion has bon devoted the ‘rehadoogy 0 morphology of engineering unerakings, Stes on these tops have analyeed the ps and procedures usd in reaching decision ‘Ons conrbton of thee sin hut boc wo smut engineer 0 reo fo the dicking processes of thenselves and otbets ou te poe ea, ‘Cerny the proses and sequtoeof ep flowed in each unoraing ‘ifeeat, and uo one seguemee long the oe exe in his cups, E snivecallyappiabes Since the stating pot, the goal andthe se ‘onions der kom one undertaking tothe ext, be procedures mus van. ‘The advange of analyzing the decision paces, epecially in ca= Pex undetatings, ta leas to amore lial ection fhe may via ellos enaiting the entire Yetre. The flow cage i Fig “hows tpl steps fllowed ls the conection evaltation, abd exce- te ofthe ple The etangulrfoees, WH ids actions may Te Sot conuldeabie eff and expendi on Ig pects The diamond ones preset decison, «8 WAS o cont The FO} oF Op & “Te ehwlalegioerngoscure mostly i ois Sand 7, prsut or system design ind rear apd develope. Li wil be said i his hpter abot product oe system design Pecuse i wil be studied in the "luptets ofotlow. Te How dara sho onl how ths design recede ft lone the larger patra of the wnerakng, The ivi Fondeign tvs wil Be dead net 1.3. NEED OR OPPORTUNITY (STEP 1) ‘Sup I inthe flow diagram of Fig. I o define the ned or oppo ‘may sem easy Jo Sate the ase or epporusiy. bu cis nok alvays a ‘Supe ask. For example, te effi cy sappome tat hei eed Into enlge te reverts tat ican se lrer Guan of wee fe ‘municipal pues The officials ay ot hae speciid teat need bat seal ay ve Iced to one posible solution. Reha the ned would Iter have boen sed asa lower reserve ding ern tes. he rar. Enlargement of he sri mip Be one pos saan, bu ter Foluions might he to Tet The conamgtion oF Wate and to eck tee Sources st aswel. Smeties pose scion ate precluded by 2% sting the need pope the beg aning. ‘the wend coppomny” Ros porive canottons, whereas “need” sapget defensive scan. Someta he wo et be igus. oe ‘carpe. a instal firm may rcopize «ne produc an oppor ‘buf te company does ot then expund ts ie of pods, bsioess ely to desi, Thue te ino of a ne prot i io eed. orate vanes 3 , {commer enterpees, espa needs of opportu e in thee ‘ation or expansion of falies to manifest a curent roduc Oppo aso anes whet these of prostt nt antacid by the frm sing a he rare poten seams favorable, Sil hd foum ia which an oppo arses i hough esearch and evelopmentwin crn. A new rot may be developed is ‘ebay Suctncsu now te fo esting ods en be fund {y maing sigh modem of An rgaiaton ay Brow haf uta = gry, icky sobuonce ant asin te esac a lvl depann th ko fg oe se fx ‘Grionsntoet the momar th ee o Cpu ha ous cneincenng deg wa sateen Soa 14 CRITERIA OF SUCCESS STEP 2) In comer enti he vl eieion of sacs is showing pot epee «son te of ern he rete a poe poets tie ckeon acco he dee fo whieh he med ised in elton tee cht meneuy or oberv ns joins ewan te expected ening mee Of sed commer ret «coming iene a he Sco o- ot ithe prof Sire money cones re alta empte ther bina sly ad pla cmsiratns to 4 ete Tee ‘ren oder wow” ape ped ce he soomoncay ats, ‘Xft may else aa more rote teu peal he fen of teamporation eos 30 that 48 sospieepltion wr noe ast ewer eople A an alti. the lant msy spend a oon sept potion ‘Erna in odo bes sod neighbor oe rund tema. ‘Stine fem wl deg and anfoctare 4 pout a fers us oppor for profit sil toma pet kine of pons. The slay of ths pot, rest 4 pt ess Jone os 0 Froese stoner "Ye, mesa sal Sou poset A bt ne eco Froioe Pw sme poise em he compan’ ne a ei sapere precat ‘Sten deco ptciacy in an emergency, appears onside te realm of sense I toler providing sta or eae euler ‘lung ste desu meter opr epee he Bosra soem ‘be oaese the rei of exnoms. The qpesion can sil be sored te econo on, however, nal fe bt exci the pect en in erpoweig 1. 1.5. PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS (STEP 3) Pras ant design te aay ied tw the fe for wich ony Potty. ne cms), apple Thre no ste surance ate pin wie the acces re ced i Se. LS, oly Iiatoa or sbi a wl do “Te euon of probes wigpet the arma stebaon cute 1.2), sn excelent sting po fr expressing uncer) In th dco Toning pes. The spc fhe debtor cure hes pra ia the evo of be ae beneath ere. Thee andes he cane Rerveee ands, forename spews pay P of We ees ‘ccuring foes vanes ep and sy Tis a ‘Since te poi o be eves seus Somevter in he range os ‘Sui. he eprom ore se ge els soul 1 foun ‘The ution foe pray distor cane a e “The mario veo We ord Is YF, which oc when» =a ‘This ft suggests ht increming the tala Offa the tape of Aisin cave, a shown in e317 ecae tan fi pak fof hem carve vc ibe thn ho Be hy core "7 eat te roby Wes Yo devin king in an eogieeing taderaing rye ax 3 now poet oF cy pope ed 2 ek cee It fon eon ene for a Sen ie ofthe Pu. Aero pinay Co the ok incurs i Shown ss ned m Pe Se rah es ‘read agin! Be cals, the draioncirvef, ceaing to peat conc in expec eco tof Nena oe ansir FEE i ge pty ce 18 peem, Tee eyeisd rte of rum is aaracve enough, tmeve, 1 proceed 1p «complete design, ining st ei he most Problem om restr ater compte esi er pen fot ‘ramps te conten inthis gue wow be peat: han the cotenee ‘de 18 perce ig lr he elniay dog because ashe now , 1 ates ec aalzed moe cally sn martin sais hve bea contd we ares ‘The probaly dsrbaon curves woah age, sfer come. on anf afer 1 year af operate, pm progressely srr dewecs of ‘rience i he te feta rs Scarier $year es of fetuen i now exact, andthe ebay dstsbton cave degenerate Into cure tts nines nse fit io "Tue rss hat eto eve Res not Seine, so that oly oa st feet or condense, ar pve ne [potsblicaprocho dsgn ae th del ang’ ate ent of {he chopra Chapter 19) One of estes ef a ew ty of qamsing the ces rym in Fg ok Ie vate eden fer to know ot ely he mos ely value of the ren on vent bu ase heer tre shh low proba of ang i oe ky ane 1.6 MARKET ANALYSIS (STEP 4) ibe undeaking is one in wich 3 prod Service mast evenly Ye ‘old or feed (9 cistret, tae must he sone lon of fee rection by he pleat conser. ea! fo of te iaraon po ‘ide ty'a afer aaj waa bea st of corer ie move in i 1-3, Wit an ince n oes he pte Youn als deren un soc high pe seach tht mo ales a tera, Te slewslare ‘pice laos att hese ete pat ex proces besarte wt price ester nage plat Pre rem th marketing na ‘Boss mam be vated i vant wih exch oer PamaBestne he se and aegis the Yolame af le forgiven pit «aly of caves expected Since set aoe tht nen and adversig ello, and ce a costo crease of {hs ett ress im disinhing improve in ley te exis um ‘puma level of tan sm averting efloe-A marketing pan shold irc smc wh th esl pln for te dein. 1.7. PEASIBILITY (STEP 6) “Te ean dy wep 6, an herbert emily ein ler tender the pet ee possible A. OSE AY be Ke, oF Pre but ao economically may res fom wnaedatity 2 bresineat epi, lero rable oni voles. Seley severely ne ry poi he eee nding ‘Shown ote tease ier shranes most Be foené tee pest ‘ust be doped 1.8. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Sree) Ifthe potter proces te mw to he again, be re orn sewed developmen (RD) may Be import ipo he Gecson frecens Resear eflors may provide ngs oe inproeret ofthe EIST ben nd develnen rk my supply meting ode oF © plot Plat, ceperdiag spc entre ofthe unde. keg RAD ae geo ecto aking 8 Ws one i. 1, suggest ten ds oats sombre ae osasizaoe 8 Tied feral plas tthe oot of RAD er tomo Ino morale idea The possbiy of he eas oats he ese fap sh io he explo a nite by the dated Ke Fe Tr hasetrh poole often ere of pe eu nr els wc mig ‘ppt er own sy 19 ITERATIONS Toe op Fi. erases hat he dco making roses fans Iran deans Each fe hough the lop moves the Smt the gus of rman aod Ut, Evenly» pot i sacs where aa ecsons se mae rpg te deni. pretion td een fhe pee. The cttanee tt cats rough ti Mw diagram 1S tatamatn, wih may be Inthe frm of repr ed comerstons my he Beh tral abd poe, Tae Heaton Fe aso Wratnion Sete peoples nhieu interned oeo-go desons nme von 9 1.10. OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATION “The ow diagram of fig. tmnt ih te condom or egming ‘tromafaenre of pdt or rvce.Actly suis sage ter Ot dus po ich seeks opie the pean a given city. The fay was designed othe a a cern Geson pratt wich teil bane by fe time the fc sin opera. The hex chalet thon fo oper the fay in he best pombe unc he Hah of Sh actors seul eos and pes” A fll sty dare whe he jes mot pfiai th objesivebacomes ta of miming the Be 1.11 TECHNICAL DESIGN (STEP 5) ‘Sip 5 in i, 1-1, he product or stem ein, has ot ten dead. ‘The eon et isn sO he stem stn se sa fis ‘he fos hpi. Th apis Where ape! pon tempera (Gorin spent Sram design at an ily bes meter tween he sy hd aa of nid rcests or impose ba the gt Sesion Sich ely economi. Usely on sen coordina te pani of (he tnderiog Ts mage orally amages aha backgrand panss focexperence coef the nucies The manos vexperence mph beintnaes engineering marking. for example: Whale he gi pranding sd paynet equa eg. eal o seminal Aiton Son aes what the periods ae iet. e gorely compounding ‘vid soma srs mount Mote feqveatempounang hn eet can Te accommodsed bp demining an uve ae of ince ppiae ‘ower te papest pra ample 310 Aor resents of S120 a be ma at 9 eins ‘ati te 10 sem ens eee Yea. ‘Ws estes ae ne vee te sd 9 10 eas? Sodio, Wn amu X sar deg ne a Desc et td's caesndqurety osm sana eS pen he abe at ons)" +248) a xing = not e080 The eat em eof et 1 hacen ‘cdo S00 pet. Ths te son eed meer he ae rs woth = (0910 yeu $139) Oy an 1yt30 © 7 S13. CHANGES IN MIDSTREAM Apa invovinga es of pymen (or masa) et up oh bass i Seuin els amon an expected leet oe, Ding te ie of he plant aceped cet ray change anor the ait fo make the Feel prmene may tage, a alleraon a he plan may be dss. ‘Thc oles cn generally he sled by etabihieg he Worh a The tme of ange and aking 9 cuales rhe emg. ‘sale 3.1. Asking rd sit ht 12400 we ne ine sucr liye eno Toya Altice bean i ovens cf yoo Me Ais meen of po compouned ‘Stu, it ae te pyro aay ean dln ya Satuon Asus © orn pa, fe prams be ae fr 10 noes (512.0014, 68, 19 = 2. e09,007S0H = S104 ‘The wet te asf pt a en 4 ya i ($910.2), 65, 0) = (san = sR 2 To seed ve will ey net fe he nent $y bat he ‘emir fh $1.00 mb pve ie tol pets Ri, 68, 5) = 512,000 9272409, 6 5) 13h es ding he a se a c= 912. 73).4.388) 3.4. EVALUATING POTENTIAL, INVESTMENTS: An import fintion of econ alsin mgncring ene Saline poposedivesneats Acorn Ge ee dsl re ot ‘eur of ivestocyt tha slice uy coon wate a ll Tea eno to ay intrest onthe buds orcas oh the Sc tht [evict acurnent apa The estate in tects vey te nonly the base esa sass Wl betes, This funda Spe, boweer te saring post fon hich tens aad ‘hme cn be race moe somes sstes, Pa ees wil be courted i vena sale (1) it cox, (2yiecome (3) operating agente an sage val The rete en ‘Steed a hugh were eres Syme 2, Aner minim of ig ce {cen de ela aloe 4a going a0 {heaped vette 2 pace Were, ne being Bt ‘ny ding mse. sho eps apn wae 10 pet bop Cie Sept ae dine eh Seton. Te arose mt bettie peer person ireeleper or Baking A {60,60 ~ (15,000 ~ $0,309 18,8) + (HE, KOND 5) 14 (0073, P.3)-+(BHIONEE 840 swocorrimeeme Eee data for Kample 8.12 aga Sze enreiae re mt or Re ig ms be 1855 dg a emerson) Dating 8 roves «peer le ft ad fm ma See shor rere poe deqaas uty ememe aS TAXES, The smney fr pent the evermore vied by te soveramet comes primacy fom ite. Ts teason af xs 2 economieaalyh fen inporant brace’ i ore cee es ah 1 te fate deckie hee fo underae the prof of tse ora ‘ihe cc the inuton of tax comers may tafe which of ‘eo serves wil be racine cence nt svtoos of te Unie Sie, pop tates ae Kv by sos ing ait a oreo fr schoo, i govemca and fervionand pthaps pik ad seage ue, Teoria he eal ext tee soul eee whe ity drei, eing in owe el esas fate the ity aon, Ofer nvertents so baling, the a, Ie cle fie, never dseeases I tecore 9 common pace lon fr a conte eva ex oben mang to vere soy {he alice of the ux 8 to penalize aii) Which has 8 gh ae tse, Federal corporation itcome tases om any bathe sales aerises sero! spphnsly 80 peat of he ptt. In xargs 3.12 The ‘eof stun on the vest in big Brvas 16 prc Wich a Som vy favgable compared with ho wal ranges o erst aes of 5 {0 10 year Thera ren of 16 pete! i Bete aes, however Store coportion tsa tat has bet ex. there Of FM ‘Rulitle for tock or bod tory te comny eof the oer af 8 tent SiS ere fis my mE ME pA tH he commie analy tan proper tt income tc wil be Skeid ithe, ‘Ar ingisien of ncme ean eprecion, explore in the 36 DEPRECIATION Depression am smc ht ed ba anual expense in th x isan to alow for eplacenest ofthe fey the em of xe Numerous sods of computing deprecation are peri y the Ineral Revenue Serve. eg staat fe uso yea igh an SouMe- a0 declining bloc The tty wl explained. ‘Stalgtline dpeclaion comin seply of vile he cltereace teoween the Fst costs rage ve ofthe ast By the eer of Dear of tx Ho, Toe rer te aamal epee, Theta dew be Betis recat te neal Revere Sec ad yo my oot be "Resume ashe ectamife wied a fe economia, Te the smolteyear sags (SYD) wo, the ecto for @ ven years proce ye formal Depwciton dois = 22 =F Les) G10) iter N= tx le, yes 2 ints aars S salvage ae does he tas ie 10 yur for example, he dees Fiat year = 210110)(0 = 5) Second yea = 19/1107 —$) “eather = 21/110). 5) ‘Acomparson of te depreciation ates cause byte sigh mato ‘ih tow cals by te SYD ncbd sows tat the SYD method Termin pres depen ia ety pon of he ie. Wis he SYD Toei! the cme an hat mt hep arty in th if of he iit lest wih hs sgh in rind tag nee nd of eee SYD ux hier The ot tr pa over at fe ote a. 6 he Sse by cater mobo, bute sdhamtie of ag te SYD mth 6 at tne of tan pli ae ous, eh ie adbatageoe in woe fm sale of money. “Te stair line tho ban advange, boweve, it i iy te texte wl mese [Fe ae ums, 8 Beet RNs phe ax fn lager acon of verte4 pmocormenns seme 4.17. INFLUENCE OF INCOME TAX ON BCONOMIC ANALYSIS 1p see the cle of depecition flea iacome ts, camer the foloving imps example of choodg Between serve inves. Bor wich fda a Tale 3.4 apy. ealaon ote sna ew of a eliematives witow luson of he more tan flows sn a8 “The economic anlyet of sumaves A and B shows sppraimaely the pis i). Tithe compaaon of prof ao which poy ace t,t ac fneret pod ted oho expen, and ighine doses ped, he expe fore i jer sw termes ea rahe 3s higher icone cx ast be pad oa A tan on 8 ding te ey earn hehe yeas ofthe pret,» higher tax il te poi on ‘Toe example shows at ven hou th freien anal idued ‘Sul pat om te fo amas, hein of coe tak ee he peeee © B. The acvaage of Bt he pest och ofthe ak ‘era nvstment 4 Steliaced sga0 sis00 _ eos 43 Tors nx on to ateratoes Open ‘sao Seon Se faite i 2m Fataeee sso te wet wpe ip 30 4.18 CONTINLOUS COMPOUNDING Frequencies of copending ch ams, ad gut hve ‘or asad. Eten sore compounding Pris ecm ee «hy compound nvestrs by ma sae sen noes. Tigh frequency of conpountag i hie eal bees pean, come te aon of ncunulaing Roney fora laced semana ements at 3 pal pace. Hannes cnt ee money re ot tow basi han on a teh tus Ths Ui of compounng equensy 5 coninaos compounding rit ab infise mumbo of omg fee tts per ser. This sctondacanes te iat apple o conto fhenpoading: (1) ee sets compounding fro comepnig tp, 12) eer lump sums sortwsnly capone and cous Hm ‘onhtaoel compounds "The Up th» rom aa nc compound m Sime per yur for pers yes ‘The Up fetr for exmtnanascompouning (FP fund by leting ow ‘ea ok bt icine = maf Se $e aa a wham alor Ltn +]Cnc and ec 0 = Oa ® a rare 84%, Comp vies fp 9,10 pi 88 10 Somes em 98,1 = (4 +006" = 21889 Wien 8, 10)= ¢ = 2288 “use ctr peed hat ofthe ae wot fa im es ‘of funped amoutsConpovded eontmuculy. The cootiws Pa factor feral amon canbe dese ty ming Es. (-1) comin eimouncing y replacing + #withe Odening =O E EGER EL Ine soud fom expression of (2.3) 1+ Jean be eae bye! ant These (ay au “Te inl cotnius comping fate be preset is the cn tm fre north eco Ca Wich expres te fare orth ts conincus ow conpounied covtmnsy. HST per yea sed {tm oguadsmownt and treat unify ve teenie yew, and each STitseesomont eps Caving nares redline Wor hi senna Seas 8 Seal steal o1) {fe use he aay Beween Eqs. (1 abd 3.3), By, 2.14) cam be tana en he sed oa i tr 8 pry = 2-H ot 5 = ‘Asm approche infty, these 1 + ifm)" oppoaces "0 ta (6. for 81 pe year oa ample 3.14, Lacon 4 fra ary npc ceo ama Pt 10000 pr yeep ami ici CT ‘Soa peeiespn oncy terete yw dase eee fh 0 S00 pe yer The pew eeay ened ae ot Feta of 1 pct er eA ed 8 J, the cps se Sette Sic te 1000 per dere coe ote: ‘any cme ie een eet = (no 0 319 SUMMARY ‘Thre ae several levels of somo analysis ger than ht apeoacbed by ths chapter The compliant aceourin, earng nd a o [ates iiive sophieioons fond dee prneed Se The spe ‘cheved by his taper might be sed tesco! eve of conse tales, The Git evel wou bea eval aoe of ly ang St ih the iences of nee, wich ipo the Smessioe tine ell Se unt nasa De ale fey. “The etn fives! anes epee i bate sed repeal in cnincig practice. a mst tnchenper mt ‘Reed fo gobshond hee psp. These meow alse te base ft ‘cers it moe open sono ara PROBLEMS {LL tig ope, cclee your peru of bie the ce (he 9d OPW. Dye ure ap ah ff ‘eget aed at hee rf 8 808-10 1 Tee 3,8 gece Coeaas fr Be mig net ge 18 By cu, 28050 by won and Me Goty free Pinto oe cc {ur pester Beds 1.2, Anna vest a eng mae 90 ht SOND wl essai feted pool crapocdcd aves. Ah tym; bx te sansa ea 9 pet Pe fre ee Ts Fat pet. $1. Aghia tkeenof ae hanger mer ine Stok mame(amd avaae he of enh, ih ha wah es Wo ‘te reseed amity pon mae ined an rs pene ‘omowre awe? The s8 234 A be megs etn for 20 us 8 pet ere compar iy, The ets aso nono) Ae how ay ob 3 Si li [AS A eer ea ot hate ll 8 yr ce at pic theme to eps te bguing ener dan eal fe ee, ‘eu pact To ae mee comput mre ‘ar en et hae compen "ane 2 sera y wor tant ppmcts oping wen fife yo {Te aaa ppmergosed wml tet of he Sh Jo ‘ie nde rate eo 17pm sy at iad einer Wotan oe ea 23% a S160 anege on Wh © eee esi pu, compound ‘he emia nwa ren ae 8 psa and the eet od a 2 hott ee wt ren Sitios mesa pc Sopa 2410, A mone tc pny $200 i pe of resi gece 350" Te mera fpr campoared gue Ho ‘Bh fe pina emo ser 8 rao psa A tye mtg op fr wile monly ppc 6 pct nem sich ca tenes as ‘51645 1% sentra coma on SOD. Aa fe ‘rand ery juror, he ener od of 0, hh she ‘ex viod, sls sock $120, Wat te re fmt on ‘cena eimai be yin men pp” [M3, sto of 39.40 tonowed sn nts of pero he pid Tatnes compound sanrualy Thee ioe ps bck we eg Drymen 3 eas Te ayorns eta be mae ney? Se ‘knet $91 — = 44 thei ng ec a cn a fe net ipl dea esa real se a ‘edoed pam eee, The cos reat emp mm he cd eee! wton The sex tee yr ee ‘unin’ als on # yeas she ie te pet er De Sono eal oxen needa den we made ep ‘te net ve, wheter reac te pcg or tie wi he ‘sting Peck. Nog) em te boomed 9 ec ice, Somes ice Wht the iru cunt it Sou Be pd fo he cking ied mit else? ‘ame 4279 28, Re ain ea lyin ger He ie asaaK an. am, na seer ann of he iy rs wort of hs sist te th Ca o's pect es enpoine! sy (5; ney contrat ef she cer, Sewmae+ fl te fre wrt of a ceclnag i he s e a Gg or pat oa prc woh of ese as ass) S489. Cates thw oma ton prcening pet wih he faovine Si pe Seeucengeee” saa “Tee te pe “ane The bon hem net of § poe $90 pot Seat. Te oe Steer rece nae trea ay fryer sist vemeved an ere 100 fae a Ter itegenel mi per oo un 6 teste a and Pe Won et and cea favo incr sin al veto fee wort Devan aie fatedecy al eso stata een Soave bane 33 Usegacemnne pgm, eee ies of he pf 100 tod ie Sanju so stn 8S 90,55 80.85 90.95, 100, 050d Gear, nists ou, oScant 1 pace. Comgee he ani ‘he eho te ong we oun wma 234.8 dvsod ft compte somone mci mat i a ee geting a wd cam choose thera sats stp fa, The amp et ee Pa 1310 mall Compe do rope 15 peop anny ‘The expected aa cose of poner 0,00 MD, Hm [Neonat pcr ict cpa asl. Mt sa ‘dopa wed ae esse ly rate Eran ‘Ane 31920 ‘22itemchnsy and pata 30 raf ea fc be {i $3.0 sa aa S200 em). Th sa Simeone qrxing pn sexgets be S80. Nao at fo) Mone aeocs ele et ml fe mei? {en ef oe pte any “ms (sis 822, Onan pet ht mai ete of acorn some» ics fret fe mi S10, hein epee eo 10 yt [assy value cof ee of $000 Peta ps sasa hana ios [328 Ae iy expec tn nm pot ig ch of ee ye Forte lt yea hacer te pce proto S500 pre 1S pence oped sli eed we ano on Sse, ° 224 The eed nee om een 10,00 per yu ere St ‘att cam oe oc 1 oc Tg Yl ed ‘Se earl ia 12 pers em ‘oes So 2225, How ey eat ogi de sa sete date 214% You jure neo an anece penn of5 per math sn Danber bt wwe she fend he ps why oe sm poy Se seer you mar 10 pret sea ao ras{221A ean of $1000 tea and ds es 4 phy ocpued mma Steg she of he et Yar onde Jat ‘Sear $a ema Fc may eae ep cone 28, iow bons 3300919 pet wil ices, congmiel manly $2206, Th nhs be pono ping av, eee Sayer aie fan 30,00) fee cova SET ‘avmsan, hon ng sional tobe eit ey a ‘329. Acer nb agency which eae esto acer Fm buys car fo 9.000 {nies fr SM foo Jeet. cps» only ree ‘pared pr onsen Whe x ony rsa Ss {A36 A 20a fo be pl by motly aye of MF, The noi iam ny + ose rein e ok 4.81, Al ee pin on nd end oni an ovens ine te hs ‘xc stow ott lem ce es ep 0 0 por Sr The ae of dey 0 yrange we te ew oF ‘Ane ss, 2.32 The tc fat ta $0 00 bone 1 pve nt oman seam The expec acon seeping epee) {Grove nh pl 90.908 Ie ot ag ans a ‘re puap or p e 38, 4 sar morn of 50 00 10 pc nro spews mony Re eepedotrt mal poms Hoe wah a see wa be ie! 4639 * Soap! salah fins yor anda yor seer 0 ie staawen Som ened atom How mach ny a ale peers 336 to ein eg mange tes f $10.00 i ated 2 12 pero compre ey ph ese pS er AS etm ance a ee a 243 Th cre nal ime rt i itt dr entre {fevainge ne ae tt ete ced We 12 yas ol 3 x, ses 1 ren 7 . pec et oo 0 00 ale of ‘ey. ade cou pd of wh oats py Te ‘etl stl moe S500, nls opening pene ‘Silom, Capers cae a #0 po of wiser ta {i tne SYD meted depen epics be tk Ue of Be ie SAS yess ale Cp oe ‘ams Sou) 310576 A cet who conacig sachs iste he conc to ot ae hee ui a il er lng ed ‘Spon frm core te the it Year tn Sea ‘STs arpa vee yer a Me ate echo Toe ‘anceps ran il mr $50.00 ‘Sie Se esp as las reel pe Flos on 1 orton en on eines nd ups Rene es Mees Bs ‘$00 0 ty hs a ce ed te i npc #1 pte ‘im en t icone aed ps 20 poem xp eee {Sr mwnsh ot psc’ Wwe nce nope ne mea ‘Soran tsar anal ana wha ie rings SYD “ae 160 ‘mn S500 at lp fin ei {em in eeu mrs ale te ea, What i the ‘a et py 0,00 fr bling ans eget l f a ‘toot testo ee ets cept badge rh ge aus eng he cya creo ae oto pecan sa (nde cape smelt tes tuen fig ut 100.00, ($0800 apeion he oe ha he come eat so pa ‘tere, Sesh her pine cocina a he ‘scr Win mei Bega pens of ID ew be mde scuay, sega end he Ey. Tse wars wit eee ws pram Compras Sets How an enw nal Sore py sen ort$2 cesoeenen sna 2A, An esr S000 an aml rit of 86.00 hat pea ‘Seams cere yar nd hind Homey un conely ‘ShmprnindyTeke yer, eo ge ie Wha ee ‘Sean ont ene ADDITIONAL READINGS. a, ema hl fr Pina Mou Dis i. ‘eames Enc Macs New W156 5 cs er Fe Ah Ree, ile. Monro Saag mr, nome Ps 1 CHAPTER 4 JUATION TTING 441 MATHEMATICAL MODELING ‘This later and he sext present proses for developing egasions ht reper! the pefoaaace cartes of equa, ta beaver of fects, andtberncynams proper states Exner my Rave $vuney of easons for Sang to dvelop equations, bat the ral nes {othe sig of thease re (1 ie te proses of se) ‘irlnion std @) to cele 4 hob sano opinion Mt ig, lato ed option pads mt be exceed {oe compuer aod wy moe expen pea with equations Ahan wih tor doa. An emerging etd for expressing ests 0 ‘upmest selection some Ggnes a asopaing eget ee, ‘ring perfomance dats he copter and hen sorely eon ‘hem'uhen a somonent is big sles, tusk development wil be did in vo diferent apres: this eager tet ution fing and Chap 3 costae 00 mosis {teva equipment The dnuacon terecen he wo i tac ir Cpt Snysces the deseo of equa at ply 8 marker resting Rec Cher 3 enone pl ty mtn ‘Eveopent Boch appease apron In eal aoc onpatar,orexatge, bos vee phys extariosfor Frforanc, tu bythe ine he expt flow oes, compression ‘Respason nye chats a crore del some. {ha simples ome expeanotal cag dt ad eat Be bles 1 numherpssting ssc. On te she hunt. bea exchanges flew sct Je ht sage fam fr the ston, sd his night ca te ‘ed fo advarage, a shoe in Cape 5. ‘Where othe dts ce fom ea which eguaon ar aed Ustlly te das tied by 0 Seger cm from tubes ot graphs. Experimenta ‘ha fom te lhorary mish provide Be bs, ahd he technique fe this and te wont chalet we apa to proesinglabrtry data But Stem digas are tly one ap ecved fom the bryan ate SSevng commcclly sable comments fr sch the mare tne poided pronase da Ine ae Ista: mance ay sire seer ines on# page of lr cata prove the equation hat ‘epost the If cad when tat pace becomes wep, ac ‘yem eager’ nk wl be mace eer. Tht sage, however, hos 2 yeebece acne, Mic of is chap poses ssi elie fr deteining the consis na coon eqns a process of following rales. ‘Te ar fost of equ Fg ist of propos te fora ef De ‘pate, and ths cprton i an nt, Some sapgetors wil be feed forte execution of tear. Mes willbe preted for Joering Inthe method of ast sears, whieh proves an equation of best 108 lage names of posts 4.2 MATRICES All te operons in his chaps ca te pefsed without wg mtx Cerminoiogy, tat ewe of ness prvedes seve omens a iit fo parr she apliaion Of ma emimalogy apie {oho sootan ofc of sant epson, ‘Aas avecangular ate of tare, fr example, 8 p22 ain ‘Te numbers at make up the aay ave ced eomens. The onder of (hese maces, fom ll rig ae 323.393 252, andn n ‘Ntospive ofa (A, desired [4s fomied by ierchag ing ows ad chars. Ts, a = w=[> ol IS = To muiply two mates mail elements of th fi ow of te lee arnt Coespnding lees othe ft elm of he ht 324] 10-2 oo ur-| satis: then sm the prot to give the cnet of the est om ad int Colum fhe product wae Fo evap. the milion of thet bad= fy os ‘The comemon ote muhiplcaion of wo macs off hy stone ofr wag system of slaw near euation, Te fs Stes nein 1 af ‘The eee saa (eh simply number ad is wren eter etl ines. Hara 1 nie he met In as abe wie ta fom 3 be Atecigue for vain the cetera of 222 minis osm the procace of dagen, sssnng 2 pie sgn othe ago ‘ovig ovr tthe night on gv ote rc ving Spend wo egies ot Sa= #7 ona ‘A eensionof his eth piss 8 computing he Sti «3 len ez as] = eee \-7-7-/ ~enanen ~ anene ~enennsmace i rr vsunlon of dria: 4a age euits ore gnera rovers whch pes sat 22 apd 3% 3 mance. This procedure ow expanon or ulonrspnson, The determinant of 33 mat fon y expending ou eft el et =oudy) Hondas tends, Iwhee Ay Hs he cactor af te eee a. The coir is fund as lows sett ad wy sing ew Boreas | ests of Foe example, te claro which i At it jan ae a won| fat |e au 0) Aa = lone —anew) mpl nate 9 sous raconft 1 1 2 4.3 SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS. ‘Thee re quay waye of svg sts of simstantous eeutos, ro cf vlc wil Gene onthe estoy, Comers le and puss ‘Shion Fors tof ee Seaanoc eens snore 51 eas + Ota + ante bs an) fou ex anys) pay tayr=|a az ea} =[m =n a2 a a2) (by (Cramer's le eas that se AL mi wih (a sie in chm | ‘al eat 2 Using hme’ le ve fx hit of ions ie ina eins Sean ato (3) set tha none of he scan be determi iA is zero Toe equations ae dependent nts ue, and hte 0 olga: ‘oinion test “Antiet metio f scving slaseous Hear equations i goasan linian, wich lb ated by sling sin dey +355 =-7 “o fee snd 4s) tnt § 40 “Tee two majo sep ington inition ae conve of eect nena ranger ai a oon fr 0 By ck wea, ah engl vet of egies, he i pat of ap 1 wo lime the octets of x; Eq (5) by sling Eq, 8) by a tae ‘sant a adding podnt wo Ea). Specially, sail Ea. (Ed) by “5 and aw Bp), Sol mlpy (6) oy 2a BA 0 By. 8ays det ae 4a rp they = 35, 48) a, 49) “The Lst pr of stp 1 wo mpy (48) by amd ado B49), ‘nhch completes th aguante na dept B27 2.10) Bayou = 3s un Bye ay In sup 2 te rate of 15 sum be deed dey om Be, (4.12) a6 352-2, Sbstiting te vale of ite Eq. 411) a sting gies = 1. Flip stint he as a no By. 10) fad then 3 It trem st of guts wae bung sv, ad inthe equation ‘omespocig 9 Eq (48) The oe of ha bon nr end [Sr moal hve heen mecay to change he pains of Ege (8) td (49) Ih dens sete Ep 68) an (49) ha ben 2, Wis wool ideas te et of eqns depend "Mos: seater deparens have hel iray ote or salvng a ctfsimotanens ie eqetom hick ean Be caled 22d. I beconvelem owes en's ea sbrgram sg a mei ike gussan ‘lara ml be stl ae work sex he soe Se eqn sole rane om gtd compat 44. POLYNOMIAL REPRESENTATIONS ots he most obvious ni mos well Gr of equon epeseuaion polfuonil fy sto bees a8. fant Xe po}acma fon yea baye tage to tags any snore ay 9 ay 28 cons. The dee of he equation 6 he highest ponent of whch im Bq (2.1) "Eston (4.13) 1 am expression ging he fmcton of one variable ‘atm of adr. ote sormon stuns om anal oaon sf wo ce mre varabs, nan axa Bos compressor ow te f(t pes, ie epee. emmpesr sped tlt peste) “Tis form of eyaton Wl be presen See. 4.8 sewmmnmne 9 When te nmbe of ca points avalane& roy the sao os te degre ofthe egeatn plas ny 4 ply ean be devised ta etal expres se cata pits. When the mer cae data ps excecdnn +I. maybe eae to sek yoni ta hes fhe test fi toe dra poms (ee Se. 10). The fst and ses ese o be consider i were one vrai is ‘fmm of ate rhea he urbe data pose n #1 45 POLYNOMIAL, ONE VARIABLE & FUNCTION OF ANOTHER VARIABLE AND + LDATA POINTS, ‘Too availabe dara pos ate adequate deste a nt ee, oes, ‘squson (ig. 1). TRe frm ft seeps ean i yr atas 9) “Toe ny puis fr the two knoe pits) 8 (13) om be se {ued ino Ey C18, point inc guns wit to watson, Foe a econhegitsor quate, egtin, te data pola ce weed fo eval, pis 0. an6 2 in Pgs. The 2) pons fo he ‘hee kaown poms cine sabia othe pecral om or te quar ret ae apa? as) = Freres aige-F ecient Far aici cemnperem rasan gs ma bpeerstaherrem herent Catal of satura wate vapor onc a emer Fi he saxon hae he ange of exknds it hdd of pes, he vl of a5 ad {yay be sl at pesos polos su Sorin is deaty Sn sume yng ew pms va fr eal pea tangy total 4.6. SIMPLIFICATIONS WHEN ‘THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 15 UNIFORMLY SPACED Sonctines a poland pesca afc, Sey y =f) were tte vans ofy Snow soa paced tluer of = Ths suaton {iss for insace, when te dra poms ae ead fT 9 aha the ows ca be isn at oul ile of . The soon of srulaaeo¥e 206053 ‘gut to Gerrine te costes in the polo ean be peromeé ‘belly n advance sd he execahn fe ealultone tues elie) sul efor treater ‘oppose hat te carve i Fig 4.3 i be epee by 2 Fouts sce obvi. The {is point (Oe ft eae) ea ¢ selmi o cope Gc ce Te opecy fh pe cpetgn ynty ayn ey ty ney Tenge Oty ty ‘Gigsted and esse Ay) = y= Syed8 = 92 os Teac ofthe yoni ormcf (413). an ater fon sted y-senafee-ss)vafte=aaf soften telt-s0), Bex —x0) 6 “To id atc, ft matte the Mund, softer] a Becase of the wif spacing of be pow shoe Be xs, way ~ {EM and So Eq (417) can Be ewe tata ta ce eae a ‘joa penn po ray und sgSoe a oe am Tainan Fanti Sinem Tan=2in aime ime S ng ti, ype te fat a es = 2 es Arete, Ha + es + Hes a Sim fo 4.9) 70) 295 = Bay +90 + es + Bla 620) 20. te, + 6a, Stay #25604 2p ‘Tne expressions or ay 1 found by volving Eg. 18) 04.21) smal tesny ae show io Table 1, alone with he const fo he ee Senet, td ns ston. 47. LAGRANGE INTERPOLATION Another form of plyaomil rets when sing Lagrange ierpoltion. ‘Ths etd is apd, wie te etd dese Ia Se. My sprig ng Ie va It as he average ei he Suiteow ston of eqns Gut cumbenore to wee Thk tdrontage is tot applica i the alas pefored an ipl ompu, i whieh cate te prognaming is gue compo. Walks qa eqeton man cx th va Tom for afncion of oe vane ye ee rane tet 422) or Laginge ition, a eed form wd ye ete at =) Fe AE) 4 ONG AD aay swears 6 “he eave data pit (491) 92-208 93). Equation 6.23) cold be mule oat and toms cole SB ihe cones: ‘haces the form in By (223, By seg = 2.2 nd) tr in Ea 4.25) the costs can be fund usr A “Roe ‘The gee form ofthe uation fing te valu fy ora gen “coe th pits Kn yo Sy, fy eesnommiee tema Gay roms crm xy G8 ete pl oe post gs. nies mutation “the Seton represented by Fs. (E28) ba polyoma of degree 448 FUNCTION OF TWO VARIABLES 1 pesfamancsvarabe ofa comport is fen a fistion of two other ‘artes nox ut oe. For espe, he presi developed by he {Sime pp town gb 8 eno oh pd ad fellow ae 0 1 lyri exyreson fr he peste ise pi gt ters ascot ego's nd 2 Sena ein a be wen foc eck of te ce caves ig ot Thre ois te 304 Cree oui prove he conta in the ose Mina tha tag! 25) Snir exuatonsfor te core oth 21 sa 16 pede are seme t hota 420) Bp) =a +50 + 9? aa Neat he cons can be expressed asa scr degre esto inet ES, mang the tee dts pvt a WD) (3,20, ad (os, 16), Sua a ‘anon would have the fons en ay tas +A? em(6 cesocr env Siay fr bac ba Be + BS + BS! amy en GHGs +s «0 Fly, be constants of Ep (28) t (6.0) are pt to he genera pate Ay FAIS HAST + (Be + BS + BSAC » totes sasha an) the A By snd C conta om be computed if nine dara points from Fi. rua 3, amit fing sen fn ea a it ‘ltteer snd emg, Te ogee betes at “nou enero we lo tbe forsale. wee et ‘ib peu °C on te gen. he engi en MEESEC die tempt oen ety a 3S kite tal enperte WBT nt ae Solin, Assent exe polyno qs angen aes ‘tities oe a fhe qi, sd one ioe ec fr ‘Sheng oqncn wl be send “Mea fh dc im pies er WRT =20"C (10,25. (18 roy and 2,2 con be een pls [788 = onsen + 000814 Butltrate temperature, °C, of ‘ling tower in Exam 3 Wee emprers oe war =200 226067 + 0ome#R + ocmtcaR? 2248 + oongnon + oor es, comnts 273,25 66, ad 28.73 an expe ty aseceb epee equate a WOT, ‘Te etn Ran cay ao be epee by en a erm EW wach den pene ke couple ope 1 = (15207 o.a6sTWer conse) OTS ooMWET + caosrTETOR + omer + ownr + ows an a ee se seme hei om wg oe pe a Te sae wo HRTHT connaton ened le 2 cate nin no (83) w da ne olan eaten, hh as THR, 8= gaa! o = narm pcp cs brn cane era ee ao Sno a Unt deel/ee.7) he fam canbe kpc abe Fa ume RISE nssr ss ER ea, ca an cons Sree 62° =a em Toe ay” ONT 49 EXPONENTIAL FORMS “The depen ome vol sco vai it a exponent fg a phic! lai occuring fequenly In engineering patie. The (ote meted of deeming te ens ao inthe gen y= a5) ‘a single eanple of mute modeling of exponent orn; On papel ctaoe yun eanyona ley le 3) re ‘ofthe sigh ine Mwugh he pons eas mad he nese sce (Set enn ot rt an pn ‘The simple enone form of Ey, (35) can exe inate yobeer 630) “Te equation permis rpeteraons of canes sma to te sown in Fis. 46 The cane shows a Pg. +-6b expel somone ing pocice The Tieton y approche same sala b asymp x sews ‘One posible graphical mtd of demining 6, andr in Ea (4.36) he pi of vasa known 8 flo 1. stint the aie of 2 Use he cep pon of te crew tte by a og tof yobs cio manne miata sown Fg. 3, 23. With he va of m fom sep 2, pla graph of» The ring ye shes feo sag pe wha slope of td a cep a ince «neve comet tale fb Hert ings ep 2 desis 440. BEST FIT: METHOD OF LEAST SQUARES ‘This chapters comente 10 fx 0 ang oution tha ive ape, Ato ind urbr of pins. tm ccf ae be Stee sn no, dats poise esa te tha pis rabble, Is ossbi demi he este th el th bt ie ‘soni othe aa. One cetiaon of «Best bt ne ee the im (fhe alte vals of te deviations Sw he dats otis, in aor tp of Best spy aire: ry the ne ot sete thes of the ngenes of he deviation fe tia. The posertihng he cote x suck an exuton scale he acd feast ‘Sime people oul none fc ue of thet of east sguses in onder to empha te cae thy ne sib onto da sala Bisnes ofthe rato. eile i ig. Te and b, a otenco, efi 2a, whe stsiht ie con be found ta sul ia te east Sunes devon. the seul Yewesn the and varies sees ‘Sheol dl peas 9 och dec can ijeove the coeltion The ‘Sater ay be oe ceo of sere sac vale). TF, phic wld lave boro pete eyetll ie cave, er ta fer sight ine oe dm by eee squares metho. The os ws wat in ing es aga bt i aplying » ee oft ww eae, "he cer fr vn he eas ue etd frst ad send eye poo willbe expe ere. Cone it the ier equation ie oa yeathe 430 nie pi fat poo ava: x, 9) ene ¥2 = Jah Te evo of he da post om tha cult fem he ation BoE Beene Me wih Wo etuore sn aa Psach ar fe Somaton “The minimum ous when the pl vate fa. 38) with spe! to and Del 2. a8 (0 + bn; ~y0? 32a + brs yors = Dining by 2 and separating he above two eget ay acl es -_ ma + Oa = 39, a» obey + We} = Ea 60) ‘ram 4, Doin wat ee sion» = # yt wpe Cb eae _ ‘Sst Terman ni is Ey (4.20) a 0) ae Tene equines oe sed ay + 6g 2188 A tinier ct lowe hen ing pe fr Stet on ¢od—y)? nace Diretiing asl with expect a, a nm, no se Tinea simu eqeatirs expressed in as ft BEE)A comparion ofthe wats eon (2) with Rap. (29) and (4:4) shows» pater envng wich by analogy permis desloge ‘Sutons for gr degree palms witout eben dilleeniaing Be ‘Stomaton of he saad dein 4. METHOD OF LEAST SQUARES. APPLIED TO NONPOLYNOMIAL FORMS “The ela of th mito of lest gure vas apie pjmomi Tosi Sov 410 bu i ool mot fe soggeted ht he etd "iad to hse forms, The mati I pplebl fan fer which come one coelews. For example, te form of he egation ye asinde + bias? ‘he summation compara 10 B (4.38) 6 Sy asians, past? aay Pail ieee wh respec 1. ad ye (8 ia 25)? + D(a 25) ln) = 8 ye in 2 4 Sin 2ep(ln sf) 4 SCN =3 9 tos? ie an es fora a 1 cs crc of te equation fxm that makes acta © the eth of eet seas ha he eqn ave eons ee. Ian equation of be fons sin ax + be? she tem and do appear a coef an thi equ canna be Iolo ns writes unaceby fese squas 4.12 THE ART OF EQUATION FITTING Wile tee fe retoslprcsdies fr Fig oguntions 19 da, the pres alin an at Ther of tie pat nesded in ein {path oem of toga, same, te coke edepene! vas (ec ante fom in ch hese rnb eal apa. Tate the fined fo lang wh catablesoaclde or uh thei om Souls ein ix eqaton, fur making a Test 4 Yough fot of he cata il fen ove ste imp Ifthe Sependen varabe futon of Two indepen vals, ath = (0-9) Wo plots might Be ade 8 ihawatctm Fe8 Soper in ie mf top “The insight provided by Fig 4a hats eas nt elton, an he fc tht fe ah Uns ae pel shows ao ines of 0 te lope Figne 4b egg alent seco Seger pena of ‘Safest of A resale form 0 popes, Several fey wed fame mee fe cmon, Potymorias hei lack of pecans ht tee foros ae move ape 2 pyacminl weld play be explored When the eure ats everse artnet pit sen in Fg. 49. leat hid dros Paljoomil ust te chosen Explain of « polyoomil beyond the 7 Alt tins pnl Nip yn fhm ence bowie of the dia wet develop the equation offen re i serous ‘otynomials with Negative Exponents ‘Wea curves aprach constant vu large maaies of te indepen (er sano, puomils ty negave expones ney pond «po epson 6 Fig 10. exponential Equations Sesto 9 hs drt seer exapls af exponent fms. The ape hile cane ie Fig ll igh avo eae 2e-" rm. Pos oe og ‘ould te arom poetare,athough a simple plot og EP ies assign ly hogar ine foma of Bq, (4.35. Gompertz: Equation “he Gorpee oynon! oc $ curve (Fig. 1), spyeats eum in hesccrig pastes The Comper sire, far example, repsens the ~~ ld eee seme 73 sees volume vs. yer fr may prods ich hive lo sles wea fet fnkodace,expentec ped of apices, the ech startin. The Pert rue in mary peer aso en flo he ave. The Kom Fhorreqresnt ip your aay bere yb, an € ae const sil band hve mpm: Ls hen ny. Combination of Forms {cma be posible wo 3 cave by combing mo o more fos For tampa. 12, spo ee aoe oy pence spt ‘ih lin ss zines A roasnele way to sac hs ming ek twovld be propo that yest yes (abe) tee dety here eng exponent 43_AN OVERVIEW OF EQUATION FirrnG. The tsk offing sible onto to erate peromancs of com- aves or heya popes scone step sh Unies a cpinaing comple stems Dua rin be aah abr fe gap form, ard we we to eqcnent the da wah ton ht ooh simple md ou. A neque foe Keying the equton spelet coos te prope ems (exponent, polactine {ne oyion pow, of couse, (o tlae all te eas Ca ool pos be imagines, evaluate the eoefcientsW themed eet ajar, shen nit ers tat pov ite cute, Ths frocet excl one of rereson amas? which lo Is wed es uch wb re pon in representing the epenen eae “Te eld of stl snes of ena ean exeste ome, a is apr ony sree safe On he te an mach of ie efor Ste staal analy of dn ses ter ing experi dt { egenne where radon expen ear ecu In eatin iting fev e deg of thermal spt, Since cog ales ad has oe th ‘Fuente of a, thee smaly ha aleady been 4 process of “hooting of di expert dla coming fom te bron Beane fhe grming neo or Sting exlbe te to eqns, ran dese pe Ut mutates wil peat te equaton that resets the le trp rane each caper he effort 0 velo he egeaton sit ‘then nse. "Tchr present one agra mtomatial mods where the lation of ceendem so inepencnt varies as developed ‘thio he bly of phys s,Chpr expresso pei porta ‘Saco pon igh it oie esl eqment can be ne an ‘Svanoge ie itngogatoe to pxtrsance dat Cape [3 exes oe ‘Sipeete on mate modeling a5 is eases oa he peta top of emda gis PROBLEMS a-1e 3 Ams 5, 4.2, Tot eitcet mate eine eaions Gag die wt 8 of gues spender nde. 43, Cigar ann cnn ny eat aa aueduetnage ae 44, A secede eqn a form yeasheret ae em en ee ef) pn 3h {Denso anal ode nner (6 Pope an wer sce ee late btn ad a lh ‘cently epee eve oe oa 445: Us da fom Tae 43 at = 0 $0, al OC w ei a ean {che pmol has hy Ung te egute,erpt hy BC he Ss tne | Usg te on G4. Gi at = 0, 6, #94 PC, rp 18 Eome curtis oe 10) Couey PE eae 47 Lyin ea ol af wate thie ted de te ae 0, OF 34H). 73,3, 898, ia) Dewi te vas fh coins 6 ate etn for () cosas iee Properties af saturated water Eenxeeenue |an, An ui ean Tet eS te 3) pm (4), (2 8 a6. 10), ak et vai otryen ate “wna = ‘Tae poping Seiya igming compo dh epi {i copy going cope ace fhe coment ‘nie mane gg Spin ine a le (Sani ingens eshoen Tae. Develop snegaion mist ‘ite oma 38 me Assoc ns 29.5, Ts 01090), BA, 0.0050, ‘Fea Tbe tats eo an eens in Lage er Ti sk Teil og Wo? Uniog te gaia wet forte form y = + ox desc in Se. 49, owt: be aque penne owing pir Of) pam SEB. ete OO Oe, 18.03 ‘Ateniony Weg ob of ern y= xin ty dtp oo ed ue Wane enkerctenea ‘Compas te sore nh ection y= as +22 +0518 pre 9 SSR Sore rh wing fe 9 eters capac 4 ating pra 4.15 An eu e tfom 9= g batben shese w e elowag G2 Spun fp 10, 0.9, a (19. Cone ed Dt ge (Seti plinth ome ene of he vce gu 4416. The oped os of te equa we secncat : mfnction of andy i Pedr’ Missy) sho rod ba cnn, Som dang one {he see et sume ere 4.97, Wn deme at ugar, he nay of med iy by ‘tet cen een eps Cs Wi be ‘Tye ce iets he emp te vaso ate poe ah Sun st desea. ‘hms y= cat +420 ota! + 0cxoonsase, 4.08 A teguely d f of utio e e ian ee e iapeaee = sha empoane, K Wi be med of nt sume ante 1 pose Te, demi ‘Me aus of att ete cst Ten Sonu e ub 7 a0 pons uuag Se sn ut dele Arms lnp = 80ST earth tay ‘The fatevng ta poe abl an eases ces1 cameramen sence 79 420 Th pis ep ad 9) ion enti PESSTE: fia een ede hes ‘SA°TS ig St aslo noe ng rs at PEG Fi ge oe mt a ie a 12% Ti al ota cara scone emer ee * Gus Ammen Se fly. Bagong, td Sree ac fete ‘Devcop snequca tht cma sepccas hana facta ot | Sree =. a — — Wp ene a av, Sempra Bens, Ral. ew a, 48 ‘open a pce nein eeCHAPTER 5 MODELING THERMAL. EQUIPMENT 54 USING PHYSICAL INSIGHT. ‘Thischoper cones he objeive af he previous chopra eg tots we pertamance ef components. Chapler 4 However, sumed at bys naif iw he ogaion eter dd tel or ted wo particular ‘Shana, le soma it chapercomentc otc ses of compo tent a gece sot universally fetal sem. ea xchenae, Se sess win he wt Poskal warships eis ste he eqns. “Terese for sgling swt hese dee componente leet fr cach cont The peace of this Bak nds a back gou ib iat nse asin athe sy of thermal pcm sept of at [elfen pont. smal. pede th oman of 2 cuing het eehaner, No ol este of est exchange petit batman erica 0 Be able cle Now eran Beat ‘charger wl perm wes opting woes cntons A eal tool ob ened in ie caper the electors he exchanges. “Ie tects tis Boa expla ae purely apa toe tec prveng inks wc las pear ee, an thee rece nde were th option of mists of weve sass {Beas of alo ya ier proces. Even an desig of he ‘Sprason of ony misre, Wich xpd hs chap xpuacs » the brzons of pion of te fate ois of simulation and optima “The thi class of tema equipacac ue ins cape bo sexchiner he performance of whch et fen Be exes! ferme of ‘Thensiss pops Ths ebapler wil sho ho the we of meses fours can someties Singiy the egeaton mpesenaion of a eben: Sie 52, SELECTING YS, SIMULATING A WEAT EXCHANGER ‘common engeering a et sfc, sg, or pect tet exchanger {9 prom scoala heastr dy Toe elas’ ten ec Be fype of hea exchanger an Stal. Thee The Svea ven pes Fheat exchangers able ate shen in Fg. 1. Fgue Sa shoe 8 Setanta het excanges commonly sede wae hea hetero Tus" One uf he ids fous sue he aes sais caled he beside fiw te she ows ver he ome he be and cll he Stole hl: The heat exchongen ig -La hs wo be pases whlch ‘tens he whee Mo ows thogph hl he bes one icon Sock huh tr al Teal ofthe he exchanger Su equipped with dest epraten tbe cans ot ong ‘abe side fd. Bas are paced inte shell ota he sede Dus je seat eer ¢aber ft bor leneg the ea each, {ested fsbo eli oe cet tasers eter age ars as, Snce theresa to est tant {inh gas se b aly Nh becuse ft Low ears coetiet a gah. sare installa cathe pus neras the ea nr as. “Te hind oe of ha eschange, shows a Fig. Se fe 4 compat wat exchanger aly conte of ak of mel pas hr fen 1 +$2 cemvormanulomen ‘ogi and aranged sth he wo is ow though ete sacs ‘paren th pn, tes exchanges To sles sland ae est exhengr fr ears flow ras eng tempers, a lesnng temperate of ba He Soot te hou. Te ak fe Geiger asl he cmb Bal daneter, be length, umber of es number of ae pe, snd ‘he tle spacing thaw accomplish the specifi Peatentr dy Te ‘sign mast ae ecre hat cnais pesado lataos ofthe Duis owing tag he hen encange a not exceeded 1 srusion, onthe ther hin, he het exshengerskeay ets, citer in scttal dare a peife design Farther the pt Imance charasterstie af he ea exchanper we salable sich 3 a {iu overall hese coffers Simltion ofa bet exchanger cow Sto pedicing ou vata, a tempers for vou nt {emperize nt fis The aghast oot several eons il teen pedi otc soins of ives ea exchange he he inet ‘onda ae Ea 5.3 COUNTERFLOW HEAT EXCHANGER Feat xchange bean hie wth ven lt nowt een fue, heat fv difcace a enpersiae tetera ie Se teochived wis swmtrf arsngcman A sbotrio heat echanger therefore 3 goa eae ora stud of compat Pe 3.2 sown Norsiaen Tac outer het exchanger Wi he smb ts wile wen develo "Tice equations fr the me ft rag wats me a= Muted oo = Waren) oa ow uy ttle) Usted > Mate ie ta) ol where gs eae of hat wanser, W mjd = flow meso especie Dis, ke spn = sais repsne Ms, kg) > cveral s rcefecoeticet, Wi fescimafr ae, ah uations (2) 1 (5.3) ave made sssompion aout which she hr As and which the coll I i pontve Qu ti ter tan fd 2 be itg espe. the oppo me.I the I's UA ad he enog tempers Known ede egos comin tie UMEROWSS fe tan Te nate fests ca be edt fo By elo 9. eae Wns =a) = Wa 6) Vitus =n dua ade ated ite r= teat OS) Sving for os in Eq (5.4) and uti into Ba. 5) gies ol Fe Define Das om en a Ton dys WOH)SoMag fry ves yg = HAWN =D + tose) Me Wwe ies fom, 66 CE oatin (54) permits compution of ove eet tompraue of tot exchanger of Known chrarisies when Soh esting opener Uislawn, The oer owt epee ca be compel by aplstion of By, ang an be computed fon Ba. (51). ihe owt temperate ‘tat 2 inte oe soup dove, nets | 7 ane incre Te gS and inthe oan f% D. ‘5.4 SPECIAL CASE OF COUNTERFLOW iat EXCHANGER WHERE PRODUCTS OF FLOW RATES AND SPECIFIC HEATS ARE EQUAL “heist aplcaion of By (5.61 wsvecesl when ‘helo Di neo, al (5.6) idles. Tare ar was 0 ‘evel an sera expen fre ose pera be water Si eae by pyseal esos "Te meta solaon wes the exresnon fore sede “Te imitate prof Eg, (5.6) can te ween 1 CCcelng whee pose mi ving oth he mma an demir tri vise ua —Kunrmpa= mu + =I war = earwpics = Wr + ne wm aly let W + Ws abel his common valve W, Thea 1 ww Wave "Te UAW” WaT Sabsitng tack is E456) gies fasta on hic is be egaation fr computing oe tet empeate "The pascal ans ht leas Wo Eg. 8-7) recognize hat te dongs ef tempers of ceil wie fosing ot irene dh ‘2 ig. $3 gins the change in tmp of he ter Ml The slopes be tw topes net are en tesa al pokons alg he ten. (Tvs conto does ot tetanic hatte Les ae eng) A ‘tt stipltn Seuss by he ea enter te unto st ly = Welty = Wer = Cade, 1) 65 Suing et go he pga, 53, neem Fase pry ieleyeatree repre masrelStrancmd Kan ef ses not oe See eee ee Ba Lens Sieh spe gh eS tere iter er Sees ere eee BE Ore Oe beagles apap Ep ener oenes ste igh, pr ines. The ebeice of 0 a Pir bt now ‘west mat be hos ou te in trniaen e speed Teter of fs: Sine the ean ttre ference Best tchnge sy ts the ie ogo ca be wae 4 UAitya— tap) = Ws) 16(UA4 = Wey + Ue, a Add neo in he form of UA, ~ UAt CUA + Ww te ase: ih tks th materia devaion 9 (3.7) ‘ual th sou et xetzge son i Fig. 9 oe (ea hs ict water nr one ci ob es chao» sae caf 3° ante ue Dora of mac crn ech ‘Segoe of 6° Ton OA oe at change WR Wha te ‘Sia enpenn doce brn Brie oar? ‘Meee tam: #3 4p (419 uh R208 AWM Fees Spee tants BEM. mare “Te temperate rence at eter end of he hen exchanger eras ‘iroghot, aso te mena temperate Offence 2 39" = 1 A acamerh Damp onsen eanne 87 5.5. EVAPORATORS AND CONDENSERS A spell st of equation ic posiie— an nde neces hen one of the Bids owing Dough seat exchanger change phe. In amevapeaie condense, 2 shoo Fig. 5, sone tat fete spe enol ie fi hat hangs pase. That Gd il rman 2 east temperate oid ta presse des ot change “Te oe mea rps fees si plist combination vid ear Plas gives ten Ue=1) = VAG Ue wey, = in even " mm uno (59 coed ne fom wy MSE mS i tg re ne Fors tet exchanger of kovon sorcerts Bj (10 cam be wed 10 ‘compu the ule persue oe Hide! does tt change pa en Iseeigtompeue and te tempera of be blog Ge sondenang “The characteristic shape ofthe empecuure curves ofthe two ois sown in Fg 5-6, applicable to nendene.f f Ln nnn rangle £2. Vert comity ht fom 28 SC He co: oun 10 he weer fw os man cosa ht oma de 1 vat eu tere Be Sion The ems UA tl ein ease 0 Neves ase, S46 HEAT-EXCHANGER EFFECTIVENESS ‘The efenenes ¢ os bet exchangers dod a on tent ou sere dou = etal tf eat waster, AW = musi penile a het ane W. with same il temperature, flo te a specie Nes acl voter appending gu 6 designe i a thee of et tater that «Pet eichager Oia aca woul Wurth en lle tapers oe ts an pie est aml 5, Wha he cr ef a oe toot caaing = OP ounemamnes soar 89 ren ale 2 268» a Lisigs eae f22k0e-0 ot ‘Speietat = Sation The bea ia te et encge nda at ae he thes kc Wha a te oct epee? Dae the el evew UPC (der wus ie 1. otras 30 4 = (26 kgni22 Mtg KING —C) = M.SKW Twa we axe = (914.1910 —30 = 1m AAW How aur of ae cmtly Some ce souk hunt he ed Wea “ne consept hat ample 5.3 has expose hat te mam te of tet anfroscus hen th i wih the esi pdt fom90 rs ai fae and speci ear changes terme co the ening temperate of {tee id Egaton (S11) cat be ween —— tm —__ 6.1 Batten Toma § sve eye he sll yf the 40 as 57 TEMPERATURE PROFILES ‘The shige of he temperate cies in the coum eat exchaner tie shown by Fig Sta or . Te Pnimum produ f ey fs posed by fed tio Fg: $80 and by fad in Pig. S88, whch dete by the fod whos Tempeare changes mos. ‘The caves a steps in he pon ofthe hes eacange whee tee a rant gh ad {Bo region occ whee the pers diecaces oe gest ‘S88 EFFECTIVENESS OF 4, ‘COUNTERFLOW HEAT EXCHANGER ‘The fom oC (5.12) can be apie wo the equation fo 9 cosmo It echunger, By. 6), o develop an expresso fr te eee of imps fies uo st ore 206053 sonane nan onnant 91 farts « edaktie tu) tes . theta” (wepenlas ti)” epnallnan Toa) Combining with By, (5.6 gives enter te sy ere us Wal 6 ‘sminain of ge (5.13) and 14) shows ha the eftsinenss of the coontrlow bex eicanger canbe expsind sts faction of 0 ‘dimensions: pope, UAW an Ways 5.9. NUMBER OF TRANSFER UNITS, NTU'S ‘he ality wo execs the eleven m4 fnton of CAN yy and Wea lad rai peenatos of eetveress of eat exchangers st vaous confgwatons Toe gr UAW called ts aber of boner wuts (NTU. Typist rape pesnttins ee soem gn $9 El S10 for edie configura of heat exchange gu 59 te raps presention of Egy 3) sn 18), (ton Na quad tiai. ea i, Ciera barr Sit Met i ad Coo Ne Sa pS ‘yma Indep Uva 0 1 EWR) and an te 16 when one fd a esr oct mayest bore it) he er Pid sow mst Shp wees ho of 3.3 Mkt = (ke hg =248 EWI om F598 orton B59) De taai-930) =a Ins now spree wo ptt previous nine econ 00 moting ff exehngae mt perigestine, The deston om ME the ae some mine oman 98 cling wa apes ww ett pram eign ‘tchager, hich ns como asic nates sma Theale ‘epee ae be compe ie intemperate: nd teceres ae oun The effectvons canbe compel or deta ons ap eee IRE produc of and te roasts a mass ef low a pe ak ite mren Eton br Be eferiees of wcaricrow beat eget fave ben preeed, oad paps ae avalab! for anus cofgtons ‘teat exchangers: Wore Sh an Hoga Kase ane Pad ‘teficeas fr equtions afi the cures of Fig. 510s wel a her iarecanpe 5.0 BINARY SOLUTIONS Figur 5-1 lass is slik hare eam preva betwee Iya ant vapor The hou 3 scat of substance Aad By Dah ‘Sering vapor gwar toch tet bh sastaccst A and B exit the frpor The conceuatio of sbece A inthe reper pine best wes iste sane as amcor ne gas pe Aue Sgment in pevolcum, cryogenic, peochemial, tnd ad ote el pong, Indestes opr ebsanse fom suse B. yes Souin ‘trier prograr (Cape 6) ae beniy won ese ffeil e Spar pes aly by lon of ary stone fen at inter facton ofthese pons, We ms oe tl ocr tila equpmest stems alongwith ex cxcaagers. fs, pms. ‘Spe, cpanel ber ermal component ‘1 _TEMPERATURE-CONCENTRATION- PRESSURE CHARACTERISTICS ‘Tee tamperatire cosmo, rho ory mince fr a sver resi is shown Fig. S12. The sea the fon of mater A nc complemenuy scl the facto of meal. Ts Wass cas Ieeaprssed cher = mae facto, for cxampie as ofA ke Mas ftion of A= this sens ofA, Rg ten of Bg‘chins pricing own rene fctons rele acon 9 4 = LA fons, AVN, > Gast OFA KER) (mas of B. EOW) where My ané Mp he molecular weights of substances A and B. respec "The Cvs on Fig. $2 mt off the regina he gph The pr voi swap (actly sapere Yen fe temperate of ‘oper is teducl a const concent, the state fencer the de at ine, wer cote vapor begins Yo coos. The reson Betwses he focus i te lngiape ein, were bth Yop a gal xn cult, errant bythe esl in i. 1) Te lowest eo hp 5:12 ti pon (telly sooo! Wa). th eeratute booed gis cased at censtn coerce, he tee {de babeott ie, ere sone lad bie to wpe "The empeaie wie fe cues jon ae fet ans 6 he Boing tenpernie of substance Bathe esse ie question, a th epee Iatsceptd othe gh aie Golig tenpentine of sbrinee “The prof aves down Fig 12 apps een presse and there wil be puro curve fo cath ite pes ar sown ig si ogee ‘Aw alomne oom of expesing he propre of» Nay sation topmsentaprrssrdiaprim sein hg Sle, whee the pl of Ces ay $12 DEVELOPING A T-VS-X DIAGRAM Seve ideal relonstips canbe assembled to compute the data fo 4 far Whe Fig. 13 Inve caves te reals wl te very close tthe ‘tal nay ppertien, wll wih oe earbiations of uaa the fal proprics devise fom the Weal In mst eases Be ization wi fhe far apoimatin of he popes of the elma LAL9% esorcerami eeme The the ans sed develop the ary proper ae) he sate ‘ation peste temperate lonhipeot to intce, 2) Racal Ii ed) Datos Sateration presrestenperatre relation. simple equation form that ‘sles presse nd tps strat coolons ne Prob. #18) uence? whe = seerion pros, BP 7 = tlt tempat: K cD = cosas “Te ales of Cand D nie eh sistance and st be developed trom expt ita some ht Cy a8, Or SONSONS Aad and Dy fersattnce Be aoe in te eto wneerh 9 waeast 16 Raul’ law, Rao’ a ste tt he por reser compooent Pom seste oan, who pe = pon pres of abstr Ain ae KP A252 ie faston of saance A iid, dimesoless 9 = fatrton sue of pe at ensting rps, KP. “Tha forte ay mine oA a Bin Fig S18, atthe tarperae Te sural pee of pute A i 500 Pa acd he mole action fe {he tig! y= 0.3 the pressure of ubsance Ain te por {0.39800)= 150 HP Datos aw. Dale's sates ube wi osu he vapor mine isthe sm of he aia pss of he consents nantes 8) Ferme, fonas ow) ed peer om ence py = wel presse, bP sls = moe ton of A i par 0 = mole etn OB apr xample £5, 4 buy Jolson of mbes pie ont oe ‘terapc equtntan 2 peta RO Lie aon oe ‘cng eri a ieee eae eee Seaton, 13°C esas pres of poe ete Vegan: ng = an 28 ‘Te cin of 17a 6.1 hn it emp Pon P= (1 i RD) + Cg ERY = 0 see "0282 1 itn canain of bam ea eB 69662) sna Eft OBEY «gy ae “ee yb oe i xsi 8.18 CONDENSATION OF A IINARY MIXTURE, ‘When « pure szans condenses at contin pres, he tnprtne reins csact bat in nay mise the epee popes fhanges even hough the pray rors coma. codes pe esto ln sytem tog place fate (Pi 5-1) cam be eed1 aes [ s {or pei bow mitre in Fig 16. Ate Sa the sondnston fakes oe at» cesta presse sf 2809 Beat epor eb Wi 9 Nine cin of 6 sbutne fa I pete port tps of 228, whch eft ened anil pom 2. where the tome 218° wd condesaon bes. Renovo hei fon the ae sel Sean sen. et tres pe TE, ‘Suter he ud ats onceneton of 043 sn evap ‘pac isin of iid tsp pet «tebe of the bane ao cee hove mh gud and tow puch apr ext a3. Fort nl ef contnton 0.38 mol in gai sate (0.80) ou sn) = mel. ‘Theale st point 3m 1 mel of combination hte 0427 mol of gid meUOS7 el of ve seasanamecsane 99 CCondenation como to pint 4 whee th temperate 158°; tee al he apo has condensed. Fuhr renova of feat ein sb: ‘ing he ud. Dug the codon poss the empestae rope from 20810 18 5.4 SINGLESTAGE DISTILLATION A spl dsl ve be ingle tage sil sow Fig. 18. ke {Ellentes ta pest or which the ble and depot aces fae stoma Figs 19 na the ering gt the prema {soe pin I, eran er omits of te vapor and Hg are poe ‘he limiing cass ar comiravon 2 aa combination 23 Ihe ed {steed pat 3, ony lige soul eve the sl do ape, Hie ‘apor ems onthe poss 2 ly vp ces te sll a Tigi. The denied opettngcoadog wil be 2° for example, ets thee is sone spartan hr he see that eves fees th gh cr Sh ee enc to 7 te Sublery a100 seme nani em encetaton of snd he il eves wi ower coneouain han sample 46 sess das nr wanes 12 olf ‘pus the $10) tied ee wih 2 mak tcl a te, ‘SB opal a 0 Uh anther ees he pri pi 2 ‘Shyer of FC ie ow wa te ad apr eo ‘he pee Solin. A 130° and» ree of 70, he me oxi of bane SEE aed Me pe A Su tine (22 m0 = (o thxO.2 + G2 m0805) y= 20 mola wy = 32-230 = 09 mols 5.45 RECTIFICATION ‘The sogestge il decid in Se. 5.14 pefoms 9 sepetion bat has faier por prema. The or ead of te ponte secrum | sie rectieaton tower, shows in Fig, $00. The eva poperies ‘icespending the key Tock inthe rctiicton etm sh a Fig. Loy Sed, ame tr ene pot paves th 4 paral vapor. a hued Teepe Ine eau, spc [bes opted lil oven! "The Ie feted te butt 4o dive olf Some Yop, and e fat exchanger a he tp the omer ‘Baten sone ofthe opr prosking asoue of gid i om the ia, ie 5:21 sus he he spt of theo components ge sffecine.ace te ig teste tm fe over comin Me ‘ba vaprenenh op a conden IV. Tere ls cosinuas tana of ‘eat andmas beter the rng vapor an descaling. Futhermore Inthe eal vecifouibo tower ete begutbsu aftanpere a por este beeen the lige end vapor alone the colin. os acre Simulion of towers the mat be emperor fence Bavees tie “apr and iui wo waar et and vapors dence eta he aot and Ha ode wo wager ms 16 ENTHALPY Endy values of binary wlio af mises of tpn ae nesesty ‘shea ming enegy calculations, For sem salon (Chace 6) he En dts nou best conver equa os Are feguety ‘Re etaly aa apps gat orm, son kon ng af fig £22 figre 522 ema concen, ve ga fe Soto and apr. Snce presse as cee cect onthe eatly the hechrt plicable stoked well ss atria ur tects he nly of he tpoe ie sneha sense othe este ‘he eal caves fr sapr apy ony sued sono192 senor na sem ° wien to cma 45.17 PRESSURE DROP AND PUMPING POWER ‘cot ta apy in mot economic analy of tera semi the fering ct The eof oa estargr aaening Peat «ld can [Siadoed fr ena ato tvloiy fors iven Fst sri. Te cont wove seas cently Overales e {sion intr eno he ew exchanger ute sey o le erate ite pong cou. Atier example of he emergence oping cst inte necon of pm pipe sce Te salle ie eee fst ot ht (oe given flow he higher th panping es forthe eo he Sic the papicgrest crm appears eqn reriey the expose for purpng powe. The psa op fan co [ove Siding tery tg pipes ng, het exchanges, almost any contig cond vas a0 p= cee) where Cit cont sth mae of ow, an the exponen varios Teeocen shat Lani? 0. Generally th le of icone 102 0, cept orf aright ies t Reymlds names in the lw bie ang. ‘Te eal wot per ait mans equ foe punping id im sendy ftp mfr on neomqesbleM ePeFed eprint 0 Foes = ap sore is the emit seeusonmuiaainder 103 “Tvs the eto forthe pug pone is poner = Sutil a Sp me whic i iter maid by dvsig by ie pep, fa, oF compraor trey 20) 18 TURBOMACHINERY ‘The meds of sential modeling explo ai che have gee ty beni expen oe vale a non fe oe her “arbi Im pri Is possible o extn se methods eons tee vibes, but he exces might be ferme. Thomsen, ‘wa fas, pup, copes, a bien eed a prt all ternal sts. andi hse components te Spender Yrs my be "anew of thse of mot nspendet sable oral, the sl of timers aaj eget peas rearing the me of nde Sent cals 2 srl abr by tesng pou of em cena ‘ansbie.The performance of cenfga semper, evap, will nay pera 38 do ang epost 15 2 fant of the two other dimensionless groups. Then i eating sees acta ae nethe two inkpendeat vases wD! VT and w VED woul be ued it Sad wt Psp ill pols be cose fs Pp) 7. PROBLEMS Wt telson comtrow ht ecg Ea a UA. ‘tc 20 WAC Be raps sus ec ow tn yi bese Wieiod ei gasket ies 162, Wie ws toa one eof Rat hang wih 3 Do af 02 sng = empeaucom e SO. pee at o aei 8 Uigg Te histente omrsie wee scope ees BP {nllens a af. Wr hie econ fhe at ean? “hee 0 lament ecnpt wgeea of °C ee FC. OF Sioa cnr a en cng °C sn es a Ee {5 ow st of th we an sc cont what Weld ee {5.44 The evaporing hi in an evporio at tera of °C and he et fempeaties of te fis boing les {55 Soven ena a lpn ta ence ot mpeeof C i ‘Bown of hgh Od arabe 194K. See ‘Namestotaperurso 1, wah ae te of 43 pe he a ‘peti nao hiy 4) The eae cose {6 Newer et xen og4UA ao 2 RWC Rete em Toilets FC re tenn aap of °C The oe fone Oh 04 igh mbes a Uae Kye 32 41 or (runs fen 2 eeccy We te ott ego ofan 2? 1, Tin econ hat cnr ats arp of CR Siow eof igen ssp of 35 tke Bind ere wh ‘cr of SPC hig i oo gh ad a {5 Ao of 08 of wae ie ese i a eng conden Shae 00°C: We nar ee 1, omer be bat che SOE wists te ne han Cane ee Tm et: scoawe manner INE 159 Acoma at exchange sae Si fl = 2-4RiE Kw seat Per arab ep ln 2 15g Under rit eprint the col! oe ‘Sta PC en wares 2. fo wat ope ml ob eed tt OSC tod es chang cng ‘Srp teow rast alo be nanan sna ‘ane Pc Ste a pce pl at be Hee fo 20 SC ner Sr acted Sees peed savages do antl coed temectebew chefs shun Fi 24 The speci a he snbcul olor and ser te macica #0 Nias Ki ae UA one ‘oman epee hes nage 821 al eh ee tig niet ithetrpestieFng ees echge? “tans. S.A condo hig 4 UA abe 80 XW cones em at pe are °C Te elie wae mien 22°C nhs iw a ef 15 ‘he he tempers be enligwar? The wee Se ware cioing Answered tet exe nh oe el Fa cde be pass $0) we ‘etry at IC. ~ 98 WGK © ol» fo te est va gs tng AC. Te gi et ihe fsa war 19 Dig: Brite Uk ofeton lene To BWR, tes oe ‘nu a nea be nor eva me en wa 2 C2 S18 A dabei ht thang serve il tl owing ic ‘inser dota the a ec cog vate epee cen ‘Erugh econ Teal for oe 6049 kgs tel are weet beat wideuig WX) decum fowtacet Sigh anfienect hers t19 rags in eto empe al exeag °C toe lel SC Shot we ang nae eager one7C Te pouty of oa thle the a ching mein he eg he Sopp (Coecemed ef fl pope ad our ees ‘ren a ihe apa es empeti o eo ie oP Sipe ning P10106 semmormenen somes $14 Tove sy bling, ff at ope af 27 ‘ease, stots aoa 5's erp IPC tail one pce Torco soo th Shean won ig. $8 sn Kp of weer sped bee 0 Ithenge, he UA wala bo ese cotton hee ge 'SOSERWIC et sth perm a omen he oy? ans 5S. A solar a Nocona Ot compo cw oe se ofan ‘ShsMag set nef tun sd cc aby ¢ eure SER oom p22 Th ice hee 200 od ‘neh pete ea at a sete Be ino ‘tov erogs ihe pte The sons ese coon [i noamornas rea 107 om te eee st te aie 12 Wa oe be ‘Steg hae oe arpmen set 43 We" A Te aes we ‘Steoprte at ite tn neti, ty IPC ensoe fe a Sf aER GE gn perv Day ei et pes Rese fap fn a gh Seago ang Susman = {646 The tut at exange en ig £2 ft epee ct ang etenpetara fa Data 30K oh euprae beaecele ‘eaton sae T= uid a pee Sof 3 Wg AY ch ‘oranda ie aces fon ath 3 igh Te sag emptied wo eat excge | 290 a tn Uo SeiSpiiye 2 BIN Ses epee ages igen iad .6uURC mete Woe se bee 0. nico ind vie i SEN. (Waa Oe oa Ge vol, ans) ane ee ee. in Fe 318 spd wh feo 06 ne tole aon of hye wi pen ‘toe nip. Ste The il pace stp 1 Kh Wo ay ta a ec nto xvas 1 A spe mie of bce and ngage fe Ris nome olaad ccnp oT le “—] =otte een met SERS ae aE eater aie so nate de chee teat ee sevaemecteoeesma use nes Soe Preah cre Sr apr an id ely 0 3 alsin het of rat pps vias apm mae ct of Pope ‘Ams Om pom aporsae, #0. shen T= 20K £24, Aull tar Fp 239 cei» engen tion id fem There comoutns wep at A 08 Bax acne ‘She facon of era A The common of eed ry =O ‘Scan ese nl lang the il ae = OO R.A, 30 hag te coeencr gets f= APC, wh re moblag 2,208, y= 23g tl condone ‘Sess Soe ihe king ar ne morgen t= STE serge y= 0.08, r= 108 Kg) 0.1 fy ~ 3 Mi Peter i arhgeene sean. Goo Tae Anes Hew lee 1 = 238 9 seense mat sei 109 Bperaing condoms of ation toner fete ke 522 Dien ys ar he oe pn tote es a p= Sety- 9 soln ct sow Fora geno peng witha a sua dey, ual pe pte cane att Fy 338, hu spe a ‘nes Toe etna of «ra nce fr of an Bue Sage pe aS (GNP pay on Eth Pape be ove pfrmnce di ine cm of p38 ms‘iliac ofan in Prob, £2 tae wn [a Goh ohh (oy esis tobeconpntan afnconel Qu propo came \armothsequon ne el or ecco sca sutenou REFERENCES 2 Perera er ea eee atta CE kes mn a CHAPTER 6 SYSTEM SIMULATION 6.1 DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM SIMULATION Syste showin, spaced thi chap, ee calcio of opr fg anaes (ach apres, ferent, om ta egy ‘ois asim som opera i aly se. Str sition fesines Knowledge othe perormince charset ofall capone ‘ell as equates for thrmodynaie pope of be Working sown ‘Te agains or peroemance cartes a he copes ad rnoiynamie proper. ag With ensrgy aed is bliss. frm © set ‘af simltets opto linge oping vwsien, Tc ahem {1 description of ier simulation hat of sling ese sorancis ‘yenioce any of ich my be monn. ‘Aston econo copeneas vox perfomance paneer ane ince yom smaaon meats bering ashes ec ht Sma he petomince of eal sym. The typeof smu sled Ini choy em be aecompliied by ele prcede.f sonat to iolating one physical sem by obeving the performance of ater Psi system. At exangle of fo corasponslay payee Shen an cls ym resins adept reset fhe Bet ‘ow sytem a2 Sl wal 6.2. SOME USES OF SIMULATION Stem simulation may te med in the desig sage 4 help achieve an igeoved sro ny be apie Wo a cng tem 1 ele112 castor sa pospesite mccain, Sinton ot det te desi condos EEStsr in de Gig proce the caine” poboly choos cee ‘eins oft apeng snubs (wesc emgeraures Nw res) Tot ete be compen (peng, compress, heat exchange) at compote operating variables wid te fre modi onda bo stem Sule woud be ape, eam pated ‘Svea condoms Tr dele may wo wo iets ode eran be nue Dt pss temper, or aes Wi ot Be high cio ow “fe Sar ee i ics feery has pty Bem pons. te fre esoming of sh sion ring ee ea. Theos Sens power geterson thal ocean hein. ao engraton) ‘fete ms fe te og enon. To perform nergy ues ‘Pie gn stage he pratin fe yaem mat be sme ou gon, Tetuge of opsion the sscm Wl xpress, “Sui aun sometins apple existing ston wen ther than spenng rem et pose improve ele costed. The fect nner of ting 3 sompencrt co be kane fre the fetal cane core hate pening problem wil be cores 03 10 {ii te cheapest means of chong be dsied improve "Ker fing sme of he ccs yer sao, Nk cage concerts on oe afr Berman of the hate. Nes the ir of iennterow Gagan: aod the apication Wo apni and ‘Stems cataons ae dct. Te rss of sma hrm Sow apersng at sey sc tally sims db he en Puke nie alba eam, and proces for Se ‘exon xan. 63. CLASSES OF SIMULATION ‘Sym sala i popular tom ad ee ie feet ses by varus oss, We sal ie ht some of te case of ter simulta and then desgate he pe 0 kh oot atenton wil be one ‘Ssems maybe caatcd ne coro drt. In ominusas system the Now teugh fe est eat «comma. € aH OF ‘Ren sll pris wing a seh sates sliver is at the ‘Som can Be cnr as «cota. Uses the flow i ‘uted on cena muni of woqers.The aaa few of people ‘Seogh a soprmatstiving the ne Spat srows png ens (lube chshorcotr ica det fst Another even oa see Soe saga ht porfones wai cota em expesyare ad iy Seen, Our conesn sce nll sed vot ad ney rena sonar en, “acter acon determi v sucha. tthe ein akc ansehen ace prety peti. bat smal sremesnenoes 113 te lp condtions ate uncer, citer being completely eon. {enor commonly) flowing come probably db. In siralaing the perfomance of 3 esmeleetse pescaing plan tat suples bh rect soem nd eens power os faci), for cxample, a cere hk se wh corset vale ofthe team Sema log wi one ‘preted sae of fe poner demand A stochse uals mia Cen ‘in rome probaly Gscrpon of ie stam aa power demanas. We ‘ul mcr nhs shagter oa determine anal, and eve for ‘Chap 19 esl of bso ners. zal stn silat hy be clased 5 east dbmamic vhers ina Saas tnalton tse change ef pering vats wih Teac tine. Dypamicaayicr ae ued foe ch prpves the sty ‘of sono ste ia ove 0 achleve gree peion of enol end 0 Ihotd arable operirg condor (Chapt 19) The dyn silaion St gen jem is mow fea ha he ses simu sce the sendy sae fal ots one speci cne of he east alysis On The oer and sey ste Slows re eguted mac re ofa aa ‘yous smwlstins ae ae noaaly apo to mach ager systems. “The sulton tbe pace er wil eat bmp, Cer nile eal si sie Ga INFORMATION-FLOW DIAGRAMS, Fd ad ecgy-ow lags ae sada engineering tos. fa stem “ult uly wet! ol the wfonraniow Gagan, oe “isgnim conn ions sn orn Me igri ic Bock Stes han orp ca be cata when he apt Raowe. Ta the ‘Nos dupa soda stone cntol wort the Blocks repent anor Fension wich old soised llr estos dye ‘Sem soln the Bick rprescat an alge quae. A seal Pp igh spear in a alow diagram ike tat shows in Fi FEIT atthe nonnatiefow agra the sks fig 6-10) epson \| etn ad pe ma sgM4 seeexoenan feccons or expressions tt permit aclaton of he ote presse for the ooe block and te fre for he oie. A Mock os ig 6-1, Fowaly an ogo, here designed os fp Pa) =O. or may be ‘aula din wfc interpolation weald be speate, "ign 6-shoxsony one component Te laser how ese ini sel blocks can il te nfrmsin fiw grr fore se, coser the rea fas shows in Fg. 62. A mp oti peste ow cha tee shown n Fig dos water om open resco ad iver Atop eng opps ovr A, with rewrote uch {ital pps te Theatr flow rates the pesos Se Signa nd sn ane Mo tes Psi ot the Bans ae wy Suter The cantons for the war fw te ough ope eas Se ta Car = an = Gu Pe = au ete Cx a08 Co a 0S 2 pa the atoggerc pre The sun for Be pipe secon O-L wpa pg = Cort bps shore Co sens for fon 8 hs {85 pre drop wwe charge elevation Tn pe section 2-8 a Prop Gwt ond pepe Gk "These ive eto tn he writen i fstinal fo file rd =0 wn frbvn. rd =0 6 fms on Sonn 99) <0 4) feos ps. 0-0 ws “The smosgers pose pe 0 ia savage it wl hve oom acano 11S flee} +L H Ash Y Food a Se ‘own ale. Anan anton roe by he pa tries Febmpupd =0 «6 The proceding x equations can all he ign as componeat peermance charac, Toe a eight eakrow vale Cio. pis as Ps a pa, WO oly sequen sf, Mass beast proide We ober fo eyes wneia ten oe fxmoeacm own wae oF fats) 20 ws ‘Several coms low gris abe ered oer system, one of with sbov in Fig 63. Each lak aang so ht he nly am utp ich nests ha be cuore by ha sk Save forthe sia aie 6S SEQUENTIAL AND SIMULTANEOUS CALCULATIONS, Sumutimes itis posible stan wih he tut omation nimi ‘alee ie output fs comporest. ‘THe oat norman th ft ‘Sompoet lth is Scdee wo ect the ba ilrmaton west ‘cnprent and on othe ol conpoae of he stm, a Opt {sth oupin femenon of he ster Sachsen male some see elenktion Aw eagle of squeal ekaa mht ‘xr in a oni power gecating pt uing eat cone fo rete ‘am fr Teanga eigsaton, a5 oma sekeraaly Pi. The ‘tags fom he eng: Ms ag te Der IH Genie seeto pets an abortion eigen wit 1 the opt ifm she ‘isbn casey ht wld be ait whew te wot generat 8 [Bren ckene-power ogoremon, 8 pose tfasn-ow dara ft Es sila shown la By 6. ‘Staring mie knee of he engin penenn sped and elec over demons, ne cin tle he eaten epeseting psformane ha [Stssuas of he compoessinsejueeoeto arte he cpa aformsion, thereingeaton eps “Te ego alton own hy the ffemstionow diagram of Sea ~| co css a Fig. 65 sin cons th saan smo eis fre nor ‘ten ow digram of Fp 3 Secuenal simon ae stair but smlaneus sults ae te ealeges or Wich he en the caper conte 64 ‘TWO METHODS OF SIMULATION SUCCESSIVE SUBSTITUTION AND ‘NEWTON-RAPHSON ‘The tk of simulating ate afer be feta eins a ine ‘Soanetns hare toe sisted one of ving ast of stances Sea equations, some oral of which my be linac: Tuo of te ‘ead ovale for ths smn slaoe a tere stron Sn Newb Raphaon Each mth hav advange sad Undranagey ch sb pind er Me mtd of seve substi lly associated wth He afr smuionfow dram of he en (ig. 3) The seen 1 be eo ay {tint toe old epi the caleaons. The problem Scnced by asin ava of ne oe more sant, esinng te sleltin th proceeding trough Oe sytem tl the copealh-evared Pres tie bon feculead Ta calcd values ue sac siceely (ch sth bss fo te name ofthe tho), ad cation oop ‘eps ul satiny conergace so, ample tA natepeopin sem cate to lel pp dee lipher, ss diswaed i Pr, din Wo overcoming he reste toc ane fe te 27 whe randy athe on eg op ad a 2. etn1 cece ene Pept ap Pape y= 0-6 ‘pose norm ow i at pee syste howe eho ata tca ve of 43» pm fr ty te saw fap oe Be capa i (Gi an oo shat oe eo Toe S3inrind ip = 6a mmisonuen 119 ‘Soecetnesebation o nfrmatin-ow diagram oti 67 68 PETPALLS IN THE METHOD OF SUCCESSIVE SUBSTITUTION Fp 67 i only on of the pone nmin Pow diagrams that cn terpenes om test fst (to (613) To som Nt (doftam a shown i Fp. 68 00 69. "Te nal value of y= 2. wan hon forthe cen eon ‘metho os ifematio Mo clagam 2 and he sus oe Yeti ‘town Tale 62-4 wal vele af" = 6.0 wan chen fe i ation ‘ot tloematr few dag 3, aed the saa ae ste Tate 6. "efomaton.i sagan I santrge the slain, ie dogs 2 an 3 diverand. Ths experece cal of sateen sabe ion Should be ebpwed ta the dererce dasa ad 3 ie athe fo he calculator tauence and ao aly she of the tal ves tn awh ones he al slo wae eu he Coe siden = 2.0 and weeo, ‘erm gre Baap 2 Bue120 sonersmi sae Eran dozen ‘rai of eration ow diagram 2 Terai of infermation tow diagram 3 ‘Are hee wea of shesking low dine insane to deeming eter cletions wl encase diverge? Yes, and 2 wee wel fe ceplaoed in Caper 1a at the flo of sch check pty {str ha sly exposing tharos dap lon nd tha coors In the maths of sess stinton each etn i nd for me variate, ad the autor may be mene in tare was Abr camp, fre cleans ev at wg pum I. Nori oti valle in compug w an vs hae eco te equtons ere {tain Ar erative hig, ich my bere nse ae, ‘send ie Sec. 8.10 69. TAYLOR-SERIES EXPANSION ‘The second tcwigu of sytem smn, pened in Sock, 6.10 and Gh the Netto spo et as na Tse expan Sthcefre appropri fo review the Tyoeseies expansion, faeton {whch ie dependene upon reo vale andy. wo be expanded abo ‘ke pout Ce many = 8) Frm ef the Sees cxpmson = const + fst dee es PT neondsgee tet + highend st £6 ler =e) + ey ~b)) + [ele ~2)" fede mally =) Hes FLA (6.3) Now determin the vals ofthe coma in Ey. (6.19) 10 teak {ou andy bet equal, he wee on he Pa seo the ution Ieivor sta eeepc xo atthe vale fe neon 1.) 6 =H(@.0) ou Tid, parllydifermiteE (6.13) with eset ox then sets = snd = bs The only tm ean on he igh ae of By. (6.13) 9) a siaar manner, 16) ‘Te constants e.e4 acy me food by purl itferetinion wie fl. lowed by substan of = 0 andy = bt pk cee 6 FEED 4 1FHED Igy Forthe speci cate where yi «Gmc fone independent vibe Te Taporsencs expansion dou the pats =a12 cence sono K parte + Hat we wip “The gone expen for te Teor sre expansion if i fe ei eon tee ea ete oan Psat . + F Mena, 9) ASS Mey, ayaa so Gin ample 62. ans he fc 7) Tose ein ‘Soe pate hy = eee DD ay =D = sremconn 123 6.10 NEWTON-RAPHSON WITH ONE, EQUATION AND ONE UNKNOWN In be Taos xgusion of (6.18) when acl oe heir nde rms cone nepliie:The enon tis fees apron ym yal + brwie a) 2) guaion (6.2) tetas of he Newton Ripon erate eign or solving oul aber gua. Supe ht th sale f= ugh ht satin the equation rtiee oy Defoe yas seine oz and dene te cae ale ofa 06s Ea (621 an makes Hag =0 625) ‘The Neon Rophen proves toques 9 nal sumpsin of the value of. Deo a the tpn ae of. Saba A (6.2) given 3 vabe of whch amo crn ees set provi the (hited vane of) 0. Specialy. sy ying ey +2=e' 1-39 (ural wae of x incon. b ow! he guns bow he val of “Should be ehongd nor wing sete 2a, "evunrg to he Taylor enpesans of (20, expres yin ems ‘of by expan soa vO) ylee) + Ee tea ne) oa For = 1, By. (628) bones va) = yl) + Was 0 25, ‘Egusion (6.25) contains farther aprocimation eating the deine te ate, tier ar at. became Beale of sll tows: From Eg (625 sas) = 0, and w Eq 25 can sled apron Tor theunkaoun sae of 626, et ieNise pon nt. “Te vale of x = 1460s more somata a shoul be wo othe 1.469 | Las 376 | “0. The seme vunoson ofthe tran i shown in Fig 610, where we Ste te rot of te egaion y= 22 eho final teats = 2 devin of) from ao sided byte slope of te case ee ‘gga om ta of 6 “Te Newtot-agison metho, wile i power raion teh sigue shoal eed rfl Rese fhe a al st fo | the core ese soliton may wot comeae, Some tight I he eof he ction erg sled i therefor aways Bp 6.11 NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD WITH MULTIPLE EQUATIONS AND UNKNOWNS “Te soln o€ + nts equation fo te naw vate suse i ec. 0 iclyaapecl ae of te sln of 3 of mate soln gti. Sappone fa tne mica uate tbe 0d fo the tice wake aries ae an Lileiarnay <0 (on ‘faleiczn89) =0 (628) brates) =O 6» sromtencicon 15 “The proce foc hing the eatin a trav one in wich he flowing sep followed 1. Reo the unions stall te ston aes f the sey fiat [Eq (627) 1 (629) aes ex is orm 2 sume tenon ales for be vals, ted x ey a 2 Callas he vals of). #2884 at Be erp aes f=. wads 4. Cree ate a ti wl 9 Ue the Talorseries expansion of efor of Eq, (6.19) 1 stash 1 eof simultaneous egeaon. Th Tslocseses expunin or. (62, forexample, Seve ty £0) Fildes Xeon 4 fleas 325.0) afte sas pital, ay ee <2 . 6m ‘ae sto equnon is fr of Jaz ~ ae = aD Je te tale mseleln| ean Jas ah les ne] Lp. 6 Solve the set of tinea inate pation (631) 49 dari ry ~ 7. Comet te x's She wy) 8, Tes or converses It asolme magnitudes of le or al the este tact sl tein ters etn step 3.B25 oeecvcr memes nome samp 6. She Etanple 6 by eNews Raon mi Str fn dp-138 39228 0 pe ee jnermoscl 9 3. Choe al ve of aie, whch a er sec wap eso, wns a ised oS ‘Sop Cs he wate ea he emgory vaso eras, a Ma ROBT fe isds wfen Oo, “apd pr ethene ar be ‘Sep sabeag te onpry vas fe erates no be ee same paar fms oa es oe Ee ‘Sep Son te matae eau 108 any = OSH Ane = 10% ‘Sep 7. Te comet att fhe ies ‘Ths aes sri ee ep oe een Tain haa ees i fe me “Palen concretely ae ie neon. ia wet semntonanon 127 6.12, SIMULATION OF A GAS TURBINE Sisreat A silaiom fore exemsive thea system wl be given fra rors. ‘eerie gestabine ce. This eple. awe n Fp ll come impremor combust toe whic poate chastise ino, ine omer oe 4 the shat E, NW 9000 1 of every nde te Combustor by bing fuel The witness ae and jet te bie Ext fo nowhere prewie of 10) kPa The eng ie temperate s 2° eran sips wil bees nthe tion, bets mfcsod {ba the solace metnd canbe exe wo ee ed cleans ‘he smplieatins ee a ie128 secre se 1. Aue pores popes hugo te plead a constant at Tos tide 2. Nevet he ot ed nth frm ffs inthe cmbanr wo hat be thin ite o flow wis conta thao he ck 2. Neglect te pene din th combo sos = p ad the igh presse te oye con be designate sips p “4. Reglest hat tert he eve “The pvfoonacecharric ofhea- ow compresr an he seutad’ peng 104 witha smospber: pence of 101 KP at tle mente smlston are sown ngs 612 e613 reece ‘Wish the esau rsntd In Chap. 4 egeatons ci be eloped forte canes tn Bg TE p31 445604? om se = 1020~0.38%p + 0.008139? oa whee p = dintage press of orpren, KP 2 imate of fw, kp = per ued by compressor, 3 When opening given sped and Share psu, theca erie ft tubie uke te sown go Wits echnece i iz j i i / | oa oe emvmatanie 129 il he ‘tome peeing a ge po, OF SE. 4.8 ets abe deel fe the curs in Fig 6-13 0.1839 10 + O.oNo12Ipe 0.2796 10%? “oun t+ 0.24 x why? 39 ~< 1B) = 173 ~ 10.0 + 00330859? 747061 + oomrPI9e ++ 0.0s0ntp — 08525 x 10°4ps — 02386 10°? 0.8473 10 (639) hate 1 = eng enpernue = 1.°C = wer delieed by oie, “To achieve te sltion fe ves of the following unkown vA ‘es st dawnt p, yo Yo 5,300 Sves independ uations st be fond to sae fxis Sto unkown Fos eqns ‘ae avelabe fom tbe pevorance chars of th cones and {uibie. Te thee oe anion ome fen ey bares Compress: E,= wots 25) (638) Combustor 100 = we,hty~ 12) x) “Taine power: Bin Bet By oy)120 sexx or num ran ‘nis Raphsonsoetdon of gasturine ‘Theensction ofthe salon follows the es etined i See 6.1. sommay of ie el sls aod eva er the Newser Rap eration Ferree fe Tle 66 "The sh per aire by his sem 158.52 6.13 OVERVIEW OF SYSTEM SIMULATION Steady sinulaton of teal tens at sng a api ‘Te mes of san tcow ease of pan open ect ‘ohn ft pts pet i ets a IS r oamranon pss Fx exer he ect on he op of he Suse e ming sal change noe composer phe Gn of a het Shans eneway spr crave ee pe a wil bended ince of opinizaten ects ob explained in ech The expore sysem sina loth shag an thee fi eps hi wag wie wha ny be toe wr cup. Afr mts hve Been mace, Stig op he ees [ons ncoma the maj hanger opts it may ot De imc theoreti popcorn of uso at preva speiis he ‘sem ul voting comatose dependent ean Uneranaly Somatic rete be tes developed fer chosing he uations ‘coh gromning in tcnslpcies bof aon ac st even ok The temic! exiin of ea te stem ons tat of sone sara st of alsa equations, some of ich ae etna Onc ingle mith tease uations and varie ‘Shona, Tis tinagy anc somal cone whe ng coor cro pcm he cent abaatio & Newen-Rophon ton odin inte fst earns prvi the Slut to 9 ae prenein 13L er of varibles diet, sme of which may be of nes forming the satstindon ass ree the haan! of aking a age es ‘nd the eotons in combed foam are mote ea ck tan te Spe base areagsret, “Too edhads 5 ta smastin bave oes presets choptes, successive ssaen a Newfane. Sacra eben Sightorwad cig nd wally ent progr ees compare Imemory singly The dsadantge arta sti he sence siti converge very solr dvr. As er a can be eerie cg ‘he web of commerce). many of Inge slain proges ed In he pavleam,chenea, a hema posing nn ely hens the saceese-btition ttbou.*The experienso programe ‘stance hs shances of comerert quence by chosing he lk nthe |sformatin-fow casa ie soeh athe oupu oly reel Meco by lege changes the pu The Neste Rapin hea Stile at mere compen, # pone. This hays Sees as an aco ys snag amd ro- sides the woo fr svng wef eager Pobens.Chayer 1a om tes he Sy of seat sysem snl pear dope, In ‘Super the soeesse subsunon meta i exodus fy Clery Ing te rate of eaclioe epesces ta vl ceeergeme Mets ar developed to usleascomerynce tung dverseee To Newiow Raphsonecnsuc'» expla! i be forging chp ques entarng paral evives hard foce ati tow Chaps 1 xp fhe stucteo 1 gveaas pom ot exacts alse erally A challenge si aise by Cher 12 the se of Ings ier wee the unr equate and nits nH 1 lage. The Newon ighce chaser egies We sie eon tone so acelin eigen Dems. PROBLEMS Daw SP = a0+ 1070 fe © = 1s-casx 9450 ‘0 = amon ne ‘We snes inion slr rb opp, hogs ‘ale $= 50 org = ep132 tsotcrmner se oe © Broan 62, The tmpesnainesged cae of the erin wi of # wk (pushy waconie mmsihe wing tusre a Pe. C14, eT = Poe tre ato ek show epi ee ‘eck mg ely pl Te ars fortune (Demin fe pec ona fe ech sition compote Feo as un bol fi dager: hin hte eae inborn tT (Pon ppl sau se pein nate soy fo eters) oA Te) Te! semrsunene 133 weap fi 6) [cece opoat Ch Coreg pin drape ‘loneee (62, svar dotiratin pt apni om te ce shown in Fi. 616. Sars cont fe gece ee ous wnt oh stu) a nner, wha fhe siete Ighss g lta y ote. Me rina sri 4th rena fw ot ae ea Eni on ga td pt sere he 10 ‘Tre sem ees 50 ese184 eeascr munis scone Se an aig a See ape hee icon ae ia'y shone & 8c acne of pr ‘ints ect aeftoer see a Sir ipeiped ne nods eigen nt oe emi Shite aoe of ih ony 61 mcr ne icetonpens te: pear pepo ame ae ee fete wie tee poet ™ lon mo Pncpsarpo tice JO tbat hacen otto tm of ‘ti he pit, mw pee re Satz efor tn mop men ee a SES aime od emer sl erm sie SEK EhOEE Coemrn mrt ow Sapam nee RS ato an tar pe ad ww oe 65, Suction don of wa ee SSD An eS ith atance coe eee Tinta ie, sao ery eit Lior meforignes SPSL SW te Satan ee he lw (ers maw pend oregon BT (ie tse nA epee cs ‘thew 1 te fperene Th se ho be soled an he (@) Came necsne eco oi ys her ‘Suit mre 64, naptime pict. 61% 413m, on mote GATS aeg wa My tsps eh re gee ain i eh vem sunen 1S se tm eigen at mtn jo soo: he Econ Area Be et, vein " argon acs be eer cone jet of he cag Nea in ams arse ow mah Cena eee Rotem teete conion etme, Te convince low te gen tee nel fan eh te cr ines prs. “ingen ei cogs salvos ee (23 oir of main of Rand A pane I bein ‘Sbigece by serene ttn ace eno ee phi ec ns pn al 69 ax) 2 20 ain, de Ne apne 64. Me hat ehunge a Fly 620 bean wate ering SC wih seam fag ted wpe 30 aed ig core SPC. Te fevel bet cchger ste the Uveo ea cchinget Sradentionms este Fw ray = De Hepes Sat oop sae ei oe 69; Ste Ps ng he plea Nev et Eanes ofS? = 0 Band 0 = ws UT Rowror etches [ene Roars tek 68 sows 137 nsoal pron eS 25g. The pare pi ies fropora su fw te oe usp son ‘eames tbe wae oe icine oo cents dpa pr open sees der td ‘hows ln pis Teepe rg Ap ante Howe ore at eninl pang: Sp = 0 420-050" se pem: apn 0-50 ries spa oie ‘ae Ap = per dap he pe AP (= Now tes Psp ~ 0 rh he pr fl component. (8) ema wre Pres a eed operas sin loon taut be he petit on? Dsus he pee ‘peer of 6.12, some evegen ita sn te prt of sna at ‘ice eatsyo o n ongh els Tip 31, aus Newuofupnes nono demise om a ok Ii iis he et caine a epee Amt aetna egal 192 ‘51% A cmttepa pap epee win byes at a ie Pig. 622. The foun Gup truth yp ben By een n= Late? Cae Ta vem = age = Er codeine 612138 sescor rent sores ———— ‘Pours 622 i yap see gee repaid ne ppp tne pops = Oats? ne te ow tae apa he pent Ue he Nes Raton esas terme wh (644 Ata °C witha eof ky flows tanga coil custom ‘coll wane tat enes m6, shorn MF. 25. A mn pe Mates 10g). Nedeunsiieai of te roan ai pes the be Tn pie ene nd hater cee fo thee entngt is 7A, The pump jt vce ees tough ee ened Yale an d,s p= po Tose tances othe pu ae Peer Ph = 2,100 1,008 sae ws fw et of wae pra pr ecm Th spc eof te we i= 4.19 ithe). The ps dp tou be (lit p=pr= kn, Te let anpeie eee Sa Fe ord Erste ad saeco 189 ‘i tina m cues orem omer ete Da ‘The tow esi rp eon Rete re = Coop Phe (Cie faint dge weap. 1 ee Goon ini, 624 Te ly open ae of COU ‘ste Newnes it sem ein att te lois valor rma cP ed Gr ee tear conerpre hn te abot ts aes np as 10, sae vas of encase ake crema ome. Lee e aa 910 ‘Aas p= 485 (sed oayn =) = 10M G, = O01 (615, A mosage ar pret wih tec tows ini 635 cerns ‘Erna me 6) fw 0 w 0D Es ote, Te feng ‘spt become 02 ws ste congener ae esa cape Veiner tien 5 = ow mt eed ft comps spasm rh as <0) = esd] Zen ra The mpi epnet ain he aon pv =p 12, Their [ea Comcow ha echnger ning 0.09 Kp wok 2 The 7 fi = rr Oriesvenetee'c Gat af nt Ph‘ae codon poner eed by th etn Paw = 2684 casos, oUORii + Lobe, —omnsau? “0.014. 00m, + ox + ONE ‘The conte vs we te egy ein he up ene Rooraevere |] | |S Consenereraerne | 2s | |» | (pest te ee ‘ms Forfa Cad p= 29; 1 28°C, 4 = 3405 c= BE Wap RT, REFERENCES 1 he ay eee per ETRE co toeaccem amen eet ttle SE ae eg rl mn ADDITIONAL READINGS Che 6d 8. Ban Cats Mora Cel ces” CHAPTER. 7 OPTIMIZATION, 74 INTRODUCTION Opsizcon she poses fing he condos sve axiom of ‘miu ales oa uncinn. Opiazaton hana esto expected tole of ences, alttooghsometines oo sll pojess te eit a eg: ‘sng ime maya jy an opiminion ek Often deg fatto optise Deca a corples n sch sve me phe {Wasim sbspstens a en che te pina soit of em ‘Tar ib eo asc, Ronevr, ht ths proses lead othe fe rama "Cher | poo ou hate deseing 2 workable sam he roses fin coms of tray suing cers arses tl ley ia ‘compact rand thse sumptions. conta, when opine tions an meget pao” be cesta, te pu ae eos a the combination of ater echo which ims he eh Basic to an) opmaton proses sth cetann regi which rsenon tobe otis Inan sta or pce Sehr wht tay be te een. aa antmobi, the sae of tm aay be the rice. Miu cot baby the mon ramon tt Or he ‘ne and, he rho ovine ald operizg cox. een inci sach factors os ise sted ie Chip 3 on scons mt aly Be we164 se cr mami fellow sly. A mnutstrr of domeste reise, for example, os ot ty to Gesign it se prove miu ti costo he co ‘Sher ding th Me the egppmene Te schcvemon of mika fs Son wh mance sls ne eran them spring ot alg the ogring cv sme be comely tof Dos Iter favor fie tn ade fom heros economia sluon by aon Fran, cd sti comers, Wha happenin st the rte ow faton lees nt oly mentary ators bu aso ome eb os ‘Bt uy aed be only guy ied ‘imation se ae fen paca ude he ume of emer tins rewarch, Many Uevelpannts i operon rach everaes fom Incr pine msthematsa modes of esromie systems. sony ‘eco at ecbaneslandshemiel eins lane woe cevain 0! ‘The opis: Nad ard energy ow sytem ope sea sain iain se hen pity steps aprming heme syns nce ay Be acest eae the pefrmanss avert wide range of operating ons & system Ca ‘tn be pr dev age ny note pin ve he ce Png ris eqectd perc, 7.2 LEVELS OF OPTIMIZATION Sometimes a denign engines will 1 ave optimized the dein ty coming foarte const of wich pbs mane at toe enpber ne compered via spt of lo fee coe "he stra er exiare th to evel of opanian, empaban fake coop a opzaion within coop. Al he opi zon treo presente ia the flowing chptes ae opiizton ihn ‘ene Toe ow dng and ries! representation othe sytem fair ave Nepning. an he option ross cons {pve ade of sis of ital eompnent Al ts oprization 1 Sine wih piven eoces Tore is ting mide upeoning poses {awl jmp from oe oda Geer ove. No putin pocede ‘il cuomatelly se sper ier coment a eases [erting pla To fuel concep, or expe ‘hcl epinann pceias hens consis oF proposing ll rescoale emote sce cpzns th design ofeach Someph td them chosing te et of the opi ed eis, 7.3 MNTHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF OPTIMIZATION PRODLEMS “Te elements f th materiel sasmet of optimization include ypc ‘Feaion of tin face he Soni. Lety epee the acon stor to be epi, called the objet fanctom Is «Tue of ems 145 svhich alle te dined sabes The objective Y= priate) opine a ta soany psi suis tee ae consis, same of which may be easy comtans bye estas sy) 0 a b= helene omy =o a wel a oat contains y= Wort tad Shy 7 “Te ppc omnicef the nea in Ea (1) 0 ost ‘An line comtnt gpa nthe sete fcion doc we fet ae yes fe ata Beh pi eT, Peat Pets coveted si [2 +P ote a mie FEL 8) furs poery of pita th he asim of etn occurs a the same te pst of which Me cin We tegave of he wae (Otc yee eel OD 74 \ WATER-CHILLING SYSTEM A atechiling system, shown shea in Fig 7-1, wl be oe 2 Aare te machen eaten ‘Te gure of ie yam hat ‘Rcool fg of wae os 13 wo FC. retin he beste aonpere ‘howe ener Nese en wha il Ht Designate the sits ofthe spon i the see By ter. ese sens ah ter which eset tbe das of compress, espa ‘Sats pug at colng tomes epee. The cout) BE form of he vel fit pts uaa cos andi she duanly {hot xe wah 0 mini, S(tensaeyskensater) nize oy5 With ont me seat of Ea 7.8, the imi oul be aes hy Shiite he esa components eo” Overlooked the ram fae sombition sex he sh hat he marching spe proving (dR) POOELAD WHEL = IB BW 1 mkgeotion escola. Equation (7:9) express hn comin ter otenten-spster) = 419 AW a9 where $s uments 0 msi te coking sop as fart of com oven rcs when 20 bps of war ents a 13°C. Atay Ea. (79) Sud be a8 meq cone, because profaly no oo wold bc tot er capo a herent of S18 AH he cst Mer at tree. Soe posi omsideron inpve eatin eal consi ‘The spt Sal bs design so atthe Crapoeingfepaine above Coy atthe eet. 2 10 1° co poten! Wa om sing 0 the tbe sues Th sorte lscr trvsteootnster) 206 cy ‘As enemy high sishars tempera 1 of Be grt ving te ‘Sopesor uy inp ibe con tderstevekenskr-Ner) = HOC au “There may be other icity cows sch ss iming the condemer eligi ow in ction tbe sie of the cooling ocr ree it irs pasting ot ‘The cle’ of the optinizaton robe a6 all pes ere, te sijectne fant, eguey Snare, and agi costae ll Ams of he indooncet sabes, mache be ses compos 1.8 OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURES te ext few sections sevenl opiization metas wil be itd. Alou is ts mos een) wed seus eine. Eg pentte, i combs ear hme Te he open of sts, iC amos sion tae objet Tanto ir cependen po more tan one vara In tse teal sts my ve dete o hen Thats vals wich dorand sopiscaed opuszaton eka ‘While comblerable eft omy be reunite’ opmizaton pect Aeslopitg matheraal eaten he sion 9 be ote ah ‘te consis yas gute conse elo. 7.6 CALCULUS METHODS: CAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS ‘Theta of opimizaon by cleus, pesered io Chip 8 ad omtiued in Char Ibe to ae cenotves so ae the optim. The mtd ‘Lage ups perms an optimization whee ey costs xis bth ethos ann! del sear ey canst. A foctray fegureest for ui cules tas he aby Uo et {aes ofthe syste fancon a crt 7.7 SEARCH METHODS “Tose ethos, covered is Chaps 9 a 17 inven miner conto’ of vals the nde! vate ad rong cone Soot tom the magne ofthe ote funson a tee combaons. ‘An ebiows psn fo cleus alu fe func al pon. INE combinton of for exompl, 20 sare Sibu igh he age ‘ites of ome part sh a conation wih 20 a the sco Fonte, and sn. Sich such etd bn very gives As eficer, The arch meted of reste thse which a, ancy whee spied to make option. When splyingscnck mefiaa to coniumn fab site ly ssn int te examine th vat opin san on be apposed foreach, by afinkenumbcr ofl Once ter an. when ping Syste ho he cements fe aateble ony in fe saps tes Basch ochre Se conser fo ket me, hare ot ‘sine pation of Se,7.8. DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING ‘The wont “poganmiag” Ref and in the meat seven sshins means ‘ptinizaion snd bar mest seach wih compar pore, for exam. Ts mebod of optimization, noche Cher 10 an “din Chap 1, sig nt the es sot acon father an an pina sate pont. The rsa the open ae ‘thr methods meron et ea twas of te depend bee sit ta eat he opie sale ofthe obec mtn Tae rote atelee ts Gramiepoparing one whee the ied est Ra pats eg. te few ue of apm pte, The rut treet funcon eang sve vars. Dyoamis rogming i rele © be (cles of varies tnd toes nt ain Of duce feces hal ‘lcs of vans does entiasity. 7.9. GEOMETRIC PROGRAMMING Protaly the yeangett member ofthe poping fay i geometic Prosaniming, Sacted Ia Caper UI. Getmete programing opts ‘ction consi ofa sim of plyomials when e ves ay pea aise ones and nae espooeats. When he ues of Felpoomilexpessos i Caper eile nce tha the fo) {fae fnstin We bh geome prosomming applicable Is om at ‘sce equ a heal sss 7.10 LINEAR PROGRAMMING (Chapter 12 presen an ctcthn 0 ear pogamming, which a widely sd abd welldevsloped spine appliabie whe lhe eatons Gite Share linear ‘The gate of bers nw bing sled By Tne poping eormaus, cecil extending io ptimitions ‘hit oman seve hows varie 2.1, SETTING UP THE MATHEMATICAL, ‘STATEMENT OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEN. (ve of the ft eps petrming on opinizaon is w wate te vse shana wo a rbematcl sotemen The dese tor hat {repaable lo Eas (0-1) 178) Seaie te option estas can Pekep he poder ster be objectve fncon ad the const {pect Inthe otmiaion of theo sytne,eaihing the bce Ilmton oun pean srtines ten» al tk The lenge sl ties it ring th consis, A satgy th is fe secs isto (i specify athe ce ons, such a ees capes retin 10 tains of epee a peewee (2) exch in extn frm (decomporcrachnactaut ane prope of working sstance, a (3) (ricer an eng Bice Opens) on) wsuly poe at {esurions contains wre rales than eit te oectve fancon ‘Theat of ensttsqutons fe hen dio ember being "ies he do ot ens nthe abjeve fat shoul be ped ta ower a some optimization erigies ek addin vibes inthe conan that do rx exs ine pcve incon. Steps (2) aed (Gy setng op he comers snare process aed Srcting $s pstemsulaion robe mle 7 Heino sages of congeie.ha 0 cookd fur 3 HPT aly pt cong oe P72 fiom tet ive poate tigen wa War et tive ence fe winger vty en mi te pel ad ‘ae coumy tower. tae Re cee te one "ean ra cmon se ht? hed peti it Loony. te rv tg elas eye SP ‘he youn ke engncd fe cn ft os wre fst Seip on sn my, oarei. le, Me egpescnr noes g.] ft 7 we190 recor moee eon te een aprile wen 15> 1 req were oh one lat, igi ig. 72 Bees fe gaye ey tw. Saingett paste tee heen nit Drei ee ncaa 1) ea peti Sao. The yl oi amples ny et te pi pen ito o Ege 1) (Svan mt perl he Stel pm Seep, nas ute ne cc fly isi oes on em Sieh cr aps et ‘scare mn erste tt Soy ora ge et tpt tan een on el spt eo ‘Enns aprons he ne ef esa te ps ces eee LATS i ote ge rb ‘Pg ih lav es he eae et (oT fe wien st Gesp he expe forthe Sethe fen wl ee at a om of Ge abs Wop eh thee) om mes ae heen he per ‘eit Theme agar chore nies hee cos ee mc te ih intone sa win E719 ard tas es ey (The et em wo ect hs ms eoing e ‘Rtcleatnn inc oe arise! ah je an ig ete ti bays epee le ‘is scons spc the est othe somone car ‘en ened immense Sn opt Beco ate . * ‘oe 95 LF. Tike ca be expos i ve eons erence rer ner mat) 4" (12 RpstLO Ag HONS) IP aes a Unie he ang fama cancer a he cgen ite comps power hg Css, sede ep ss (coast emer Ea 27-0 "hel pr ae ny ed mas ls Aeiggionunts q+ P= 2.3 kg. 19 hee, 2) Peco (1.0951) = BAKE =H M9402 = 2) = 4p “he comple fount eqn Pa 030 note sty. 8 M4193 -29 ~ 9 a9) dant 2 i an te Ba, 8) (728 ad en ‘eect it fn in i iso opin ‘sl days be ove mie akira an Be muha of unin 50 when Mate ane sa climate sl been eqns ‘xe wo cootci spa Ee (738) and 99) me we ‘teen stones fs epmaion prlon 3 les 72 DISCUSSION OF EXAMPLE 7.1 ‘The objecthe of tk chur is 0 inode procedures for sting wp the sata! set of he opnarion Probl. Wah one he neh nthe sutseauont carter he cheatin the ptinsan pes ‘Sald show tat be opin wales ot. andy ate $1430 596, Sad SE738 especialy. Eaton (713) [or E020) was rested 6 Sali. rand hs comon ou lpia be eed om fhe costa. Its < Fey becomes gate, ACh ysl ngs152 seurernema “te oman re inter tt festa ft epi sin proin. The oj frton wut he crs mcainglss bcm ei could all int Pro and thr oaks be mo cos for tbe sytem, The coma Bq (78) ropes posse ve a =) Inch he same rein he existence of a eran wn From et tanfercoirion te psec can oa the a mo lowe ha pers of 3° Suing ty =U in Eg (7-29 makes yeep, ‘SME sical impossible, Equus (7.8) docs pet 1 Be Fatih eae al colng perfomnes ty te wngecion i "Th cna egeston (2) imposes a iat Yalu ofthe cok iegsowes sre aml Sim As the se othe rlagention ait a8 [deans een nceant becate of te compeenten oer sccned shh reigarin ene 743. SUMMARY ‘White is se tha engines he any sont to opti tr desig, ‘ushecn ony esther appcton oe igh copa: tat Sophiscid shine ota hive boom pace fr complex Sem, The apps opinion choles fo re ale hema ‘Sains sl i afr, fur enpreace so rides at stg op {Ge poe fo the pnt cre on optimist mod cok ake one fp fees ptice To per of ht efor. The npn on option ‘Schnee ibe wat veep ny ngget a engncr re Roms Tec oce tiny Know sever mods, Resa, however token stb opiate con oly Neg when the esate he sea ‘Sno hw ten Convene ie the etn fr th objet fimcoa conn PROBLEMS 7a tea BER 7 Ts pomp roy os peaod iaay 72 Ros tenis Dl codeming SC wr tng 208. The Ea at) te toe fence SN ofa nwt1. bl sciere 2 A pom pos CO: by eating 3 mits COs 3 ba whe 7-5 Taft eae fc COrax mare Sohne iG ra ig tn fie Balrncncd by Eumcral mPyyxinght =e, re Scenes of Ast 74, opium tuted St uae. sho ei. 7-6 2 Uk ‘co 1800 EW ad hss poste ep of he he Hd 0 opts eons n= conection cctiet on he tke ie in BW ‘he pes dopa he tie Pad or wt Heth of ube, AR, Oy! Te ones tat eta noe ots atm eee srwcon 188 repens, he in fon oD, Develop comer) 1715. The fw oof om meal he ping pt Kan Canemme oe of tam A auf he odes hs Sing Ft 80 pe boyn The be ose ow he pears Didone oft ery Tee pig ee = ne a a (ie ep cot ston i a ti ace ik oa Rey Haein Pb 75(Scape costs) ea at TAmsti)(S mushy C= etn — ih 74 Meyda P78 pola in ewe MCI + 0; 28.0 + 20h Te tnt ries 9 sof HE at 20 wl The come Capea shesig ely pal conv, nde tented HCl ad (SP wey alu seoval ot Be ean he ha Oo per cr (Pasion fing HC ans ht ea > 10 Dein) ose sc ad le coins) ssa emt pine a coe Rou nse tuo seamen, age rk presacral ieee tenet a Degas rae hs ‘ede ny hax wafer nd reach ox 120 of een ‘neigh gs mat Sh Gov. lo 30 "Teste of epee eo wat i cmprtr ad allo 6 om onus a fl pasty ening he oar aed. Eh see Sm (2) 0. dag nih te ow Sp a aomgy ta rms ‘Senet dnp, ta) he mele ig tic Rows SEN tad (Slade te sage a pee hse 0 fr | Ste Shonen Pe 78 emcees 167 uml tc The Soper cot alr pee se 5 he eptiy of eect ogi er wea The ‘Saag nk Goatees Spr oun ‘hearst an eed nt ak 30a on of a (0) Mie teers ir eed fntent compe fee oft Boy ecoregion nts nd toe epee stan ‘anes ot + yeep] = 78. A snp seine of coin gs sean pa Hr USpettdpealem city 2 Bist, Kem orf Fig 79 [8 pt as ete eo airs rome a runes it: fp sd emai pai Pe 7egies 29 pret ofthe ng ano a ‘Shovel nto mein per née torinas 0 ponon passe he ‘Shem pe A be tw pfs teh Ble 6 eat fe eas whch peri 30 pee of te ta save oe ata 3 ‘aoe a ea High pee tess hs pres te no ‘ccm tre, nhac 18 poco te ral Sy = ete! "Pe Mt fom he a twice ae oe ae eg gan BW epee "Fhe pl te pred nha way ha conc nas ‘oot gem ot nmr In ar gf we eave {tneto ad) deco ex commu sparc be ‘vim te sora sues te poco mpeg ere se "as gy 06 28.050 LW fh Oatig = 10 fh ass 3,80 ‘19. Nag? acne, lnprrenenf e png ec of» patie {Suto pecog bw a tne te cree The Pil an ‘Shenpconssngenion ea. wok peed tua ents eh feToa tess ate tiore Bg. 710 Acumen at seh Terex tonometer suc nett sce skg meet tis msn 199 ‘Theo raf stows ces 48 nda in an at he cour se, 1 va peat, 082 HW ofp mon th yee, DRS ‘Alea erg se nou ot Fi. 0, Preset worth of pone gveats n he of heploe, 25 ine rset wet fut he te, 50 ila Ft ete arom ant SU lee Foc te ir 1080 irs ee = ett acon, KW 1 © pone geome, BW 41> Shape wi A of og oc in i el ee st (6) Develop the contain cen ners of he asses of pa ‘ans ines OUD = 32S OHA p= masons ¢ 225 +0004 ye any 2759-0006 or P0084 =0 = sissns + oma —22 hig sae Concntocon ey man of 9 o he rae Te seu ar160 ven cr sale ele He le Deca “i Leeda hace aro 0. 40.08 peo isd he cof at pete he pats 0.10 pr ve eas al concusaion ning he deviation esa (i ence fhe pm deren. tlowiag he xeon P= 31.30 (Sn enstag cantante end 1304 be aaa wom ane sh ‘ae Orson te bese non sl cna Sacre he mncmso REFERENCES aM Ragan crncortad "ine ont Aaron eter Ce.” ADDITIONAL READINGS de 50k 5 ct Gp hr orc, Me then oy red Me, Mr a a 98 oie Esty tanec At Wee eng Ma Morena WH. su. Som Cony Tne for Ce Ene wi Dane C'S Beer Foden of Opinio, Pre Hl. Eegeneod CHAPTER 8 LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS, LUIS METHODS OF OPTIMIZATION {hss mes of opinion se ted om cals and spesity Aeternive te ope alae of fanstio a leds fhe mote ot ihe derivates. In onert fim tine acl the on be Siren si ny corsa ust Be eqay contrat Tat fee ie ay men ter a a ee ln Fring, my tbe Go he epee of gay con I Ion, heat hat hfe ctu ue oly Pe i ales of he parm rls out ealcle ces a vor ach ‘Echnigcs march cn ether bases fe pa, tions te clus ethos pps i highly ciel forms the he piizatn hoy acun tds ge ogra oh We ee a ate can solve in hi own pt a tomo sre te cedars ‘oreacar mets Ths char present the Lagrange sli spats, pees ie inert a mechs of eptiieatne weg. sc cs, tna then eg he ction of tackpoun’ a ilar of nse opinion. Since anctsrsne opimiton oy 9 se fk ese of enarated opin the eth of Lappe rales wi192 veenoeenn si Is apticle co all sian expe in this caper Tis cope lo apa bow am tina comin ear ett eatlih whet he ‘omits mim x4 minim 2, ly odes the onset ‘tthe sensi eit, 82. THE LAGRANGE MULTIPLIER EQuations| “The mitheaticl stant ofthe comtaied tiation probler fst shen m Eq (7.1) 10009 fs vqeated ee Optimize y= yore ep sees bts. ete) =O 6 Belasco tn) #0 an ‘The meth of Lagrange mips ss athe optim osu ales tts at say he eqns wy- Sara a0 as Biers ao as Beleip vot) <8 86) ‘The eaine ofthe cher expanse ais fhe yb op {Ns deed ne Syoons, be mecha saving te equsns, {nl apletions, eric, snd pean Wuakzaton ofthe Eapange lupe suas. 3. THE GRADIENT VECTOR ‘he invented dela desigmtes he gradient vet A salar i a quaty ‘ih magne but ao ston, wile vcr as bh gid ad ‘Brecon By cefision, the rain 9 sao tye BeBe te an hi fee i st, hich mans a ne itn Tou ht mages se um Seppe, or etampe ht sl etna Wek asa temper isgcon dat canbe eapete i ter ofthe coordinas tan {sas shown in Rg Bl te torpor sth kong foxton of Binal eases 16S en the graces of, T,fming the din of £5 (8.7 is SS tsk + (ai + bh + Oreos ert at ne he ui ects inthe rspecly. The graft apetion etme at con Imo a sete cut 84 FURTHER EXPLANATION (OF LAGRANGE MULTIPLIER EQUATIONS. ‘so appeateg i Eq 84 4 see of lbs, Ay, Ans Tse tes are cont nae the Lagrange mpl, moi oe at iowa un esto euton is coved. ration (Ra) ha eco ea on te lef sie of he equation 19s the ceca of each ut {ctr mast sunt ro The vec eatin (8) hs ht om ‘eer selr sets, a9) ‘These Scalar equates, lang With Mw comin sjstins (89) 40 (86) om these of» simlenao auton nased wwe forthe Same number of unkown’ nfuthes ett and Arg or Aye The erik che in eo ic vals te varie theimum The opi vis oe xs cane sated ite jee ‘ction Eq, (1), 40 deine the etal aloe fy egal» "Th nie of ely cots ale es han he no ct vtotcs nse Lining ome whee on = be onset they tf nepenn nn) i he vous of, and no option pore. BS. UNCONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION ‘The Lagrange ruler eqns cas be wed atk sonst pt ‘ato pols, Du th gitinos = squall wel to termined “unesn. The scones optima Isa sei (an simple case ‘Fesmstsino ppimesos. The Osecve fnction yi fc of sae blero te YE et) 60 ‘When he Lagmge mati ecuton ae applied wa, (8.10), soce thes ten the con fo apn Bao Bat eo atm “The ste pit wher the eva ao is cal cia oi, and itay be atta cima fone of wich Weare sein) oF 8) ten sue puto sdge oe vley” Fart atescal anal may mmc 0 ernie we pe of es pot lowe in pa) ‘ious th ne ofthe post wil often be seas. We sll ane inte reminder of hs chuper ht Ey) (8.12) debs maxim oF "fst oft vases a cam be repented epi sie Ry 82 Tix minimum exits whee Soltin, The agang nip ect Gr hs nse pi treo oo 4 RES 4 “Sometimes ts convesen 1 comer const protm non imconnincdotniaion by sing fas able ns cms ein ‘id substiog Ut expeston weer eo In emaing Cmts ‘robjeive nt Ie vr apan. Te tres coma besa redased uloa)eUnvasaied cece etn roe Bungle 29 wl gt of 10 hes et ened ‘inde se Tae ww 8h tc ers iw hes166 pace mene me 2 These of te Moc pe scp ye at pouager = SSODL EE Sie ign cheered Dn ame pm fe eee a gh be Bat ena finn ‘he soni nies a hang cede 10 mo bes Te ote fncon nom fn ems of D on 40 esi nt oe 2940 + (100,071. + C3NO.T9) 8 CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION USING TAGRANGE MULTIPLIER EQUATIONS. Whi itis smeines posite covet conse option a throne one, theese ever ntact ep, Pores any nth posite sl he coast auton expel or sales that are be ubstted it he en Fiona oe gener sa [roectl shige fe he can Lagrange mares 3) no ample #3, Solve Bale 42 wing apg malin ios tetio Sono = Wo aw Fp = (2KnIODDHL + sm + CHAO + HD 1m compo frm he noe einins ‘she og wit otea j= SOOT! ay “Te objeve fmation, (1) sehen Fig, 8. So Tong as cer te D i ta, Be opt fs $900.98 Lad D irene, the eet rae, proving away sce tat es ones ave) fom ite vnieal a The prablr taes an mening oy fer iavodcton fs comm n Fig" Bb, wb ss eave nthe LD pane. Only fhe esta jostons tom ihe cones po the objet farsi Snes ae pred, The min ale of he ove ein teppei ee consid mon ‘ace Fame 82 hid only sue Conan open, only ome A speared nthe Laeage muir cqotons. Tha wil fe the sae / FO Sore hi A mawscereamnnns 169 sumer ofA 8 consis. The execution of the skin egies he ‘Siton of tof equations ste a iy te mnie Ta Exape Sites possible toslve hom by stan: Whew hs can be dor, the tools ae me seaablefom Chapter to sole teste wien Smultecceseqeaton by using sch segues asthe Newion Raption meio. 87 GRADIENT VECTOR 18 NORMAL ‘To THE CONTOUR SURFACE ‘The prpse of his section and the et 0 provide ¢ vliton fthe ‘Lograge mali eqstins. The eset il not be a poy aa geome csp, Toe is sep i provid he Wsaaston kt how ha te grad vectors ral fe conor ine sac pit Snisete goent being elses ya incon of x and oe oatou in onthe, Ss rah ino certs) sown in 15 Fem cacalin me veal at ~ xThee ng a of ma yy ey = 3 oe, « tay = sf aus Ang ata yuo nig. 8 is any aay nit esto is ah + dete 19) Se ‘he epi wn eco, the one tate anon oh y = cosa line tm dy amd eae scoring Eg (8 smstnng yon ey 15) mo By. 10) il Bay, Be Be pe La ai an eee) laa) + (5% uation (9.12) ne wi vero at angen othe y= cost line Returning the ran vector and diving Ws magne woban (a8) ‘Toe eltiontip beeen the cos mpesnd by Eg. (17) a (G18) tot ome i papendcaler othe oer sot ie ig 86 te Svmpocnts of vet Ze 6 ané ey the parent vein Zs Snposnt cand “fT the components are erchanges ah Sigh “Temp cncson ech ot hi pot i hat sce he rin sectors peel the ange! Yt Be ron ecto noma! Io te tine or sac of conta “Ailar cece fe aphasia sae erin tee dines, for stanley mbes} Sts, 39) he canes oP Sri alr of bene manawa Fig 2 Int ae the Ren om ile, se: reer ie ven ys Baa am mrt =e sre tp gh a pi "The mati of the gic vectr inact ra of Change of the depen vale Wi eget w a nepenent vals Ths.172 cenmcrani nee the sacs of conte yin Fig. $7 ae spaced wide span, the sslate ‘Magne of he eit smal: Pte ine Heng, howener. we me nes nly ne fc he rent ves slr ema {0 cones cteve oe ce 8.8. VISUALIZATION OF THE LAGRANGE [MULTIPLIER METHOD IN TWO DIMENSIONS. ‘opinion of «probleme with vo vis of optimization can be pled gop w hp clay he operation of te Lepage wiper ‘suas Sapore it he fonction yo fe mine, wee yer tan om bjt oe coe en “Te Lagan muir eqns ae = 2Dh + OTe at ondaas sic tenses il he soln x} = 3.x} = 4 any" = 18. Some lines of onan) aed tbe Const! oqunice ae Sow i Fg 88 ‘Wa sich asap avelole it pole almost italy fete en A tas ty dct teasers 173 she (eon postion tht proves the cnsnined optima, pi A in Fig. #5. Tee proces of ily aving atts seen mht Re oe (lllowing song te contin Un wt th css mi the ne of Sustay ar "Pre" Ste! more preci. We eagen ete he ‘Ser hive the ame decton ‘moe conenint means of rgbing ta he anges etrs ase ‘he sare ection trea hat he ora ec tothe ces ae the ‘me dct, Since the gradient vector emma + soma hose he ‘mubenaial uaemen fis quem ie wy -ave=0 a2 ‘he inraucton of a ens. i essary Pease the mapas of ‘Ty and Td muy be ere’ aad the vero may even be pouting in ‘qponte dscioes Tix only raekenea: dt fe two graeme vent Se colnear. The sonst eqn bated ocase eon Ps eng coms ae tase Dae De tas! eat 89. TEST FOR MAXIMUM O8 MINIMUM a madesatcs Yooks ta wet oinkaor, st procedures fe deter ing the nae tthe etl pu eee a major emphasis Thee fest postin die wher be pot na axa minim oe pom, geo valley These pocedes ne generally ats pra ys tal problems, whch at oar concen, because te ena uely fa 2 ‘Sigh lao wicter Ge souk sa tims or teem, Was set ‘he the occrenc of sade poi, rides sad valle ta sed freee In adem, the tensed om peel wally bette poe Dibrive when deg more than abut me vars a) ad Ne fee eq ined ayes wih lange tbe of cope a tex ia ade wally coms fig poi ne nip’ fhe rem ‘rhe othr tand, sb deus of he casi tor main sed iim prvi fer esi ia te nate of e etn proces. Thedacuon wil be rte oe optiminton of oe ales of an ancosnined fret, (Conse ste case of oe dependent vale y= (2) for which he timan sour. Spine at te pot ey Be poston at Swen the minima is expet fo resur Toft thr te nae of otis plete) eal 2 mine, ove sgt a oe pssble Tectia rom t= ay tose a lower vain ely canbe fol Ue ower “alae i stile oe) othe iin ale For he mathe ‘eck, expt y a Tino sees ee Se 69) abo put = ye) «7009 + Been) + a2»174 secre Fst examise moves so sll a the (x ~ ms a Higher nee term canbe wort dy /de > 0, hen y(s) > yen) C8 aoe of a andy) ttl Be sekmcmieeged maior. When mow Sale Ise tan however, (0) (0) and 3 (0) wil mt be a Srntrrn aii mmc tn be shown that when <0, & Tower ae tha a) 40s found foe v2) Te ely saan tbe Germ oe da toed 2, which he eases reuenet for tte cra, Tnching the infence of ie next tem of Bq, (22), catyrasdiee a), we observe that aoe af xn the scion forma; rss i aposive vale of e240 hat ie sia te secon ‘sna devices wheter the ptm ' si ean, Bao mt Se ‘Micima z See ® * maim: Bao ma So “he feng ie of reasoning il now be een fton of two fables 9.43). Suppose Ua the enpect minizun cess {the pn (yas) od thst o ven ths potion De pat Sead inictnaly a0" rom Cao) all possible ection. Tae Tae ‘pansion fr a fos ft wae ris) = Haas) + rH0e1 a) # 9S a) + Myler a snr he prime onthe rele Yo 8 pai iteremiton with rps 10 Gente When ands moe shy of (gs). bot of he ist dees andj mst be dn onder to avo sce pong where 98483) 0 an yf > 0, te optimum 6 «imum. 1D > 0 and FTC pin st msi sample 84, Deen he opti aes an forte fon Benet ay Bet a7 2-3 nnd gating he dees a at ing nye oy 3 ay 8.10. SENSITIVITY CORFFICIENTS. ‘There en atonal vlabe stp beyond detention of he ti ‘ma sale ote objets fc su ese oa st wel the op frets: fer opie et pct oe or more emma, ‘ection tt loa aries x What would be tees on the epi ‘Rie of sigh wetting the Contra? a yee suaten ht gue he occ for erp aling Bow much te capa of 3 ee ‘rad be cae by eisning oe of he compares won efoance ‘Sciatic tone ote Soa egtions Th Example $3. whee the cost fhe heat exchanger ‘Cost = 990 + 110""L + 0L ‘2 minimize sujet othe cana Seb? he qusston mi be pasa: What would be the ies a ane ft ca H IDL ear meer of tues hore regu ther th he196s sm iia 10" To ase hx pair example, replace te specific tale {8100 by a pene sybol Hand perform he pimiaion the mos ‘tLapige lips. Te esl wuld te b'=07m L=001M cov =500 + 11000-74001) + 320)0.7(0.138) m0 + 878 ‘Were in evan of cos" wi fr, moe spss te elle he eat cof CS), hh acon’) In this example, SC 8.78: tus the optimal propaons a exe ricer of tie for te heat exchanger world cot SAF ome ane Grip cost Refer beck 1 te Sluice of Ete 8.3, we ace thermal fact ha he aenty coeff prececy cial wo he dgang lpi Trin equity of he SU Ar ton Cs parcel example bat in gnc. A, ieee ore hr one come PR vas ses conceal are equal the erspondleg Lapse fmuigen, SC) ty. sy = Ay ‘The optimization proces by Lagan mulipiers hrefor: es sn aon ace of eft nfaton for pose asinet oe seal Syste following preininy apmiaion 8.11 INEQUALITY CONSTRAINTS ‘The method of Lagenge wipes aplics ony 40 the sitaows whe hs consis ae equ at he od ume wd Sly Wah ‘Stay conten Thar ition twin cmpcely elec the employes ofthe thd wen nous ane, becsue 4 combinaion fxs an evr ess the ole wih Ye eed ay elo 9 heer cumple pes tl fe apy of pris id tb cpl or preter ten 190 tal fe ara cave when omer cet System would prove 60 KW cape wih one proving 0 A. ‘hs cenit wouh! mont cri Be wed san eal coral of ISOKW. Asa focer expe oppo tha the fenperare a some pot ithe proces mt Be el oo estan SOC. the is oem te fob gore th gre cost td sie he opm sends ‘Ze daurmined check once he tener a gues i above 320°C IF the cost teste te temper chow 320°C, ‘eos the poem with he equality costa of 520 owonsaumuse: 177 PROBLEMS (6) Gis ewer of SB een demi 3, Toll eae pe ei min i 1 de wtf. ke Genii # DOU wh Te peo pene te moe WI t __-