Environmental Engineering and Management Journal January 2010, Vol. 9, No.

1, 133-140
http://omicron.ch.tuiasi.ro/EEMJ/

“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania

______________________________________________________________________________________________

A NEW REAL-TIME MONITORING TECHNIQUE OF THE

BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Petrişor Zamora Iordache1∗, Nicoleta Petrea1, Vasile Şomoghi1, Mihaela Mureşan1,

Gabriel Epure 1, Rodica Lungu1, Razvan Petre1, Ion Savu1,
Andrada Pretorian1, Bojin Dionezie2, Lucia Mutihac3
1
Scientifical Research Center for NBC Defence and Ecology, 225, Olteniţei, Bucharest,Romania
2
Politehnica University of Bucharest – Biomaterials Research Center, 313, Spl. Independentei, Bucharest,Romania
3
University of Bucharest, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 4-12, Regina Elisabeta Blvd., 030018, Bucharest,Romania

Abstract

As a result of the global climatic changes generated by the alteration of the environment through polution, the ecosystems’ natural
ressources are incontrollably distributed, generating unforseeable effects at the level of the subsequent evolution of the natural
balance factors. One of the greatest challenges of the science concerned with environment protection, is that of real time
monitoring of the biochemical constitution. The real time monitoring of a great number of biochemical constituents represents an
inherent requirement in this field, being dictated by the structural complexity of the natural ecosystems. In this sense, we designed
a new monitoring technology of the environment’s bio-chemical constituents, based on a new technique. The technology which
integrates the method proposed consists of the unitary joint of three modules of small dimensions, having the following functions:
(e) the sampling of the biochemical structures in real time, continuously and on a wide spectrum (f) specific magnetic
discrimination of the fixed biochemical structures (g) the processing and the control of the process experimental data, received
from the subordonate modules. The system we propose can monitor biochemically the air, the water and the soil, either separately,
or at the same time, according to the requirements of the user. Also, the present paper will present several experimental data
relevant to our purpose, obtained as a result of npa-BC testing on B.Cereus, St.Aureus, E.Coli, Ps.Aeruginosa, saprophyte
bactertia and ricin.

Key words: biochemical activation, biochemical detection/identification, environment nanoparticles, real-time biochemical
monitoring

1. Introduction The environment presents a very complex

Monitoring and remediation are concepts that,
in most cases, are completely dissociated in terms of
phenomenology and application. Monitoring defines
those techniques and methods that, when applied to
analytes present in real topological areas (or three
dimensional) of interest, have the ability to provide
quantifiable information, regarding the changes
incurred over time of the analytes. Detection and
identification of analytes (chemical structures,
physical factors, complex combinational
morphofunctional dependencies (of physical-chemical
nature)) are integral parts of the monitoring process,
regardless of design and complexity of application.
physical, chemical and biochemical composition,
located in relative balance to the structure. The
morphofunctional complexity is generated mainly by
the exchange of matter and energy between these
three elements, as well as the symbiotic nature of
these three elements, reached the balance point. The
symbiotic nature of the components implies a certain
degree of subordination and phenomenological
development, especially to the phenomena with
temporal dynamic. It is interesting to note that, the
evolution direction of the ecosystems in non-
equilibrium situations is oriented from the generating
component, towards the other two subordinated
components, according to a default analytical model.

∗
Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed: email: iordachezamora1978@gmail.com, Phone: 0213322115
 Iordache et al./Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 9 (2010), 1, 133-140
Fig. 1. Tridimensional model of chemically activated npa
with cross linked molecules
(a) core → Fe3O4; (b) carbonyl functions (G) → marked
with blue + green; (c) n[SiO1.5γ-(CH2)3(NH2)](NH2)nδ→
marked with yellow + red
The direction, intensity and direction of
development-induced changes among the components
of the ecosystems, doesn’t always have a
homogeneous and isotropic character. In most cases,
the development’s character presents local nature
(expandable over time depending on the intensity),
with the epicenter in the inducing factor’s outbreak.
For example: certain variations of physical
environmental factors induce (primarily) rapid
changes in physical-chemical factors of the
ecosystems; physical-chemical variations are
followed by suppressed fluctuations of the
biochemical factors, according to an analytic model
forced by the adaptive character of this component. In
these circumstances it is understandable that the
biochemical structure of the ecosystems represents
the component most sensitive and most important
component of this complex mechanism, because: (a)
the reversibility occurs under specific conditions (b)
defines the organic and biological component of the
ecosystems (c) it directly affects the social, economic
and political development of the human species.
These three elements are non-differentiated, in
the context of defining and preserving the
environment, via components ecosystem. Any
alteration of an item involves repercussions on the
rest of neighboring elements, etc. In this context, it is
difficult to optimize remediation techniques and
methods to provide extended applicability (in relation
to the spectrum of the extracted biological
components) and which do not adversely affect the
reference elements of the ecosystems (water,
natural/saprophytic organic and biological
components, air composition, the balance chemical
component, etc.). Monitoring of environmental
factors, represents the effective practical tool, through
which targeted factors (analytes) are quantified and
“monitored” in time, in order to protect, correct or
avoid them. It is essential to understand that all these
effective actions have the final purpose to protecting
human and natural resources on which he depends.
In this paper a series of trials and experimental
tests are exposed, performed within CCŞANBCE
(Scientifical Research Center for NBC Defense and
Ecology), to perfecting a new technique of
remediation, detection, identification and biochemical
monitoring of biochemical structures that go into the
134
constituency of environmental natural factors. The
obtained experimental results are encouraging and are
based on stabilized obtaining of smart composite
materials, cross chemically activated.
2. Experimental
2.1. Synthesis of biochemical activated nanoparticles
The synthesized composite structure (Fig.1.)
presents multiple functionality and consists of nano-
cores of Fe3O4 wrapped in layers of polymer coatings,
of silicone nature. In turn, the polymer layer is
functionalized with glutaraldehyde (GL) and/or
epichlorohydrin (ECH). As production and
functionalisation methods of nanoparticles,
coprecipitation and reverse micelle techniques have
been used.
2.1.1. Synthesis of Fe3O4 by coprecipitation (CP)
The Fe3O4 nanoparticles were obtained by
coprecipitating FeCl3 and FeCl2 (molar ratio
Fe2+/Fe3+=1:2) (Guo et al., 2005), in the presence of
60ml NH3, as the chemical equation (eq. 1):
FeCl2+FeCl3+8NH3+4H2O→Fe3O4+8NH4Cl (1)
The coprecipitation reaction lasted 30 minutes
(T = 600C, stirring rate→55 KHz). The obtained
nanoparticles are in the form of a suspension
(ferofluid with the concentration of less than 4%).
The suspension was stabilized at pH=7,5÷8 through
washes and successive magnetic settling. Fe3O4 has
undergone additional treatment with nitric acid
(Tourinho et al., 1990) (micromagnetic stabilization,
chemical degreasing→100ml nitric acid solution -
2.3M, for 15 minutes) and treated with trisodium
citrate (electrostatic pasivisation→15 minutes) (Guo
et al., 2005) and treatment with trisodium citrate
(electrostatic pasivisation → 15 minutes).
2.1.2. Synthesis of Fe3O4 by mycelium reverse
technique (MI)
Fe3O4 obtained by this method resulted from
the process of autooxidation of Fe2+ in terms of
chemical interaction between micelare solutions RM-
S1 and RM-S2 (Hiemenz and Rajagopalan, 1997)
(RM-S1: 200mL distilled water, 20 g sodium dodecyl
sulphate (SDS - analytical purity, Sigma Aldrich), 70
mL hexane and 10.3 g of FeCl2·4H2O; RM-S2:
200mL distilled water, 20 g SDS, 70 mL hexane and
12.7 g NaOH; SF-Rb: 1mg rodamină B + 10mL
ethanol absolute). The reaction was left to perfect for
six hours (300rpm, 270C), then the obtained
suspension was treated successively with: (1) 200ml
alcohol (2) nitric acid (micromagnetic stabilization,
chemical degreasing→15min., 300rpm) (3) distilled
water (4) trisodium citrate (12.5%) (15min., 300rpm).
Separation of magnetite nanoparticles after following
washing and chemical degreasing treatments was
performed by centrifugation (t = 5min., V = 3000
rpm).
 A new real-time monitoring technique of the biochemical constituents of the environment
Theoretically, nanoparticles obtained in this
manner, can access a wide range of chemical and
biochemical macromolecules with relatively low
molecular weight (such as toxins, viruses, etc.). This
is due to the morphology of the resulted
nanoparticles, which favors chemical interactions
between nano and subnano-metric topologies, specific
low molecular weight molecules.
2.1.3. The covering of Fe3O4 with silicone polymer
Fe3O4 obtained by MI and CP (separated), was
added to a reaction mixture consisting of (ethylic
alcohol): H2O:NH3(25%)=1:1:0.13. To the reaction
mixture were added, by driping, 5 ml 3-mino-
trietoxisilan (300rpm, 600C) (Deng Y. et al., 2005).
The following reactions occur, leading to deposition
and the increase of the deposited polymer layer:
(a) partial hydrolysis of metal alcooxides or
functional silane groups
M(OR)n + H2O → (RO)n-1MOH+ROH (2)
where, M=nonhidrolized component (Fe3O4,
nonhidrolized silane component), R=hydrolyzable
component of organosilane or Fe3O4.
(b) monomer polycondensation
2(RO)n-1MOH → (RO)n-1M-O-M(OR)n-2OH + ROH
(RO)n-1M-O-M(OR)n-2OH → (RO)n-1M-O-M [-OM
(OR)n-2] OH + ROH (3)
(c) polymerization by chemical crosslinking
(hydrolysis) → three-dimensional polymer matrices
(with different degrees of dehydration).
At the end of the polymer coating process, the
unitary composite Fe3O4-n[SiO1.5γ-(CH2)3(NH2)]
(NH2)nδ (npa, Fig.1.) (Iordache et al., 2008) results, in
which: (a) n=“polymerization degree” of the
deposited layer (b) γ = degree of internal polymer
hydrolysis (c) δ = correction coefficient of amino
functional groups, in the interior and by the depth of
the deposited layer.
2.1.4. G and ECH functionalisation of n[SiO1.5γ-
(CH2)3(NH2)](NH2)nδ
Approximately 5g magnetite (CP, MI -
dispersed in 600ml of distilled water) were treated
with 7ml glutaraldehyde (Häfeli et al, 1997), the pH
was immediately adjusted to the value 11 with NaOH
(1M). The reaction was allowed to perfect for 60
minutes (300 rpm, 60 0C). After perfecting the
reaction, the suspension was washed with distilled
water and NaCl solution (0.2M). The final pH of the
suspension (<1%) was stabilized at the value 7. The
macromolecular structure of the functionalized
suspension (obtained at this stage) is of the form
{Fe3O4-n[SiO1.5γ-(CH2)3(NH2)](NH2)nδ(Rb)nρ}-(GL)nε
or npa-(GL) (Fig. 2) (Iordache et al., 2009).
Fig. 2. The most probable mechanisms for functionalizing
of npa with G and ECH
For the bivalent chemical functionalisation of
the npa-(GL), part of the suspension activated with G,
is subjected to a treatment with ECH. The
epichlorohydrin solution used for npa-(GL)
functionalization, required special solubility
treatments. In this respect, a mixture was composed
consisting of 0.3g NaOH, 2ml water, 20ml acetone
and 0.5ml ECH. This mixture was stirred for 20 hours
(300rpm). The bivalent suspension activated with GL
and ECH (obtained at this stage), has a chemical
structure of (ECH)nβ-{Fe3O4-n[SiO1.5γ-
(CH2)3(NH2)](NH2)nδ}-(GL)nε or (ECH)-npa-(GL)
(Fig. 2) (Iordache et al., 2009).
2.2. Testing NPA-(GL) and (ECH)-NPA-(GL)
2.2.1. Investigation of biochemical fixation potential
of npa-(GL) on saprophytic organisms (Fe3O4
obtained by CP)
The npa-(GL) nanoparticles suspension was
exposed to the environment, without any constraint.
The obtained experimental results are shown in Fig.
3. Images of Figs. 3c and 3d were acquired with the
Philips S208 transmission electron microscope
(accelerating voltage 80 kV, spot: 3, the electronic
beam current: 19 µA, the image acquisition camera:
Olympus).
2.2.2. Investigation of biochemical fixation potential
of npa-(GL) on B. cereus, St. Aureus, E. coli, Ps.
Aeruginosa (Fe3O4 obtained by CP)
In disposable sterile graded cryotubes (with a
volume of 3 ml), was pipette 1 ml culture. Then, in
each tube, 1ml npa-(GL) concentrated was added.
After making contact, the resulted mixture was stirred
for one minute. Each microbial strain put in contact
with the npa-(GL) was frozen at -200C, after 120
minutes of actual biochemical fixation, in order to
stop the microorganisms fixation reaction. The
experimental results of these investigations are
presented in Fig. 4. The investigations were carried
out with ESEM XL30 (accelerating voltage 25kV,
probe current of 70 µA, ESEM method of work,
EDAX X-rays analyzer).
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 Iordache et al./Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 9 (2010), 1, 133-140

a b
a - B. Cereus b - B. Cereus

c d c - St. Aureus d - St.Aureus

Fig. 3. Representative experimental results of biochemical
fixing tests for saprophylic microorganism on npa-(GL)-
Fe3O4 obtained by CP

2.2.3 Investigation of biochemical fixation potential

of npa-(GL) and (ECH)-NPA-(GL) on ricin (cytotoxic
proteins from Ricinus communis plant) (Fe3O4
obtained by CP and MI)
To obtain the desired results, the ricin was e - E. Coli f - E. Coli
fluorochromic marked (separately), two hours before
the beginning of the biochemical fixing process. The
marking of ricin was performed with fluorescein
isothiocyanate (FITC). The fluorochrome marking
solution was composed of 2mL toxin 1mg FITC and
20ml of absolute ethylic alcohol, and the perfecting of
the fixation reaction lasted for two hours (300rpm).
The effective biochemical fixing tests consisted of
bringing in contact 30ml npa-(GL) suspension (Fe3O4 g - Ps. Aeruginosa h - Ps. Aeruginosa
obtained by CP and MI) with 5 mL toxin marked with
FITC. The reaction was left to perfect for 60 minutes Fig. 4. Experimental results of controlled biochemical fixing tests of
(300rpm, T=600C). The same procedure was followed npa – (GL) on microorganisms growing on → Fe3O4 obtained by C
for (ECH)-npa-(GL) (Fe3O4 obtained by CP and MI).
The experimental results are presented in Fig. 5, and
the images were acquired with a Leica TCS SP 2
broadband multifoton spectral confocal microscope.
The excitation was performed with an argon laser at λ
= 488nm, with excitation in continuous wave.
Given these provisions, there are some issues
that need explanation, concerning the biochemical
fixation mechanisms of the biological material: a - npa-(GL) / CP b – ECH-npa-(GL) / CP
- which is the diffusion path of the
microorganisms in the volume of the
gravitational settled suspension?
- which is the nature of the processes that led to
the nononhibation phenomenon of the
microbial metabolism, taking into account the
fact that glutaraldehyde has a prophylactic and
antimicrobial effect?
- which is the access path of the bacterias to the
nutrients from the outside, provided that: (i) c - npa-(GL) / MI ECH-npa-(GL) / CP
microorganisms multiply (ii) the chemical
Fig. 5. Representative experimental results of biochemical fixing
synthesis were carried out under controlled tests of NPA-(GL) and ECH-npa-(GL) on ricin → Fe3O4 obtained by
conditions, without using carbohydrates or CP
other complex organic structures?

136
 A new real-time monitoring technique of the biochemical constituents of the environment
3. Results and discussion
3.1. “Nondestructive biochemical fixation” and
“biochemical fixation spectrum” concepts
The concept of nondestructive “biochemical
fixation” is a relatively new concept introduced in
scientific research, particularly useful in fields such
as: (a) biological and chemical detection and
identification (b) applications for remediation of
industrial water, waste, etc., with opened natural
circuit. From the ecologic point of view, is
particularly useful to obtain materials that act
efficiently on the spectrum of targeted pollutants, and
that minimize adverse effects on biological flora and
local physical and chemical equilibrium. From this
point of view, the obtained experimental results
obtained (Figs. 3 - 4) are particularly interesting and
encouraging to develop filtration-separation
applications on a broad scale. In Fig. 3.a. and Fig. 3.b.
is observed that attached micro-organisms, presents
biological viability, but at the same time contain
significant amounts of npa-(GL). Moreover, attached
microorganisms can directly multiply in the carrier
fluid volume of npa-(GL).
The most accessible and probable source of
nutrients for microorganisms developed on the
surface layer of nanoparticles, could be represented
by the coating layer of magnetite. It is organic in
nature and contains a wide range of molecular and/or
macromolecular fractions, which could be broken
down and digested by bacterial metabolism. This
hypothesis is not sustained for the following reasons:
(a) it can be observed that sediment nanoparticle layer
is intact (b) the magnetite coating layer does not
supply the complex spectrum of carbohydrates
necessary for survival and multiplication of these
microorganisms (c) microorganisms have a tendency
to develops in the fluid volume, as well as on the
gravitational settled surface npa-(GL).
The only explanation with solid scientific
arguments, involves the presumption of the following
biochemical fixation mechanism in the stationary
phase: “Microorganisms, carbohydrates and nutrients
necessary for the survival and development of
bacterial colonies are transported in a carrier fluid
volume, even by the npa-(GL). Transportation is
carried from the outside (air) towards the volume of
biochemical (npa) fixation fluid/suspension. The
transport of these elements within the carrier fluid is
possible by determining the biochemical crosslinks
between the npa and the microorganisms present at
the contact surface between liquid and air”→Fig. 6.
Admitting this hypothesis, must be admitted
by default, the following phenomenological
implications:
a. in the carrier fluid, besides the npa stettled by
magnetic flocculation, electrostatic and gravitational
settling, there are dispersed npa nanoparticles, in
Brownian motion;
b. npa has higher values of efficiency and
effectiveness of undifferentiated biochemical fixation
in relation to the biochemical structures in contact
with;
c. the chemical bonds established in the process of
cross biochemical linking, are hydrolysed by
microorganisms transported by diffusion, in the
volume of carrier fluid.
The acceptance of this hypothesis, explains
relatively easy, the inhibition phenomenon of the
“poisoning” effect of attached biological flora. The
“poisoning” inhibition phenomenon is explicable,
accepting the fact that a large number of biochemical
cross-fixing centers of GL are blocked or masked
during the transport phase by the carrier fluid. In
addition to microorganisms, the npa sets (at the air-
(carrier fluid) interface) (Fig. 6) a wide range of
organic matter, found in aerosols of dust dispersed in
air. Arrived in the vicinity of microorganisms, the
organic matter is assimilated by the hydrolysis of
crosslinks binding previously established.
Biochemical crosslinking centers, on the surface
n[SiO1.5γ-(CH2)3(NH2)](NH2)nδ, involved in fixation
of the organic matter, remain stranded due to
changing the initial chemical characteristics
(biochemical fixation centers are transformed in
functional groups with reactivity and low specificity
in relation to amine residues, thiol or carbonyl,
present at the biochemical structure epitopes level).
The fraction of molecules not involved in fixing cross
biochemical binding organic matter, chemical bonds
carry multiple cross when entering directly in contact
with bacterial haptenes. The remaining biochemical
crosslinking molecules (unlocked by haptenes
bacterial) are blocked by molecular
structures/macromolecular compatible neighbors,
belonging to the microorganism or running free in the
fluid carrier volume.
Fig. 6. Probable transport mechanisms (diffusion) of
microorganisms and organic nutrients in the npa
suspension volume
Follow-up of the above, we conclude that the
concept “nondestructive biochemical fixation” is the
result of complex biochemical fixing mechanisms,
due in large proportion morphology, topology and
chemical crosslinking molecules attached to n[SiO1.5γ-
(CH2)3(NH2)](NH2)nδ. This tends to become one
general available, as seen in all classes of experienced
biological and biochemical structures
(microorganisms→Figs. 3 - 4, toxins→Fig. 5).
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 Iordache et al./Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 9 (2010), 1, 133-140
Due to physical and chemical characteristics
and mechanisms analyzed above, the npa suspension
can be used in various processes of decontamination
and depollution of surface water. In terms of chemical
aggression towards the environment, both magnetite
and silane polymer coating may be included under
materials with low toxicity.
In fact, one of the reasons for the chosen
coating magnetite in polymer coating, was that of its
low reactivity (compared with the compounds and
organic matter). In addition, the polymer coating layer
is biodegradable in nature and can be easily
assimilated by the flora and fauna, ecosystems,
without inducing toxic effects.
Chemical crosslinking molecules have given
local chemical activity. They are quickly masked or
chemically modified at the time of issue of the
environment containing chemical and biochemical
target analytes. In addition, the concentration of
crosslinking molecules, is dictated and limited by npa
morphotopology as putative substrate. It is unlikely
that this type of chemical compounds (which have
analytical state high toxicity) can be assimilated, but
they have altered the chemical structure (even in
terms of assimilation voucher with nanoparticles
coated).
The process of activation/functionalisation
bivalent chemical, chemical and biochemical target
range is extended to structures present in the
composition of functional groups of type nitrogen (-
NH2, = NH), hydroxyl (-OH), thiol (-SH), carbonyls ,
carboxylic, etc. In terms of techniques and classical
methods depollution and decontamination, the
concept is reduced to limited local mechanisms of
action, or small classes of chemical compounds. In
the contemporary context, the spectrum of action of
these techniques must be extended to as many classes
of chemical compounds pollutants, due to expansion
of pollution-generating activities.
3.2. The concept of “controlled magnetic separation”
by external stimulation
This concept is particularly useful in
identifying biochemical-sensing applications and in
applications involving controlled separation. Stimulus
are material entities or energy, which may cause
localized and measurable change control, chemical,
biochemical, physical, etc.
For example: an exciting one fluorochrome at
specific wavelengths, there is a probability p (λ) as
fluorochrome to emit fluorescence radiation, etc.
Target entity, is commonly called body
stimulated and there is some relationship between
analytical dependence: s:S=f(s) (Fraden, 2005), where
S=sensitivity of the stimulus, s=analytical form of
stimulus. In most cases, the dependence f(s) there,
which means no stimulus and incentive factor, even
though they may be nearby. Analytical material
dependence, such as f (s), regardless of form or
structure to which it is applied, is called smart
materials. npa-(GL) and (ECH)-NPA-(GL) structures
138
were “designed” to fall within smart materials, the
stimulating factor is the magnetic field (static,
alternating with gradient), and stimulated is the core
element of Fe3O4 (para- or superparamagnetic). In
applications with high sensitivity (control, handling,
magnetic discrimination, etc.) are recommended
structures nano-superparamagnetic nature, whereas
micromagnetic parameters can be closely controlled.
Involvement nanoparticles in controlled trials
of manipulation and awareness, raises a number of
technical advantages, technology and quality: (a) the
possibility of applying the layers of metal or
electronic interface in the form of thin layers (b)
micro-features (magnetic, electric polarization , etc.)
stabilized (c) discrete structure, malleable against
morfotopology (d) dynamic, kinematic and
physicochemical characteristics best when applied in
phase with high mobility (liquids, gases, viscous
medium).
Fig. 7. The behavior of the transfer function of a magnetic
sensor, in part of the stimulated component, (a) chemical
cross-linking molecules, (b) polymer layer coating, (c)
Fe3O4 supermagnetic core
Detection and identification of chemical and
biochemical (especially biochemical) in real time is a
problem when he wants it to be converted into
monitoring processes. The main impediment which
are difficult to raise these types biochemical analytes,
are dictated by: (a) selectivity and specificity
compared with media sensitive analytes (transducers)
(b) the relatively rapid saturation of awareness
interfaces analytes receive. These two elements are
specific biochemical detection, distinguishing it from
detection stimulated corpuscular radiation,
electromagnetic, etc.. The development of powerful
methods and techniques of chemical and biochemical
sensitization, involving improvement of existing
concepts, and not surrendered. It can be said that
specific issues are intrinsic biochemical detection of
the analytical field. To tackle these problems, we
integrated the following technology solutions
designed to develop efficient systems of biochemical
monitoring in real time and continuously expanded
the spectrum of biochemical agents:
 A new real-time monitoring technique of the biochemical constituents of the environment

a. bringing biochemical analytes in the sensitive gradient (as stimulating factor), under general
biochemical detection is done by npa-(BC) and/or equation of state:
(ECH)-npa-(BC), and their attachment is made
directly in suspension
b. observable process are: biochemical structure
( ) (4)
r r r
m gradB2 − gradB1
and mass spectrum of specific fluorescence M SB = 2v2
c. molecular weight of BC is determined by 5
2v2 v f 2v13v f vf
2v15 v f
v + (v2 − v1 )e
magnetic discrimination of macro-complex type + ln 1 −
(BC)-(biochemical structure) (nap-(BC)-SB) in 2 x2 2 x1 v2 4 x1
magnetic field gradient. Analytical excitation
radiation (at λ<290nm) that will induce specific where: v1, v2 = the npa-(BC)-SB speeds in the
fluorescence of natural amino acids (tryptophan, configurations present in Fig. 9;
tyrosine, etc.). The technical solution adopted asociate vf =the carrier fluid speed;
such all these elements through a set of coupled B1, B2 = magnetic flux density (according to
equations describing the kinematics macrostructure Fig. 9).
npa-(BC)-SB and correspondence between it and the
signature of the fluorescence. Sampling occurs in the
reactor (19, Fig. 8) using a air sampling pump (3, Fig.
8). In Fig. 8 is given technological solution adopted
for the monitoring of biochemical analytes in the air.
From reactor, samples are injected (5.6, Fig. 8) in the
discrimination magnetic module (27, Fig. 8), then
returned to reactor. This mechanism continues until
the suspension of the reactor is saturated with npa-
(BC)-SB (depending on analyte concentration and
reactor volume setting). The discriminatory level
magnetic insert a specially designed optical unit (29,
Fig. 8), whose function is to scan in real time, the
samples injected. The scanning procces is done via:
(a) impulses laser source (13, 23→Fig. 8) (b)
detection sensors (PMT-14,Fig. 8) (c) data acquisition
unit (16, Fig. 8). The system is equipped with all
electronic systems need: (a) processing and data
storage (controller sensors: 24→Fig. 8; laser source
controller: 21→Fig. 8; controller detection sensors:
15→Fig. 8; etc.).
Analytical model storage, analysis, calculation
and interpretation of data, is one specially designed, Fig. 8. Tridimensional scheme (materials flux and
according to the technology implemented. This model information) of the LITECAT real time, continuous
correlates the SB molecular weight (mass) attached to biochemical monitorizing system
npa, related to the intensity of external magnetic field

r r
a (v ║ g ) a (v ⊥ g)
Fig. 9. The configuration of the stimulation fields in which npa-(BC)-SB moves
v = the resulted speed of npa-BC; am = the acceleration due to the magnetic force field; a A = the acceleration due to the arhimedic force field;

a µ = the acceleration due to the friction force fields; b, b1, b2 = the modeling parameters of the discrimination magnetic field

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 Iordache et al./Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 9 (2010), 1, 133-140
Relationship (4) was derived under the
assumption that friction forces owing movement npa-
(BC)-SB (the carrier medium viscous) are of -kx type.
Of course, if the damping forces adopt another form
analytical expression (4) changes its varied. -kx factor
may be shaped by several factors: magnetic field
strength, fluid viscosity, size and dimensions of SB
nanoparticles.
In these circumstances it is desirable that the
size of nanoparticles to provide greater dispersion in
relation to size and small diameter. Adopted
analytical model is closely related to chemical and
physical characteristics of npa summary.
4. Conclusions
The experimental results and theoretical
investigations presented in this work lays the
groundwork for new techniques of decontamination
and clean-up control via nanomagnetic composite
materials, functionalized with chemical crosslinking
molecules.
Nanocomposite structure obtained is complex
with multiple functions, defined. Because of this, npa-
BC can take many forms application (mono-and
multilayer deposition on microsupports metal oxide,
etc.), being recommended for use in chemical and
biochemical processes of awareness and processes of
weak reactive nanosurface functionalisation (metals,
silica, mixed structures etc.).
Fixing biochemical mechanisms (developed
based on experimental data), indicate that: (a) the
composite structure, fixed undifferentiated, a wide
range of chemical, biological and biochemical
structures (b) biochemical crosslinking is non-
destructive (c) npa-BC does not present toxic effects
on the environment. These techniques (depolluation,
decontamination, biochemical sensing), may be a
viable alternative to existing techniques, in terms of:
costs involved, the efficiency of the process and scope
of applicability.
140
Acknowledgements
These experimental data were possible thanks to convergent
collaboration inside 31-001/2007, 81-002/2007 and 32-
165/2008 Research Projects (PNII research program).
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