Slopes and the Derivative

Mathematics 53

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 1 / 34

 For today

1 The Tangent Line

2 Definition of the Derivative

3 Differentiability

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 2 / 34

 For today

1 The Tangent Line

2 Definition of the Derivative

3 Differentiability

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 3 / 34

 Tangent Line to a Circle

Tangent line to a circle at point P

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 4 / 34

 Tangent Line to a Circle

Tangent line to a circle at point P

How about tangent line to a curve?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 4 / 34
 Secant Line

y = f (x)

P (x0 , f (x0 )) - point on the graph of f

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 5 / 34

 Secant Line

Q
y = f (x)

P (x0 , f (x0 )) - point on the graph of f

Q(x1 , f (x1 )) - another pt on the graph of f

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 5 / 34

 Secant Line

P Q is a secant line (i.e. a line that
Q
y = f (x) passes through any two points on a
curve).
P

P (x0 , f (x0 ))

Q(x1 , f (x1 ))

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 5 / 34

 Secant Line

P Q is a secant line (i.e. a line that
Q
f (x1 )
y = f (x) passes through any two points on a
curve).
f (x0 ) P

What is the slope of P Q?

x0 x1

P (x0 , f (x0 ))

Q(x1 , f (x1 ))

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 5 / 34

 Secant Line

P Q is a secant line (i.e. a line that
Q
f (x1 )
y = f (x) passes through any two points on a
curve).
f (x0 ) P

f (x1 ) f (x0 )
m =
PQ x1 x0
x0 x1

P (x0 , f (x0 ))

Q(x1 , f (x1 ))

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 5 / 34

 Secant Line

P Q is a secant line (i.e. a line that
Q
f (x1 )
y = f (x) passes through any two points on a
curve).
f (x0 ) P

f (x1 ) f (x0 )
m =
PQ x1 x0
x0 x1
Let x = x1 x0

P (x0 , f (x0 ))

Q(x1 , f (x1 ))

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 5 / 34

 Secant Line

P Q is a secant line (i.e. a line that
Q
f (x1 )
y = f (x) passes through any two points on a
curve).
f (x0 ) P

f (x1 ) f (x0 )
m =
PQ x1 x0
x0 x1
Let x = x1 x0

P (x0 , f (x0 )) f (x0 + x) f (x0 )

m =
PQ x
Q(x1 , f (x1 ))

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 5 / 34

 The Tangent Line to the graph of f at P

Let Q get closer and closer to P ,

Q
f (x1 )
y = f (x) i.e.

f (x0 ) P

x0 x1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 6 / 34

 The Tangent Line to the graph of f at P

Let Q get closer and closer to P ,

Q
f (x1 )
y = f (x) i.e.

f (x0 ) P
Q P
x1 x0
x 0

x0 x1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 6 / 34

 The Tangent Line to the graph of f at P

Let Q get closer and closer to P ,

f (x1 )
Q
y = f (x) i.e.

f (x0 ) P
Q P
x1 x0
x 0

x0 x1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 6 / 34

 The Tangent Line to the graph of f at P

Let Q get closer and closer to P ,

y = f (x) i.e.
Q
f (x1 )

f (x0 ) P
Q P
x1 x0
x 0

x0 x1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 6 / 34

 The Tangent Line to the graph of f at P

Let Q get closer and closer to P ,

y = f (x) i.e.
Q
f (x1 )
f (x0 ) P
Q P
x1 x0
x 0

x0x1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 6 / 34

 The Tangent Line to the graph of f at P

` Let Q get closer and closer to P ,

y = f (x) i.e.

P
Q P
x1 x0
x 0

The line P Q will approach the line `.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 6 / 34

 The Tangent line to the graph of f at (x0 , f (x0 ))

` Slope of the line `

y = f (x)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 7 / 34

 The Tangent line to the graph of f at (x0 , f (x0 ))

` Slope of the line `

y = f (x)
m` =
P

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 7 / 34

 The Tangent line to the graph of f at (x0 , f (x0 ))

` Slope of the line `

y = f (x)
f (x1 ) f (x0 )
m` = lim
P
x1 x0 x1 x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 7 / 34

 The Tangent line to the graph of f at (x0 , f (x0 ))

` Slope of the line `

y = f (x)
f (x1 ) f (x0 )
m` = lim
P
x1 x0 x1 x0

Recall: x = x1 x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 7 / 34

 The Tangent line to the graph of f at (x0 , f (x0 ))

` Slope of the line `

y = f (x)
f (x1 ) f (x0 )
m` = lim
P
x1 x0 x1 x0

Recall: x = x1 x0

m` =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 7 / 34

 The Tangent line to the graph of f at (x0 , f (x0 ))

` Slope of the line `

y = f (x)
f (x1 ) f (x0 )
m` = lim
P
x1 x0 x1 x0

Recall: x = x1 x0

f (x0 + x) f (x0 )
m` = lim
x0 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 7 / 34

 The Tangent line to the graph of f at (x0 , f (x0 ))

` Slope of the line `

y = f (x)
f (x1 ) f (x0 )
m` = lim
P
x1 x0 x1 x0

Recall: x = x1 x0

f (x0 + x) f (x0 )
m` = lim
x0 x

The line ` is called the tangent line to the graph of y = f (x) at P .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 7 / 34

 The Tangent Line

Definition

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 8 / 34

 The Tangent Line

Definition
If the function f is defined at x = x0 , then the tangent line to the graph
of f at the point P (x0 , f (x0 )) is the line

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 8 / 34

 The Tangent Line

Definition
If the function f is defined at x = x0 , then the tangent line to the graph
of f at the point P (x0 , f (x0 )) is the line
1 passing through P whose slope is given by
f (x0 + x) f (x0 )
m = lim ,
x0 x
provided that this limit exists.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 8 / 34

 The Tangent Line

Definition
If the function f is defined at x = x0 , then the tangent line to the graph
of f at the point P (x0 , f (x0 )) is the line
1 passing through P whose slope is given by
f (x0 + x) f (x0 )
m = lim ,
x0 x
provided that this limit exists.
2 with equation x = x0 if
f (x0 + x) f (x0 )
lim = + or and
x0 x
f (x0 + x) f (x0 )
lim = + or
x0+ x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 8 / 34

 The Tangent Line

Definition
If the function f is defined at x = x0 , then the tangent line to the graph
of f at the point P (x0 , f (x0 )) is the line
1 passing through P whose slope is given by
f (x0 + x) f (x0 )
m = lim ,
x0 x
provided that this limit exists.
2with equation x = x0 if
f (x0 + x) f (x0 )
lim = + or and
x0 x
f (x0 + x) f (x0 )
lim = + or
x0 + x
Otherwise, there is no tangent line to the graph of f at P .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 8 / 34

 The Tangent Line
Remarks
1 The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at P gives us an idea
on the flatness or steepness of the graph of f at P and whether
the graph of f rises or falls at P .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 9 / 34

 The Tangent Line
Remarks
1 The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at P gives us an idea
on the flatness or steepness of the graph of f at P and whether
the graph of f rises or falls at P .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 9 / 34

 The Tangent Line
Remarks
1 The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at P gives us an idea
on the flatness or steepness of the graph of f at P and whether
the graph of f rises or falls at P .
2 The tangent line to the graph of a function may intersect the graph at
points other than the point of tangency.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 9 / 34

 The Tangent Line
Remarks
1 The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at P gives us an idea
on the flatness or steepness of the graph of f at P and whether
the graph of f rises or falls at P .
2 The tangent line to the graph of a function may intersect the graph at
points other than the point of tangency.

P
`

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 9 / 34

 The Normal Line

Definition
The line normal to the graph of f at the point P is the line perpendicular
to the tangent line at P .

TL

NL

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 10 / 34

 Example
1
Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f (x) =
x
at x = 1.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 11 / 34

 Example
1
Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f (x) =
x
at x = 1.
Solution.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 11 / 34

 Example
1
Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f (x) =
x
at x = 1.
Solution.
Recall: Point-Slope Form of a Line : y y0 = m(x x0 )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 11 / 34

 Example
1
Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f (x) =
x
at x = 1.
Solution.
Recall: Point-Slope Form of a Line : y y0 = m(x x0 )
f (1) = 1 so the point is (1, 1)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 11 / 34

 Example
1
Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f (x) =
x
at x = 1.
Solution.
Recall: Point-Slope Form of a Line : y y0 = m(x x0 )
f (1) = 1 so the point is (1, 1)
mT L = slope of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) at (1, 1)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 11 / 34

 Example
1
Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f (x) =
x
at x = 1.
Solution.
Recall: Point-Slope Form of a Line : y y0 = m(x x0 )
f (1) = 1 so the point is (1, 1)
mT L = slope of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) at (1, 1)

f (1 + x) f (1)
mT L = lim
x0 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 11 / 34

 Example
1
Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f (x) =
x
at x = 1.
Solution.
Recall: Point-Slope Form of a Line : y y0 = m(x x0 )
f (1) = 1 so the point is (1, 1)
mT L = slope of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) at (1, 1)

f (1 + x) f (1)
mT L = lim
x0 x
1
1
= lim 1+x
x0 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 11 / 34

 Example
1
Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f (x) =
x
at x = 1.
Solution.
Recall: Point-Slope Form of a Line : y y0 = m(x x0 )
f (1) = 1 so the point is (1, 1)
mT L = slope of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) at (1, 1)

f (1 + x) f (1)
mT L = lim
x0 x
1
1
= lim 1+x
x0 x
1 (1 + x)
= lim
x0 x(1 + x)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 11 / 34

 x
= lim
x0 x(1 + x)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 12 / 34

 x
= lim
x(1 + x)
x0
1
= lim
x0 1 + x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 12 / 34

 x
= lim
x(1 + x)
x0
1
= lim
x0 1 + x
mT L = 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 12 / 34

 x
= lim
x(1 + x)
x0
1
= lim
x0 1 + x
mT L = 1

Tangent Line: y 1 = (x 1)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 12 / 34

 x
= lim
x(1 + x)
x0
1
= lim
x0 1 + x
mT L = 1

Tangent Line: y 1 = (x 1)

mT L = 1, so the slope of the normal line is 1.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 12 / 34

 x
= lim
x(1 + x)
x0
1
= lim
x0 1 + x
mT L = 1

Tangent Line: y 1 = (x 1)

mT L = 1, so the slope of the normal line is 1.

Normal Line: y 1 = (x 1)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 12 / 34

 Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g(x) = x2 + 2 at x = 1
and at x = 2.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 13 / 34

 Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g(x) = x2 + 2 at x = 1
and at x = 2.
Solution. At x = 1 :

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 13 / 34

 Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g(x) = x2 + 2 at x = 1
and at x = 2.
Solution. At x = 1 :
g(1 + x) g(1)
mT L = lim
x0 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 13 / 34

 Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g(x) = x2 + 2 at x = 1
and at x = 2.
Solution. At x = 1 :
g(1 + x) g(1)
mT L = lim
x0 x
[(1 + x)2 + 2] (12 + 2)
= lim
x0 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 13 / 34

 Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g(x) = x2 + 2 at x = 1
and at x = 2.
Solution. At x = 1 :
g(1 + x) g(1)
mT L = lim
x0 x
[(1 + x)2 + 2] (12 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
2x + (x)2
= lim
x0 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 13 / 34

 Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g(x) = x2 + 2 at x = 1
and at x = 2.
Solution. At x = 1 :
g(1 + x) g(1)
mT L = lim
x0 x
[(1 + x)2 + 2] (12 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
2x + (x)2
= lim
x0 x
x(2 + x)
= lim
x0 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 13 / 34

 Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g(x) = x2 + 2 at x = 1
and at x = 2.
Solution. At x = 1 :
g(1 + x) g(1)
mT L = lim
x0 x
[(1 + x)2 + 2] (12 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
2x + (x)2
= lim
x0 x
x(2 + x)
= lim
x0 x
= lim (2 + x)
x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 13 / 34

 Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g(x) = x2 + 2 at x = 1
and at x = 2.
Solution. At x = 1 :
g(1 + x) g(1)
mT L = lim
x0 x
[(1 + x)2 + 2] (12 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
2x + (x)2
= lim
x0 x
x(2 + x)
= lim
x0 x
= lim (2 + x)
x0
= 2.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 13 / 34

 At x = 2 :

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 14 / 34

 At x = 2 :
g(2 + x) g(2)
mT L = lim
x0 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 14 / 34

 At x = 2 :
g(2 + x) g(2)
mT L = lim
x0 x
[(2 + x)2 + 2] (22 + 2)
= lim
x0 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 14 / 34

 At x = 2 :
g(2 + x) g(2)
mT L = lim
x0 x
[(2 + x)2 + 2] (22 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
[4 + 4x + (x)2 + 2] 6
= lim
x0 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 14 / 34

 At x = 2 :
g(2 + x) g(2)
mT L = lim
x0 x
[(2 + x)2 + 2] (22 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
[4 + 4x + (x)2 + 2] 6
= lim
x0 x
4x + (x)2
= lim
x0 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 14 / 34

 At x = 2 :
g(2 + x) g(2)
mT L = lim
x0 x
[(2 + x)2 + 2] (22 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
[4 + 4x + (x)2 + 2] 6
= lim
x0 x
4x + (x)2
= lim
x0 x
x(4 + x)
= lim
x0 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 14 / 34

 At x = 2 :
g(2 + x) g(2)
mT L = lim
x0 x
[(2 + x)2 + 2] (22 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
[4 + 4x + (x)2 + 2] 6
= lim
x0 x
4x + (x)2
= lim
x0 x
x(4 + x)
= lim
x0 x
= lim (4 + x)
x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 14 / 34

 At x = 2 :
g(2 + x) g(2)
mT L = lim
x0 x
[(2 + x)2 + 2] (22 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
[4 + 4x + (x)2 + 2] 6
= lim
x0 x
4x + (x)2
= lim
x0 x
x(4 + x)
= lim
x0 x
= lim (4 + x)
x0
= 4.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 14 / 34

 As a matter of fact, we can compute for the slope of the tangent line to
g(x) for any value of x.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 15 / 34

 As a matter of fact, we can compute for the slope of the tangent line to
g(x) for any value of x.

g(x + x) g(x)
mT L = lim
x0 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 15 / 34

 As a matter of fact, we can compute for the slope of the tangent line to
g(x) for any value of x.

g(x + x) g(x)
mT L = lim
x0 x
[(x + x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2)
= lim
x0 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 15 / 34

 As a matter of fact, we can compute for the slope of the tangent line to
g(x) for any value of x.

g(x + x) g(x)
mT L = lim
x0 x
[(x + x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
[x2 + 2xx + (x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2)
= lim
x0 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 15 / 34

 As a matter of fact, we can compute for the slope of the tangent line to
g(x) for any value of x.

g(x + x) g(x)
mT L = lim
x0 x
[(x + x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
[x2 + 2xx + (x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
2xx + (x)2
= lim
x0 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 15 / 34

 As a matter of fact, we can compute for the slope of the tangent line to
g(x) for any value of x.

g(x + x) g(x)
mT L = lim
x0 x
[(x + x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
[x2 + 2xx + (x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
2xx + (x)2
= lim
x0 x
= lim (2x + x)
x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 15 / 34

 As a matter of fact, we can compute for the slope of the tangent line to
g(x) for any value of x.

g(x + x) g(x)
mT L = lim
x0 x
[(x + x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
[x2 + 2xx + (x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
2xx + (x)2
= lim
x0 x
= lim (2x + x)
x0
= 2x.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 15 / 34

 As a matter of fact, we can compute for the slope of the tangent line to
g(x) for any value of x.

g(x + x) g(x)
mT L = lim
x0 x
[(x + x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
[x2 + 2xx + (x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
2xx + (x)2
= lim
x0 x
= lim (2x + x)
x0
= 2x.

At x = 1:

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 15 / 34

 As a matter of fact, we can compute for the slope of the tangent line to
g(x) for any value of x.

g(x + x) g(x)
mT L = lim
x0 x
[(x + x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
[x2 + 2xx + (x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
2xx + (x)2
= lim
x0 x
= lim (2x + x)
x0
= 2x.

At x = 1: mT L = 2 1 = 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 15 / 34

 As a matter of fact, we can compute for the slope of the tangent line to
g(x) for any value of x.

g(x + x) g(x)
mT L = lim
x0 x
[(x + x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
[x2 + 2xx + (x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
2xx + (x)2
= lim
x0 x
= lim (2x + x)
x0
= 2x.

At x = 1: mT L = 2 1 = 2
At x = 2:

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 15 / 34

 As a matter of fact, we can compute for the slope of the tangent line to
g(x) for any value of x.

g(x + x) g(x)
mT L = lim
x0 x
[(x + x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
[x2 + 2xx + (x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2)
= lim
x0 x
2xx + (x)2
= lim
x0 x
= lim (2x + x)
x0
= 2x.

At x = 1: mT L = 2 1 = 2
At x = 2: mT L = 2 2 = 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 15 / 34

 For today

1 The Tangent Line

2 Definition of the Derivative

3 Differentiability

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 16 / 34

 Definition of the Derivative

In the previous example, we computed a function that gives the slope of

the tangent line to the graph of a function f (x) at any value of x. This
function is actually called the derivative of f (x).

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 17 / 34

 Definition of the Derivative

In the previous example, we computed a function that gives the slope of

the tangent line to the graph of a function f (x) at any value of x. This
function is actually called the derivative of f (x).

Definition
The derivative of a function f (x), denoted by f 0 (x), is the function

f (x + x) f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim .
x0 x
It is defined at all points x in the domain of f where the limit exists.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 17 / 34

 Definition of the Derivative

Remarks

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 18 / 34

 Definition of the Derivative

Remarks
1 There may be points xo dom f at which f 0 (x0 ) does not exist. So,
dom f 0 dom f .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 18 / 34

 Definition of the Derivative

Remarks
1 There may be points xo dom f at which f 0 (x0 ) does not exist. So,
dom f 0 dom f .
2 The definition tells us that f 0 (x0 ) is the slope of the tangent line to
the graph of the function at point P (x0 , f (x0 )).

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 18 / 34

 Definition of the Derivative

Remarks
1 There may be points xo dom f at which f 0 (x0 ) does not exist. So,
dom f 0 dom f .
2 The definition tells us that f 0 (x0 ) is the slope of the tangent line to
the graph of the function at point P (x0 , f (x0 )).
3 To get the derivative of f at x = x0 , we use
f (x0 + x) f (x0 )
f 0 (x0 ) = lim .
x0 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 18 / 34

 Definition of the Derivative

Remarks
1 There may be points xo dom f at which f 0 (x0 ) does not exist. So,
dom f 0 dom f .
2 The definition tells us that f 0 (x0 ) is the slope of the tangent line to
the graph of the function at point P (x0 , f (x0 )).
3 To get the derivative of f at x = x0 , we use
f (x0 + x) f (x0 )
f 0 (x0 ) = lim .
x0 x
Alternatively,
f (x) f (x0 )
f 0 (x0 ) = lim .
xx0 x x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 18 / 34

 Definition of the Derivative

Remarks
1 There may be points xo dom f at which f 0 (x0 ) does not exist. So,
dom f 0 dom f .
2 The definition tells us that f 0 (x0 ) is the slope of the tangent line to
the graph of the function at point P (x0 , f (x0 )).
3 To get the derivative of f at x = x0 , we use
f (x0 + x) f (x0 )
f 0 (x0 ) = lim .
x0 x
Alternatively,
f (x) f (x0 )
f 0 (x0 ) = lim .
xx0 x x0
dy d
4 Other notations: y 0 if y = f (x), , [f (x)] , Dx [f (x)].
dx dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 18 / 34

 Definition of the Derivative

Remarks
1 There may be points xo dom f at which f 0 (x0 ) does not exist. So,
dom f 0 dom f .
2 The definition tells us that f 0 (x0 ) is the slope of the tangent line to
the graph of the function at point P (x0 , f (x0 )).
3 To get the derivative of f at x = x0 , we use
f (x0 + x) f (x0 )
f 0 (x0 ) = lim .
x0 x
Alternatively,
f (x) f (x0 )
f 0 (x0 ) = lim .
xx0 x x0
dy d
4 Other notations: y 0 if y = f (x), , [f (x)] , Dx [f (x)].
dx dx
5 The process of computing the derivative is called differentiation.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 18 / 34

 Definition of the Derivative

Example

Find the derivative of f (x) = x.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 19 / 34

 Definition of the Derivative

Example

Find the derivative of f (x) = x.

Solution. Using the definition of the derivative we have

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 19 / 34

 Definition of the Derivative

Example

Find the derivative of f (x) = x.

Solution. Using the definition of the derivative we have

0 x + x x
f (x) = lim
x0 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 19 / 34

 Definition of the Derivative

Example

Find the derivative of f (x) = x.

Solution. Using the definition of the derivative we have

0 x + x x
f (x) = lim
x0 x

x + x x x + x + x
= lim
x0 x x + x + x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 19 / 34

 Definition of the Derivative

Example

Find the derivative of f (x) = x.

Solution. Using the definition of the derivative we have

0 x + x x
f (x) = lim
x0 x

x + x x x + x + x
= lim
x0 x x + x + x
(x + x) x
= lim
x0 x( x + x + x)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 19 / 34

 1
= lim
x0 x + x + x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 20 / 34

 1
= lim
x0 x + x + x
1
= .
2 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 20 / 34

 1
= lim
x0 x + x + x
1
= .
2 x
1 1
f 0 (x) = or Dx [ x ] = .
2 x 2 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 20 / 34

 1
= lim
x0 x + x + x
1
= .
2 x
1 1
f 0 (x) = or Dx [ x ] = .
2 x 2 x
Note:

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 20 / 34

 1
= lim
x0 x + x + x
1
= .
2 x
1 1
f 0 (x) = or Dx [ x ] = .
2 x 2 x
Note:
dom f = [0, +)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 20 / 34

 1
= lim
x0 x + x + x
1
= .
2 x
1 1
f 0 (x) = or Dx [ x ] = .
2 x 2 x
Note:
dom f = [0, +)
dom f 0 = (0, +)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 20 / 34

 Example

Find the derivative of f (x) = 3
x at x = 0.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 21 / 34

 Example

Find the derivative of f (x) = 3
x at x = 0.

Solution.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 21 / 34

 Example

Find the derivative of f (x) = 3
x at x = 0.

Solution.
Using the alternative definition:

0
3
x 30
f (0) = lim
x0 x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 21 / 34

 Example

Find the derivative of f (x) = 3
x at x = 0.

Solution.
Using the alternative definition:

0
3
x 30
f (0) = lim
x0 x0

3
x
= lim
x0 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 21 / 34

 Example

Find the derivative of f (x) = 3
x at x = 0.

Solution.
Using the alternative definition:

0
3
x 30
f (0) = lim
x0 x0

3
x
= lim
x0 x
1
= lim 2
x0 x 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 21 / 34

 Example

Find the derivative of f (x) = 3
x at x = 0.

Solution.
Using the alternative definition:

0
3
x 30
f (0) = lim
x0 x0

3
x
= lim
x0 x
1
= lim 2
x0 x 3
 
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 21 / 34

 Example

Find the derivative of f (x) = 3
x at x = 0.

Solution.
Using the alternative definition:

0
3
x 30
f (0) = lim
x0 x0

3
x
= lim
x0 x
1
= lim 2
x0 x 3
 1 
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 21 / 34

 Example

Find the derivative of f (x) = 3
x at x = 0.

Solution.
Using the alternative definition:

0
3
x 30
f (0) = lim
x0 x0

3
x
= lim
x0 x
1
= lim 2
x0 x 3
 1 
=
0+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 21 / 34

 Example

Find the derivative of f (x) = 3
x at x = 0.

Solution.
Using the alternative definition:

0
3
x 30
f (0) = lim
x0 x0

3
x
= lim
x0 x
1
= lim 2
x0 x 3
 1 
=
0+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 21 / 34

 For today

1 The Tangent Line

2 Definition of the Derivative

3 Differentiability

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 22 / 34

 Differentiability

Definitions

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 23 / 34

 Differentiability

Definitions
1 If the derivative f 0 (x0 ) of the function f at x = x0 exists, then f is
said to be differentiable at x = x0 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 23 / 34

 Differentiability

Definitions
1 If the derivative f 0 (x0 ) of the function f at x = x0 exists, then f is
said to be differentiable at x = x0 .

2 The function f is differentiable on (a, b) if f is differentiable at

every real number in (a, b).

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 23 / 34

 Differentiability

Definitions
1 If the derivative f 0 (x0 ) of the function f at x = x0 exists, then f is
said to be differentiable at x = x0 .

2 The function f is differentiable on (a, b) if f is differentiable at

every real number in (a, b).

3 The function f is differentiable everywhere if it is differentiable at

every real number.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 23 / 34

 Differentiability

Definitions
1 If the derivative f 0 (x0 ) of the function f at x = x0 exists, then f is
said to be differentiable at x = x0 .

2 The function f is differentiable on (a, b) if f is differentiable at

every real number in (a, b).

3 The function f is differentiable everywhere if it is differentiable at

every real number.

Remark
The function f (x) is differentiable at x = x0 if and only if x0 dom f 0 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 23 / 34

 Example

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 24 / 34

 Example
1
We know that Dx [ x ] = .
2 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 24 / 34

 Example
1
We know that Dx [ x ] = .
2 x

= f (x) = x is differentiable at any positive real number x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 24 / 34

 Example
1
We know that Dx [ x ] = .
2 x

= f (x) = x is differentiable at any positive real number x

= f is not differentiable at x = 0.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 24 / 34

 Differentiability

Definitions
Let the function f (x) be defined at x = x0 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 25 / 34

 Differentiability

Definitions
Let the function f (x) be defined at x = x0 .
1 The derivative from the left of f (x) at x = x0 , denoted by f0 (x0 ),
is given by

f (x) f (x0 )
f0 (x0 ) = lim .
xx
0
x x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 25 / 34

 Differentiability

Definitions
Let the function f (x) be defined at x = x0 .
1 The derivative from the left of f (x) at x = x0 , denoted by f0 (x0 ),
is given by

f (x) f (x0 )
f0 (x0 ) = lim .
xx
0
x x0

2 The derivative from the right of f (x) at x = x0 , denoted by

f+0 (x0 ), is given by

f (x) f (x0 )
f+0 (x0 ) = lim .
xx+
0
x x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 25 / 34

 Differentiability

Remark

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 26 / 34

 Differentiability

Remark
1 The derivative from the left [right] is also referred to as the left-hand
derivative [right-hand derivative], or simply left derivative [right
derivative].

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 26 / 34

 Differentiability

Remark
1 The derivative from the left [right] is also referred to as the left-hand
derivative [right-hand derivative], or simply left derivative [right
derivative].
2 The function f is differentiable at x = x0 if and only if f0 (x0 ) and
f+0 (x0 ) exist and

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 26 / 34

 Differentiability

Remark
1 The derivative from the left [right] is also referred to as the left-hand
derivative [right-hand derivative], or simply left derivative [right
derivative].
2 The function f is differentiable at x = x0 if and only if f0 (x0 ) and
f+0 (x0 ) exist and
f0 (x0 ) = f+0 (x0 ) = f 0 (x0 ).

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 26 / 34

 Example

x , x0
Determine if f (x) = |x| = is differentiable at x = 0.
x , x < 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 27 / 34

 Example

x , x0
Determine if f (x) = |x| = is differentiable at x = 0.
x , x < 0

Solution.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 27 / 34

 Example

x , x0
Determine if f (x) = |x| = is differentiable at x = 0.
x , x < 0

Solution. We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right
at x = 0.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 27 / 34

 Example

x , x0
Determine if f (x) = |x| = is differentiable at x = 0.
x , x < 0

Solution. We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right
at x = 0.

f0 (0)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 27 / 34

 Example

x , x0
Determine if f (x) = |x| = is differentiable at x = 0.
x , x < 0

Solution. We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right
at x = 0.
f (x) f (0)
f0 (0) = lim
x0 x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 27 / 34

 Example

x , x0
Determine if f (x) = |x| = is differentiable at x = 0.
x , x < 0

Solution. We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right
at x = 0.
f (x) f (0)
f0 (0) = lim
x0 x0
x 0
= lim
x0 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 27 / 34

 Example

x , x0
Determine if f (x) = |x| = is differentiable at x = 0.
x , x < 0

Solution. We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right
at x = 0.
f (x) f (0)
f0 (0) = lim
x0 x0
x 0
= lim
x0 x
= 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 27 / 34

 Example

x , x0
Determine if f (x) = |x| = is differentiable at x = 0.
x , x < 0

Solution. We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right
at x = 0.
f (x) f (0)
f0 (0) = lim f+0 (0)
x0 x0
x 0
= lim
x0 x
= 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 27 / 34

 Example

x , x0
Determine if f (x) = |x| = is differentiable at x = 0.
x , x < 0

Solution. We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right
at x = 0.
f (x) f (0) f (x) f (0)
f0 (0) = lim f+0 (0) = lim
x0 x0 x0+ x0
x 0
= lim
x0 x
= 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 27 / 34

 Example

x , x0
Determine if f (x) = |x| = is differentiable at x = 0.
x , x < 0

Solution. We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right
at x = 0.
f (x) f (0) f (x) f (0)
f0 (0) = lim f+0 (0) = lim
x0 x0 x0+ x0
x 0 x0
= lim = lim
x0 x x0+ x
= 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 27 / 34

 Example

x , x0
Determine if f (x) = |x| = is differentiable at x = 0.
x , x < 0

Solution. We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right
at x = 0.
f (x) f (0) f (x) f (0)
f0 (0) = lim f+0 (0) = lim
x0 x0 x0+ x0
x 0 x0
= lim = lim
x0 x x0+ x
= 1 = 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 27 / 34

 Example

x , x0
Determine if f (x) = |x| = is differentiable at x = 0.
x , x < 0

Solution. We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right
at x = 0.
f (x) f (0) f (x) f (0)
f0 (0) = lim f+0 (0) = lim
x0 x0 x0+ x0
x 0 x0
= lim = lim
x0 x x0+ x
= 1 = 1

= f0 (0) 6= f+0 (0)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 27 / 34

 Example

x , x0
Determine if f (x) = |x| = is differentiable at x = 0.
x , x < 0

Solution. We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right
at x = 0.
f (x) f (0) f (x) f (0)
f0 (0) = lim f+0 (0) = lim
x0 x0 x0+ x0
x 0 x0
= lim = lim
x0 x x0+ x
= 1 = 1

= f0 (0) 6= f+0 (0)

f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 27 / 34

 Example
1 2

Determine if f (x) = 2x + 24 , x < 4
is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 28 / 34

 Example
1 2

Determine if f (x) = 2x + 24 , x < 4
is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x 4

We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 28 / 34

 Example
1 2

Determine if f (x) = 2x + 24 , x < 4
is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x 4

We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

0
f (4)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 28 / 34

 Example
1 2

Determine if f (x) = 2x + 24 , x < 4
is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x 4

We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

0 ( 12 x2 + 24) 32
f (4) = lim
x4 x4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 28 / 34

 Example
1 2

Determine if f (x) = 2x + 24 , x < 4
is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x 4

We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

0 ( 12 x2 + 24) 32
f (4) = lim
x4 x4
1 2
x 8
= lim 2
x4 x 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 28 / 34

 Example
1 2

Determine if f (x) = 2x + 24 , x < 4
is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x 4

We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

0 ( 12 x2 + 24) 32
f (4) = lim
x4 x4
1 2
x 8
= lim 2
x4 x 4
1 (x + 4)(x 4)
= lim
x4 2
x4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 28 / 34

 Example
1 2

Determine if f (x) = 2x + 24 , x < 4
is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x 4

We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

0 ( 12 x2 + 24) 32
f (4) = lim
x4 x4
1 2
x 8
= lim 2
x4 x 4
1 (x + 4)(x 4)
= lim
x4 2
x4
= 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 28 / 34

 Example
1 2

Determine if f (x) = 2x + 24 , x < 4
is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x 4

We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

0 ( 12 x2 + 24) 32 0
f (4) = lim f+ (4)
x4 x4
1 2
x 8
= lim 2
x4 x 4
1 (x + 4)(x 4)
= lim
x4 2
x4
= 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 28 / 34

 Example
1 2

Determine if f (x) = 2x + 24 , x < 4
is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x 4

We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

0 ( 12 x2 + 24) 32 0 16 x 32
f (4) = lim f+ (4) = lim+
x4 x4 x4 x4
1 2
x 8
= lim 2
x4 x 4
1 (x + 4)(x 4)
= lim
x4 2
x4
= 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 28 / 34

 Example
1 2

Determine if f (x) = 2x + 24 , x < 4
is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x 4

We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

0 ( 12 x2 + 24) 32 0 16 x 32
f (4) = lim f+ (4) = lim+
x4 x4 x4 x4
1 2

x 8 x2 x+2
= lim 2 = lim+ 16
x4 x 4 x4 x4 x+2
1 (x + 4)(x 4)
= lim
x4 2
x4
= 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 28 / 34

 Example
1 2

Determine if f (x) = 2x + 24 , x < 4
is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x 4

We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

0 ( 12 x2 + 24) 32 0 16 x 32
f (4) = lim f+ (4) = lim+
x4 x4 x4 x4
1 2

x 8 x2 x+2
= lim 2 = lim+ 16
x4 x 4 x4 x4 x+2
1 (x + 4)(x 4) x4
= lim = lim+ 16
x4 2
x4 x4 (x 4) x + 2
= 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 28 / 34

 Example
1 2

Determine if f (x) = 2x + 24 , x < 4
is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x 4

We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

0 ( 12 x2 + 24) 32 0 16 x 32
f (4) = lim f+ (4) = lim+
x4 x4 x4 x4
1 2

x 8 x2 x+2
= lim 2 = lim+ 16
x4 x 4 x4 x4 x+2
1 (x + 4)(x 4) x4
= lim = lim+ 16
x4 2
x4 x4 (x 4) x + 2
= 4 = 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 28 / 34

 Example
1 2

Determine if f (x) = 2x + 24 , x < 4
is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x 4

We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

0 ( 12 x2 + 24) 32 0 16 x 32
f (4) = lim f+ (4) = lim+
x4 x4 x4 x4
1 2

x 8 x2 x+2
= lim 2 = lim+ 16
x4 x 4 x4 x4 x+2
1 (x + 4)(x 4) x4
= lim = lim+ 16
x4 2
x4 x4 (x 4) x + 2
= 4 = 4

f0 (4) = f+0 (4) = 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 28 / 34

 Example
1 2

Determine if f (x) = 2x + 24 , x < 4
is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x 4

We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

0 ( 12 x2 + 24) 32 0 16 x 32
f (4) = lim f+ (4) = lim+
x4 x4 x4 x4
1 2

x 8 x2 x+2
= lim 2 = lim+ 16
x4 x 4 x4 x4 x+2
1 (x + 4)(x 4) x4
= lim = lim+ 16
x4 2
x4 x4 (x 4) x + 2
= 4 = 4

f0 (4) = f+0 (4) = 4 = f (x) is differentiable at x = 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 28 / 34

 Example
1 2

Determine if f (x) = 2x + 24 , x < 4
is differentiable at x = 4.
16 x , x 4

We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.

0 ( 12 x2 + 24) 32 0 16 x 32
f (4) = lim f+ (4) = lim+
x4 x4 x4 x4
1 2

x 8 x2 x+2
= lim 2 = lim+ 16
x4 x 4 x4 x4 x+2
1 (x + 4)(x 4) x4
= lim = lim+ 16
x4 2
x4 x4 (x 4) x + 2
= 4 = 4

f0 (4) = f+0 (4) = 4 = f (x) is differentiable at x = 4 and f 0 (4) = 4.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 28 / 34

 Differentiability and Continuity

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 29 / 34

 Differentiability and Continuity

Theorem
If f is differentiable at x = x0 , then f is continuous at x = x0 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 29 / 34

 Differentiability and Continuity

Theorem
If f is differentiable at x = x0 , then f is continuous at x = x0 .

Remarks

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 29 / 34

 Differentiability and Continuity

Theorem
If f is differentiable at x = x0 , then f is continuous at x = x0 .

Remarks

If f is discontinuous at x = x0 , then f is not differentiable at x = x0 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 29 / 34

 Differentiability and Continuity

Theorem
If f is differentiable at x = x0 , then f is continuous at x = x0 .

Remarks

If f is discontinuous at x = x0 , then f is not differentiable at x = x0 .

If f is continuous at x = x0 , it does not mean that f is differentiable
at x = x0 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 29 / 34

 Differentiability and Continuity

Theorem
If f is differentiable at x = x0 , then f is continuous at x = x0 .

Remarks

If f is discontinuous at x = x0 , then f is not differentiable at x = x0 .

If f is continuous at x = x0 , it does not mean that f is differentiable
at x = x0 .
If f is not differentiable at x = x0 , it does not mean that f is not
continuous at x = x0 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 29 / 34

 Example
Consider the function f (x) = |x|.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 30 / 34

 Example
Consider the function f (x) = |x|.

f is continuous at x = 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 30 / 34

 Example
Consider the function f (x) = |x|.

f is continuous at x = 0

f is not differentiable at x = 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 30 / 34

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 31 / 34
 Geometrically, if f is differentiable at x = x0 , then the graph of f has
tangent line at x = x0 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 31 / 34

 Geometrically, if f is differentiable at x = x0 , then the graph of f has
tangent line at x = x0 .
Remarks

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 31 / 34

 Geometrically, if f is differentiable at x = x0 , then the graph of f has
tangent line at x = x0 .
Remarks
A function f is not differentiable at x = x0 if one of the following is true:

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 31 / 34

 Geometrically, if f is differentiable at x = x0 , then the graph of f has
tangent line at x = x0 .
Remarks
A function f is not differentiable at x = x0 if one of the following is true:
f is discontinuous at x = x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 31 / 34

 Geometrically, if f is differentiable at x = x0 , then the graph of f has
tangent line at x = x0 .
Remarks
A function f is not differentiable at x = x0 if one of the following is true:
f is discontinuous at x = x0

x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 31 / 34

 Remarks
the graph of f has a vertical tangent line at x = x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 32 / 34

 Remarks
the graph of f has a vertical tangent line at x = x0

x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 32 / 34

 Remarks
the graph of f has a vertical tangent line at x = x0
the graph of f has no well-defined tangent line at x = x0 , i.e., the
graph of f has a corner or cusp at x = x0 .

x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 32 / 34

 Remarks
the graph of f has a vertical tangent line at x = x0
the graph of f has no well-defined tangent line at x = x0 , i.e., the
graph of f has a corner or cusp at x = x0 .

x0 x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 32 / 34

 * * * The End * * *

Next Meeting:
Differentiation Rules
The Chain Rule

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 33 / 34

 Exercise

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 34 / 34

 Exercise
Determine if
x2 , x < 1

f (x) =
1 2x , x 1
is differentiable at x0 = 1.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 34 / 34

 Exercise
Determine if
x2 , x < 1

f (x) =
1 2x , x 1
is differentiable at x0 = 1.

Solution.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 34 / 34

 Exercise
Determine if
x2 , x < 1

f (x) =
1 2x , x 1
is differentiable at x0 = 1.

Solution.
x2 1
f0 (1) = lim
x1 x + 1
(x + 1)(x 1)
= lim
x1 x+1
= 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 34 / 34

 Exercise
Determine if
x2 , x < 1

f (x) =
1 2x , x 1
is differentiable at x0 = 1.

Solution.
x2 1 (1 2x) 1
f0 (1) = lim f+0 (1) = lim
x1 x + 1 x3+ x+1
(x + 1)(x 1) 2(x + 1)
= lim = lim
x1 x+1 x3+ x+1
= 2 = 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 34 / 34

 Exercise
Determine if
x2 , x < 1

f (x) =
1 2x , x 1
is differentiable at x0 = 1.

Solution.
x2 1 (1 2x) 1
f0 (1) = lim f+0 (1) = lim
x1 x + 1 x3+ x+1
(x + 1)(x 1) 2(x + 1)
= lim = lim
x1 x+1 x3+ x+1
= 2 = 2

f0 (1) = f+0 (1) = 2

f (x) is differentiable at x = 1 and f 0 (1) = 2.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 34 / 34