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Run A B C D R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1 1 0.97 1.05 2.97
2 1 1 1 2 1.02 0.98 2.85
3 1 2 2 1 0.93 0.95 2.88
4 1 2 2 2 1.25 1.08 2.78
5 2 1 2 1 1.18 1.02 3.01
The current conditions are represented by the combination A1B1C2D2.
Find the optimal condition and the gain it will provide if adopted.
STEP 1: Compute S/N ratios
In this case, the quality characteristic is the accuracy and has to be minimized.
n=3 k=5
The formula used for the S/N ratios is so:
1 1 in 1
j i 1 ( y ) 2
2
j 10 log( ) where:
2
j n ij
Run R1 R2 R3 j2 j
1 0.97 1.05 2.97 0.69 1.58
2 1.02 0.98 2.85 0.71 1.50
3 0.93 0.95 2.88 0.79 1.00
4 1.25 1.08 2.78 0.54 2.66
5 1.18 1.02 3.01 0.60 2.24
STEP 2: Compute factor effects
Each factor has two level, two effects by factor have to be calculated.
Reminders:
S e S M M : f actors designated as error sources
fe= (f factor M)
Se
Ve
fe
Results: Se= SA+SC+SF+SG Se= 3.5145
So fe= 2
fe= fA+fC+fF+fG Ve= 1.7572
e/ Pure variations
S ' P S P Ve f P
Reminders: For the factors considered as significant (B,D and E):
Results: A C D error
Pure variation 0.76 -0.76 -1.70 8.79
f/ Degree of contribution S 'P
P 100
Reminders: For the factors considered as significant (B,D and E): ST
For the error source:
S 'e
e 100
ST
Results: A C D error
(%) 19.5 -19.5 -43.4 224.2
We can now draw the ANOVA table with all the results:
Source f S V S' (%)
A 1 2.52 2.52
B 1 0.35 0.35 0.76 10.3
C 1 0.99 0.99
D 1 0.06 0.06 -0.76 -10.3
e 2 3.51 1.76 8.79 118.2
Total 4 7.43 118
STEP 4: Investigate the optimum condition
The table with effects of every factor allows to select the best level for
each factor to maximize the Signal-to-Noise ratio:
Level A B C D
1 6.74 5.32 3.08 4.82
2 2.24 3.65 5.90 4.15
According to these values, the optimum condition is:
Factor A B C D
Level 2 2 2 2
STEP 5: Evaluate quality improvement
a/ Process average under optimum conditions
Reminders: general mean
effect significant
T ( H opt T )
j k
j 1
j
where T
k
H opt
Ho
number of runs where H appears at optimal level
Results:
T 1.80
T (B2 T ) (D 2 T ) (E2 T )
B2 D2 E2
= 0.91 = 1.04 = 0.00
B1
= 1.33
D1 = 1.21
1
So 2improvement= 1.14E+00 improvement 2 0.87