Limit of a Function and

One-sided limits

Mathematics 53

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 1 / 39
For today

1 Limit of a Function: An intuitive approach

2 Evaluating Limits

3 One-sided Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 2 / 39
For today

1 Limit of a Function: An intuitive approach

2 Evaluating Limits

3 One-sided Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 3 / 39
Introduction

Given a function f ( x ) and a R,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 4 / 39
Introduction

Given a function f ( x ) and a R,

what is the value of f at x near a,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 4 / 39
Introduction

Given a function f ( x ) and a R,

what is the value of f at x near a,
but not equal to a?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 4 / 39
Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.

What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.

What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

x f (x)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.

What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

x f (x)
0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.

What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

x f (x)
0 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.

What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

x f (x)
0 1
0.5

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.

What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

x f (x)
0 1
0.5 0.5

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.

What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

x f (x)
0 1
0.5 0.5
0.9

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.

What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

x f (x)
0 1
0.5 0.5
0.9 1.7

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.

What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

x f (x)
0 1
0.5 0.5
0.9 1.7
0.99 1.97
0.99999 1.99997

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.

What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

x f (x) x f (x)
0 1
0.5 0.5
0.9 1.7
0.99 1.97
0.99999 1.99997

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.

What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

x f (x) x f (x)
0 1 2
0.5 0.5
0.9 1.7
0.99 1.97
0.99999 1.99997

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.

What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

x f (x) x f (x)
0 1 2 5
0.5 0.5
0.9 1.7
0.99 1.97
0.99999 1.99997

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.

What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

x f (x) x f (x)
0 1 2 5
0.5 0.5 1.5 3.5
0.9 1.7 1.1 2.3
0.99 1.97 1.001 2.003
0.99999 1.99997 1.00001 2.00003

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.

What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

x f (x) x f (x)
0 1 2 5
0.5 0.5 1.5 3.5
0.9 1.7 1.1 2.3
0.99 1.97 1.001 2.003
0.99999 1.99997 1.00001 2.00003

Based on the table, as x gets closer and closer to 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1

Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.

What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?

x f (x) x f (x)
0 1 2 5
0.5 0.5 1.5 3.5
0.9 1.7 1.1 2.3
0.99 1.97 1.001 2.003
0.99999 1.99997 1.00001 2.00003

Based on the table, as x gets closer and closer to 1, f ( x ) gets closer and closer
to 2.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1

x f (x)
0 1 4

0.5 0.5 3
0.9 1.7
2
0.99 1.97
1
0.99999 1.99997

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 6 / 39
Illustration 1

x f (x)
0 1 4

0.5 0.5 3
0.9 1.7
2
0.99 1.97
1
0.99999 1.99997

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 6 / 39
Illustration 1

x f (x)
0 1 4

0.5 0.5 3
0.9 1.7
2
0.99 1.97
1
0.99999 1.99997

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 6 / 39
Illustration 1

x f (x)
0 1 4

0.5 0.5 3
0.9 1.7
2
0.99 1.97
1
0.99999 1.99997

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 6 / 39
Illustration 1

x f (x)
0 1 4

0.5 0.5 3
0.9 1.7
2
0.99 1.97
1
0.99999 1.99997

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 6 / 39
Illustration 1

x f (x)
2 5 4

1.5 3.5 3
1.1 2.3
2
1.001 2.003
1
1.00001 2.00003

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 7 / 39
Illustration 1

x f (x)
2 5 4

1.5 3.5 3
1.1 2.3
2
1.001 2.003
1
1.00001 2.00003

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 7 / 39
Illustration 1

x f (x)
2 5 4

1.5 3.5 3
1.1 2.3
2
1.001 2.003
1
1.00001 2.00003

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 7 / 39
Illustration 1

x f (x)
2 5 4

1.5 3.5 3
1.1 2.3
2
1.001 2.003
1
1.00001 2.00003

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 7 / 39
Illustration 1

x f (x)
2 5 4

1.5 3.5 3
1.1 2.3
2
1.001 2.003
1
1.00001 2.00003

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 7 / 39
Illustration 1

x f (x)
2 5 4

1.5 3.5 3
1.1 2.3
2
1.001 2.003
1
1.00001 2.00003

1 1 2 3
1

As x gets closer and closer to 1, f ( x ) gets closer and closer to 2.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 7 / 39
Illustration 2

3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) =
x1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 8 / 39
Illustration 2

3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) =
x1
(3x 1)( x 1)
=
x1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 8 / 39
Illustration 2

3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) =
x1
(3x 1)( x 1)
=
x1
= 3x 1, x 6= 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 8 / 39
Illustration 2

3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) =
x1 4
(3x 1)( x 1)
= 3
x1
= 3x 1, x 6= 1 2

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 8 / 39
Illustration 2

3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) =
x1 4
(3x 1)( x 1)
= 3
x1
= 3x 1, x 6= 1 2

1 1 2 3
1

As x gets closer and closer to 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 8 / 39
Illustration 2

3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) =
x1 4
(3x 1)( x 1)
= 3
x1
= 3x 1, x 6= 1 2

1 1 2 3
1

As x gets closer and closer to 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 8 / 39
Illustration 2

3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) =
x1 4
(3x 1)( x 1)
= 3
x1
= 3x 1, x 6= 1 2

1 1 2 3
1

As x gets closer and closer to 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 8 / 39
Illustration 2

3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) =
x1 4
(3x 1)( x 1)
= 3
x1
= 3x 1, x 6= 1 2

1 1 2 3
1

As x gets closer and closer to 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 8 / 39
Illustration 2

3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) =
x1 4
(3x 1)( x 1)
= 3
x1
= 3x 1, x 6= 1 2

1 1 2 3
1

As x gets closer and closer to 1, g( x ) gets closer and closer to 2.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 8 / 39
Illustration 3

3x 1, x 6= 1
Consider: h( x ) =
0, x=1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 9 / 39
Illustration 3

3x 1, x 6= 1
Consider: h( x ) = 4
0, x=1
3

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 9 / 39
Illustration 3

3x 1, x 6= 1
Consider: h( x ) = 4
0, x=1
3

1 1 2 3
1

As x gets closer and closer to 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 9 / 39
Illustration 3

3x 1, x 6= 1
Consider: h( x ) = 4
0, x=1
3

1 1 2 3
1

As x gets closer and closer to 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 9 / 39
Illustration 3

3x 1, x 6= 1
Consider: h( x ) = 4
0, x=1
3

1 1 2 3
1

As x gets closer and closer to 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 9 / 39
Illustration 3

3x 1, x 6= 1
Consider: h( x ) = 4
0, x=1
3

1 1 2 3
1

As x gets closer and closer to 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 9 / 39
Illustration 3

3x 1, x 6= 1
Consider: h( x ) = 4
0, x=1
3

1 1 2 3
1

As x gets closer and closer to 1, h( x ) gets closer and closer to 2.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 9 / 39
Limit

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 10 / 39
Limit

Intuitive Notion of a Limit

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 10 / 39
Limit

Intuitive Notion of a Limit

a R, L R

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 10 / 39
Limit

Intuitive Notion of a Limit

a R, L R
f ( x ): function defined on some open interval containing a, except possibly at a

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 10 / 39
Limit

Intuitive Notion of a Limit

a R, L R
f ( x ): function defined on some open interval containing a, except possibly at a

The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 10 / 39
Limit

Intuitive Notion of a Limit

a R, L R
f ( x ): function defined on some open interval containing a, except possibly at a

The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L

if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as x assumes values getting closer
and closer to a but not reaching a.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 10 / 39
Limit

Intuitive Notion of a Limit

a R, L R
f ( x ): function defined on some open interval containing a, except possibly at a

The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L

if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as x assumes values getting closer
and closer to a but not reaching a.

Notation:
lim f ( x ) = L
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 10 / 39
Examples

f ( x ) = 3x 1

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 11 / 39
Examples

f ( x ) = 3x 1

4
lim (3x 1)
x 1

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 11 / 39
Examples

f ( x ) = 3x 1

4
lim (3x 1) = 2
x 1

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 11 / 39
Examples

f ( x ) = 3x 1

4
lim (3x 1) = 2
x 1

3
Note: In this case, lim f ( x )
x 1
2

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 11 / 39
Examples

f ( x ) = 3x 1

4
lim (3x 1) = 2
x 1

3
Note: In this case, lim f ( x ) = f (1).
x 1
2

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 11 / 39
Examples

3x2 4x + 1
g( x ) =
x1

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 12 / 39
Examples

3x2 4x + 1
g( x ) =
x1

3x2 4x + 1
4 lim
x 1 x1
3

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 12 / 39
Examples

3x2 4x + 1
g( x ) =
x1

3x2 4x + 1
4 lim =2
x 1 x1
3

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 12 / 39
Examples

3x2 4x + 1
g( x ) =
x1

3x2 4x + 1
4 lim =2
x 1 x1
3
Note: Though g(1) is undefined,
2 lim g( x ) exists.
x 1
1

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 12 / 39
Examples

3x 1, x 6= 1
h( x ) =
0, x=1

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 13 / 39
Examples

3x 1, x 6= 1
h( x ) =
0, x=1

lim h( x )
4 x 1

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 13 / 39
Examples

3x 1, x 6= 1
h( x ) =
0, x=1

lim h( x ) = 2
4 x 1

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 13 / 39
Examples

3x 1, x 6= 1
h( x ) =
0, x=1

lim h( x ) = 2
4 x 1

3 Note: h(1) 6= lim h( x ).

x 1
2

1 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 13 / 39
Some Remarks

Remark
In finding lim f ( x ):
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 14 / 39
Some Remarks

Remark
In finding lim f ( x ):
xa
We only need to consider values of x very close to a but not exactly at a.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 14 / 39
Some Remarks

Remark
In finding lim f ( x ):
xa
We only need to consider values of x very close to a but not exactly at a.

Thus, lim f ( x ) is NOT NECESSARILY the same as f ( a).

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 14 / 39
Some Remarks

Remark
In finding lim f ( x ):
xa
We only need to consider values of x very close to a but not exactly at a.

Thus, lim f ( x ) is NOT NECESSARILY the same as f ( a).

xa

We let x approach a from BOTH SIDES of a.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 14 / 39
Some Remarks

If f ( x ) does not approach any

particular real number as x
approaches a, then we say
lim f ( x ) does not exist (dne).
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 15 / 39
Some Remarks

If f ( x ) does not approach any

particular real number as x
approaches a, then we say
lim f ( x ) does not exist (dne).
xa

e.g.

1, x 0

H (x) =

0, x < 0

(Heaviside Function)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 15 / 39
Some Remarks

If f ( x ) does not approach any

3
particular real number as x
approaches a, then we say 2

lim f ( x ) does not exist (dne). 1

xa

3 2 1 0 1 2 3
e.g.

1, x 0

H (x) =

0, x < 0

(Heaviside Function)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 15 / 39
Some Remarks

If f ( x ) does not approach any

3
particular real number as x
approaches a, then we say 2

lim f ( x ) does not exist (dne). 1

xa

3 2 1 0 1 2 3
e.g.
lim H ( x ) = 0?
1, x 0
x 0
H (x) =

0, x < 0

(Heaviside Function)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 15 / 39
Some Remarks

If f ( x ) does not approach any

3
particular real number as x
approaches a, then we say 2

lim f ( x ) does not exist (dne). 1

xa

3 2 1 0 1 2 3
e.g.
lim H ( x ) = 0? No.
1, x 0
x 0
H (x) =

0, x < 0

(Heaviside Function)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 15 / 39
Some Remarks

If f ( x ) does not approach any

3
particular real number as x
approaches a, then we say 2

lim f ( x ) does not exist (dne). 1

xa

3 2 1 0 1 2 3
e.g.
lim H ( x ) = 0? No.
1, x 0
x 0
H (x) = lim H ( x ) = 1?
x 0

0, x < 0

(Heaviside Function)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 15 / 39
Some Remarks

If f ( x ) does not approach any

3
particular real number as x
approaches a, then we say 2

lim f ( x ) does not exist (dne). 1

xa

3 2 1 0 1 2 3
e.g.
lim H ( x ) = 0? No.
1, x 0
x 0
H (x) = lim H ( x ) = 1? No.
x 0

0, x < 0

(Heaviside Function)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 15 / 39
Some Remarks

If f ( x ) does not approach any

3
particular real number as x
approaches a, then we say 2

lim f ( x ) does not exist (dne). 1

xa

3 2 1 0 1 2 3
e.g.
lim H ( x ) = 0? No.
1, x 0
x 0
H (x) = lim H ( x ) = 1? No.
x 0

0, x < 0
lim H ( x ) dne
x 0
(Heaviside Function)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 15 / 39
For today

1 Limit of a Function: An intuitive approach

2 Evaluating Limits

3 One-sided Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 16 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 17 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
If lim f ( x ) exists, then it is unique.
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 17 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
If lim f ( x ) exists, then it is unique.
xa
If c R, then xlim
a
c

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 17 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
If lim f ( x ) exists, then it is unique.
xa
If c R, then xlim
a
c = c.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 17 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
If lim f ( x ) exists, then it is unique.
xa
If c R, then xlim
a
c = c.
lim x
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 17 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
If lim f ( x ) exists, then it is unique.
xa
If c R, then xlim
a
c = c.
lim x = a
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 17 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )]
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x )
xa xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x )
xa xa xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa

lim [ f ( x ) g( x )]
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
  
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x )
xa xa xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
  
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
  
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [c f ( x )] =
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
  
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x )
xa xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
  
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1
xa xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
  
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1
xa xa

f (x)
lim
xa g( x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
  
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1
xa xa

f (x) lim f ( x )
lim = xa
xa g( x ) lim g( x )
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
  
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1
xa xa

f (x) lim f ( x )
L
lim = xa = 1
xa g( x ) lim g( x ) L2
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
  
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1
xa xa

f (x) lim f ( x )
L
lim = xa = 1 , provided L2 6= 0
xa g( x ) lim g( x ) L2
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
  
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1
xa xa

f (x) lim f ( x )
L
lim = xa = 1 , provided L2 6= 0
xa g( x ) lim g( x ) L2
xa
n
lim ( f ( x ))
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
  
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1
xa xa

f (x) lim f ( x )
L
lim = xa = 1 , provided L2 6= 0
xa g( x ) lim g( x ) L2
xa
 n
lim ( f ( x ))n = lim f ( x )
xa xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems

Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
  
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1
xa xa

f (x) lim f ( x )
L
lim = xa = 1 , provided L2 6= 0
xa g( x ) lim g( x ) L2
xa
 n
lim ( f ( x ))n = lim f ( x ) = ( L1 ) n
xa xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2

x 1 x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 +

x 1 x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x

x 1 x 1 x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x

x 1 x 1 x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
 
= 2 lim x2
x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
   
2
= 2 lim x + 3 lim x
x 1 x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
   
2
= 2 lim x + 3 lim x lim 4
x 1 x 1 x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
   
2
= 2 lim x + 3 lim x lim 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
 2
=2 lim x
x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
   
2
= 2 lim x + 3 lim x lim 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
 2  
=2 lim x +3 lim x lim 4
x 1 x 1 x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
   
2
= 2 lim x + 3 lim x lim 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
 2  
=2 lim x +3 lim x lim 4
x 1 x 1 x 1

=2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
   
2
= 2 lim x + 3 lim x lim 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
 2  
=2 lim x +3 lim x lim 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
2
= 2(1)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
   
2
= 2 lim x + 3 lim x lim 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
 2  
=2 lim x +3 lim x lim 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
2
= 2(1) + 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
   
2
= 2 lim x + 3 lim x lim 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
 2  
=2 lim x +3 lim x lim 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
2
= 2(1) + 3(1)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
   
2
= 2 lim x + 3 lim x lim 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
 2  
=2 lim x +3 lim x lim 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
2
= 2(1) + 3(1) 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
   
2
= 2 lim x + 3 lim x lim 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
 2  
=2 lim x +3 lim x lim 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
2
= 2(1) + 3(1) 4
= 5

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
   
2
= 2 lim x + 3 lim x lim 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
 2  
=2 lim x +3 lim x lim 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
2
= 2(1) + 3(1) 4
= 5

In general:

Remark
If f is a polynomial function, then lim f ( x )
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1

lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
   
2
= 2 lim x + 3 lim x lim 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
 2  
=2 lim x +3 lim x lim 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
2
= 2(1) + 3(1) 4
= 5

In general:

Remark
If f is a polynomial function, then lim f ( x ) = f ( a).
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
 4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 + 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 20 / 39
 4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 + 2

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
lim
x 2 x2 + 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 20 / 39
 4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 + 2

lim (4x3 + 3x2 x + 1)

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1 x 2
lim =
x 2 x2 + 2 lim ( x2 + 2)
x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 20 / 39
 4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 + 2

lim (4x3 + 3x2 x + 1)

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1 x 2
lim =
x 2 x2 + 2 lim ( x2 + 2)
x 2
4(8)
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 20 / 39
 4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 + 2

lim (4x3 + 3x2 x + 1)

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1 x 2
lim =
x 2 x2 + 2 lim ( x2 + 2)
x 2
4(8) + 3(4)
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 20 / 39
 4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 + 2

lim (4x3 + 3x2 x + 1)

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1 x 2
lim =
x 2 x2 + 2 lim ( x2 + 2)
x 2
4(8) + 3(4) (2) + 1
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 20 / 39
 4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 + 2

lim (4x3 + 3x2 x + 1)

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1 x 2
lim =
x 2 x2 + 2 lim ( x2 + 2)
x 2
4(8) + 3(4) (2) + 1
=
4+2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 20 / 39
 4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 + 2

lim (4x3 + 3x2 x + 1)

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1 x 2
lim =
x 2 x2 + 2 lim ( x2 + 2)
x 2
4(8) + 3(4) (2) + 1
=
4+2
17
=
6

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 20 / 39
 4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 + 2

lim (4x3 + 3x2 x + 1)

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1 x 2
lim =
x 2 x2 + 2 lim ( x2 + 2)
x 2
4(8) + 3(4) (2) + 1
=
4+2
17
=
6

Remark
If f is a rational function and f ( a) is defined,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 20 / 39
 4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 + 2

lim (4x3 + 3x2 x + 1)

4x3 + 3x2 x + 1 x 2
lim =
x 2 x2 + 2 lim ( x2 + 2)
x 2
4(8) + 3(4) (2) + 1
=
4+2
17
=
6

Remark
If f is a rational function and f ( a) is defined, then lim f ( x ) = f ( a).
xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 20 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

lim 3x 1
x 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1)
x 3 x 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8
x 3 x 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8=2 2
x 3 x 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8=2 2
x 3 x 3
r
x+4
lim 3
x 1 x2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8 = 2 2
x 3 x 3
r r
x+4
lim 3 = 3
x 1 x2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8 = 2 2
x 3 x 3
r r
x+4 1 + 4
lim 3 = 3
x 1 x2 1 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8 = 2 2
x 3 x 3
r r
x+4 1 + 4
lim 3 = 3 = 1
x 1 x2 1 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8 = 2 2
x 3 x 3
r r
x+4 1 + 4
lim 3 = 3 = 1
x 1 x2 1 2

lim 4 3 2x
x 7/2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8 = 2 2
x 3 x 3
r r
x+4 1 + 4
lim 3 = 3 = 1
x 1 x2 1 2

lim 4 3 2x dne
x 7/2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8 = 2 2
x 3 x 3
r r
x+4 1 + 4
lim 3 = 3 = 1
x 1 x2 1 2

lim 4 3 2x dne
x 7/2
p
lim x2 4
x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8 = 2 2
x 3 x 3
r r
x+4 1 + 4
lim 3 = 3 = 1
x 1 x2 1 2

lim 4 3 2x dne
x 7/2
p
lim x2 4 =??
x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa

provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.

xa

q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8 = 2 2
x 3 x 3
r r
x+4 1 + 4
lim 3 = 3 = 1
x 1 x2 1 2

lim 4 3 2x dne
x 7/2
p
lim x2 4 =?? (for now)
x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
 !3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3
2x2 5x + 1
lim
x 3 x3 x + 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
 !3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3 !3
2x2 5x + 1 2x2 5x + 1
lim = lim
x 3 x3 x + 4 x 3 x3 x + 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
 !3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3 !3
2x2 5x + 1 2x2 5x + 1
lim = lim
x 3 x3 x + 4 x 3 x3 x + 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
 !3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3 !3
2x2 5x + 1 2x2 5x + 1
lim = lim
x 3 x3 x + 4 x 3 x3 x + 4

lim 2x2

= 3
x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
 !3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3 !3
2x2 5x + 1 2x2 5x + 1
lim = lim
x 3 x3 x + 4 x 3 x3 x + 4
q
lim 2x2

= x 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
 !3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3 !3
2x2 5x + 1 2x2 5x + 1
lim = lim
x 3 x3 x + 4 x 3 x3 x + 4
q
lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1)

= x 3 x 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
 !3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3 !3
2x2 5x + 1 2x2 5x + 1
lim = lim
x 3 x3 x + 4 x 3 x3 x + 4
q 3
lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1)

= x 3 x 3
lim ( x3 x + 4)
x 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
 !3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3 !3
2x2 5x + 1 2x2 5x + 1
lim = lim
x 3 x3 x + 4 x 3 x3 x + 4
q 3
lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1)

= x 3 x 3
lim ( x3 x + 4)
x 3

18
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
 !3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3 !3
2x2 5x + 1 2x2 5x + 1
lim = lim
x 3 x3 x + 4 x 3 x3 x + 4
q 3
lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1)

= x 3 x 3
lim ( x3 x + 4)
x 3

18 4

=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
 !3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3 !3
2x2 5x + 1 2x2 5x + 1
lim = lim
x 3 x3 x + 4 x 3 x3 x + 4
q 3
lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1)

= x 3 x 3
lim ( x3 x + 4)
x 3
3
18 4

=
28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
 !3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3 !3
2x2 5x + 1 2x2 5x + 1
lim = lim
x 3 x3 x + 4 x 3 x3 x + 4
q 3
lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1)

= x 3 x 3
lim ( x3 x + 4)
x 3
3
18 4

=
28
1
=
8

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
 3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
 3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1

Can we arrive at this conclusion computationally?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
 3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1

Can we arrive at this conclusion computationally?

 
Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1
x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
 3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1

Can we arrive at this conclusion computationally?

 
Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1 =0
x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
 3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1

Can we arrive at this conclusion computationally?

 
Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1 = 0 and lim ( x 1)
x 1 x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
 3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1

Can we arrive at this conclusion computationally?

 
Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1 = 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1 x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
 3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1

Can we arrive at this conclusion computationally?

 
Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1 = 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1 x 1

3x2 4x + 1 (3x 1)( x 1)

But when x 6= 1, = = 3x 1.
x1 x1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
 3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1

Can we arrive at this conclusion computationally?

 
Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1 = 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1 x 1

3x2 4x + 1 (3x 1)( x 1)

But when x 6= 1, = = 3x 1.
x1 x1

Since we are just taking the limit as x 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
 3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1

Can we arrive at this conclusion computationally?

 
Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1 = 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1 x 1

3x2 4x + 1 (3x 1)( x 1)

But when x 6= 1, = = 3x 1.
x1 x1

Since we are just taking the limit as x 1,

3x2 4x + 1
lim
x 1 x1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
 3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1

Can we arrive at this conclusion computationally?

 
Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1 = 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1 x 1

3x2 4x + 1 (3x 1)( x 1)

But when x 6= 1, = = 3x 1.
x1 x1

Since we are just taking the limit as x 1,

3x2 4x + 1
lim = lim (3x 1)
x 1 x1 x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
 3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1

Can we arrive at this conclusion computationally?

 
Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1 = 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1 x 1

3x2 4x + 1 (3x 1)( x 1)

But when x 6= 1, = = 3x 1.
x1 x1

Since we are just taking the limit as x 1,

3x2 4x + 1
lim = lim (3x 1) = 2.
x 1 x1 x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
Definition

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 24 / 39
Definition
If lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0
xa xa

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 24 / 39
Definition
If lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0 then
xa xa

f (x)
lim
xa g( x )

0
is called an indeterminate form of type .
0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 24 / 39
Definition
If lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0 then
xa xa

f (x)
lim
xa g( x )

0
is called an indeterminate form of type .
0

Remarks:

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 24 / 39
Definition
If lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0 then
xa xa

f (x)
lim
xa g( x )

0
is called an indeterminate form of type .
0

Remarks:
1 The limit above MAY or MAY NOT exist.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 24 / 39
Definition
If lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0 then
xa xa

f (x)
lim
xa g( x )

0
is called an indeterminate form of type .
0

Remarks:
1 The limit above MAY or MAY NOT exist.
2 Some techniques used in evaluating such limits are:

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 24 / 39
Definition
If lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0 then
xa xa

f (x)
lim
xa g( x )

0
is called an indeterminate form of type .
0

Remarks:
1 The limit above MAY or MAY NOT exist.
2 Some techniques used in evaluating such limits are:
Factoring
Rationalization

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 24 / 39
Examples

x2 + 2x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 1 x+1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 25 / 39
Examples

x2 + 2x + 1
 
0
Evaluate: lim
x 1 x+1 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 25 / 39
Examples

x2 + 2x + 1
 
0
Evaluate: lim
x 1 x+1 0

x2 + 2x + 1
lim
x 1 x+1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 25 / 39
Examples

x2 + 2x + 1
 
0
Evaluate: lim
x 1 x+1 0

x2 + 2x + 1
lim = lim
x 1 x+1 x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 25 / 39
Examples

x2 + 2x + 1
 
0
Evaluate: lim
x 1 x+1 0

x2 + 2x + 1 ( x + 1)2
lim = lim
x 1 x+1 x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 25 / 39
Examples

x2 + 2x + 1
 
0
Evaluate: lim
x 1 x+1 0

x2 + 2x + 1 ( x + 1)2
lim = lim
x 1 x+1 x 1 x + 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 25 / 39
Examples

x2 + 2x + 1
 
0
Evaluate: lim
x 1 x+1 0

x2 + 2x + 1 ( x + 1)2
lim = lim
x 1 x+1 x 1 x + 1

= lim ( x + 1)
x 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 25 / 39
Examples

x2 + 2x + 1
 
0
Evaluate: lim
x 1 x+1 0

x2 + 2x + 1 ( x + 1)2
lim = lim
x 1 x+1 x 1 x + 1

= lim ( x + 1)
x 1

= (1 + 1)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 25 / 39
Examples

x2 + 2x + 1
 
0
Evaluate: lim
x 1 x+1 0

x2 + 2x + 1 ( x + 1)2
lim = lim
x 1 x+1 x 1 x + 1

= lim ( x + 1)
x 1

= (1 + 1)

= 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 25 / 39
Examples

x3 + 8
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 26 / 39
Examples

x3 + 8
 
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 2 x 4 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 26 / 39
Examples

x3 + 8
 
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 2 x 4 0

x3 + 8
lim
x 2 x2 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 26 / 39
Examples

x3 + 8
 
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 2 x 4 0

x3 + 8
lim = lim
x 2 x2 4 x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 26 / 39
Examples

x3 + 8
 
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 2 x 4 0

x3 + 8 ( x + 2)( x2 2x + 4)
lim = lim
x 2 x2 4 x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 26 / 39
Examples

x3 + 8
 
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 2 x 4 0

x3 + 8 ( x + 2)( x2 2x + 4)
lim = lim
x 2 x2 4 x 2 ( x + 2)( x 2)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 26 / 39
Examples

x3 + 8
 
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 2 x 4 0

x3 + 8 ( x + 2)( x2 2x + 4)
lim = lim
x 2 x2 4 x 2 ( x + 2)( x 2)
x2 2x + 4
= lim
x 2 x2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 26 / 39
Examples

x3 + 8
 
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 2 x 4 0

x3 + 8 ( x + 2)( x2 2x + 4)
lim = lim
x 2 x2 4 x 2 ( x + 2)( x 2)
x2 2x + 4
= lim
x 2 x2
4+4+4
=
2 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 26 / 39
Examples

x3 + 8
 
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 2 x 4 0

x3 + 8 ( x + 2)( x2 2x + 4)
lim = lim
x 2 x2 4 x 2 ( x + 2)( x 2)
x2 2x + 4
= lim
x 2 x2
4+4+4
=
2 2
= 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 26 / 39
Examples

x2 16
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples

x2 16
 
0
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples

x2 16
 
0
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x 0

x2 16
lim
x 4 2 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples

x2 16
 
0
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x 0

x2 16 x2 16
lim = lim
x 4 2 x x 4 2 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples

x2 16
 
0
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x 0

x2 16 x2 16 2 + x
lim = lim
x 4 2 x x 4 2 x 2 + x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples

x2 16
 
0
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x 0

x2 16 x2 16 2 + x
lim = lim
x 4 2 x x 4 2 x 2 + x

( x2 16)(2 + x )
= lim
x 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples

x2 16
 
0
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x 0

x2 16 x2 16 2 + x
lim = lim
x 4 2 x x 4 2 x 2 + x

( x2 16)(2 + x )
= lim
x 4 4x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples

x2 16
 
0
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x 0

x2 16 x2 16 2 + x
lim = lim
x 4 2 x x 4 2 x 2 + x

( x2 16)(2 + x )
= lim
x 4 4x

( x 4)( x + 4)(2 + x)
= lim
x 4 4x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples

x2 16
 
0
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x 0

x2 16 x2 16 2 + x
lim = lim
x 4 2 x x 4 2 x 2 + x

( x2 16)(2 + x )
= lim
x 4 4x

( x 4)( x + 4)(2 + x )
= lim
x 4 4x

= lim [( x + 4)(2 + x )]
x 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples

x2 16
 
0
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x 0

x2 16 x2 16 2 + x
lim = lim
x 4 2 x x 4 2 x 2 + x

( x2 16)(2 + x )
= lim
x 4 4x

( x 4)( x + 4)(2 + x )
= lim
x 4 4x

= lim [( x + 4)(2 + x )]
x 4

= (8)(4)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples

x2 16
 
0
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x 0

x2 16 x2 16 2 + x
lim = lim
x 4 2 x x 4 2 x 2 + x

( x2 16)(2 + x )
= lim
x 4 4x

( x 4)( x + 4)(2 + x )
= lim
x 4 4x

= lim [( x + 4)(2 + x )]
x 4

= (8)(4)

= 32

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples

3
x2
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples

3
x2
 
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples

3
x2
 
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0

3
x2
lim
x 8 x2 7x 8

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples

3
x2
 
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0

3

3
x2 x2
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples

3
x2
 
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0

3
x2 3
x2 3
x2
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples

3
x2
 
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0

3
x2 3
x2 3
x2 + 2 3 x
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples

3
x2
 
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0

3
x2 3
x2 3
x2 + 2 3 x + 4
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples

3
x2
 
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0

3 2
3 3
x2 x2 x +2 3 x+4
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8 3 2
x +2 3 x+4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples

3
x2
 
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0

3 2
3 3
x2 x2 x +2 3 x+4
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8 3 2
x +2 3 x+4
x8
= lim
x 8

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples

3
x2
 
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0
3 2
3 3
x2 x2 x +2 3 x+4
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8 3 2
x +2 3 x+4
x8
= lim
x 8 ( x 8)( x + 1)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples

3
x2
 
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0
3 2
3 3
x2 x2 x +2 3 x+4
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8 3 2
x +2 3 x+4
x8
= lim
x 8 ( x 8)( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples

3
x2
 
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0
3 2
3 3
x2 x2 x +2 3 x+4
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8 3 2
x +2 3 x+4
x8
= lim
x 8 ( x 8)( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4)
1
= lim
x 8 ( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples

3
x2
 
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0
3 2
3 3
x2 x2 x +2 3 x+4
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8 3 2
x +2 3 x+4
x8
= lim
x 8 ( x 8)( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4)
1
= lim
x 8 ( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4)
1
=
9(4 + 4 + 4)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples

3
x2
 
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0
3 2
3 3
x2 x2 x +2 3 x+4
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8 3 2
x +2 3 x+4
x8
= lim
x 8 ( x 8)( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4)
1
= lim
x 8 ( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4)
1
=
9(4 + 4 + 4)
1
=
108

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
For today

1 Limit of a Function: An intuitive approach

2 Evaluating Limits

3 One-sided Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 29 / 39
Illustration 4

3 5x2 , x < 1

Consider: f ( x ) =
4x 3,

x1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 30 / 39
Illustration 4

3 5x2 , x < 1

Consider: f ( x ) =
4x 3,

x1

As x 1, the value of f ( x ) depends

on whether x < 1 or x > 1.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 30 / 39
Illustration 4

3 5x2 , x < 1

4
Consider: f ( x ) =
4x 3,

x1 3

1
As x 1, the value of f ( x ) depends
on whether x < 1 or x > 1. 4 3 2 1 1 2 3
0
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 30 / 39
Illustration 4

3 5x2 , x < 1

4
Consider: f ( x ) =
4x 3,

x1 3

1
As x 1, the value of f ( x ) depends
on whether x < 1 or x > 1. 4 3 2 1 1 2 3
0
1

As x approaches 1 through values less than 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 30 / 39
Illustration 4

3 5x2 , x < 1

4
Consider: f ( x ) =
4x 3,

x1 3

1
As x 1, the value of f ( x ) depends
on whether x < 1 or x > 1. 4 3 2 1 1 2 3
0
1

As x approaches 1 through values less than 1, f ( x ) approaches 2.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 30 / 39
Illustration 4

3 5x2 , x < 1

4
Consider: f ( x ) =
4x 3,

x1 3

1
As x 1, the value of f ( x ) depends
on whether x < 1 or x > 1. 4 3 2 1 1 2 3
0
1

As x approaches 1 through values less than 1, f ( x ) approaches 2.

As x approaches 1 through values greater than 1,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 30 / 39
Illustration 4

3 5x2 , x < 1

4
Consider: f ( x ) =
4x 3,

x1 3

1
As x 1, the value of f ( x ) depends
on whether x < 1 or x > 1. 4 3 2 1 1 2 3
0
1

As x approaches 1 through values less than 1, f ( x ) approaches 2.

As x approaches 1 through values greater than 1, f ( x ) approaches 1.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 30 / 39
Illustration 5

Consider: g( x ) = x

2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 31 / 39
Illustration 5

Consider: g( x ) = x

( )
2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 31 / 39
Illustration 5

Consider: g( x ) = x

( )
2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 31 / 39
Illustration 5

Consider: g( x ) = x

( )
2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 31 / 39
Illustration 5

Consider: g( x ) = x

()
2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 31 / 39
Illustration 5

Consider: g( x ) = x

()
2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Since there is no open interval I containing 0 such that g( x ) is defined on I ,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 31 / 39
Illustration 5

Consider: g( x ) = x

()
2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Since there is no open interval I containing 0 such that g( x ) is defined on I , we

cannot let x approach 0 from both sides.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 31 / 39
Illustration 5

Consider: g( x ) = x

()
2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Since there is no open interval I containing 0 such that g( x ) is defined on I , we

cannot let x approach 0 from both sides.

But we can say something about the values of g( x ) as x gets closer and closer to
0 from the right of 0.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 31 / 39
One-sided Limits

Intuitive Definition
The

limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the left is L

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 32 / 39
One-sided Limits

Intuitive Definition
The

limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the left is L

if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x get closer and
closer to a, but are less than a.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 32 / 39
One-sided Limits

Intuitive Definition
The

limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the left is L

if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x get closer and
closer to a, but are less than a.

Notation:
lim f ( x ) = L
x a

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 32 / 39
One-sided Limits

Intuitive Definition
The

limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the right is L

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 33 / 39
One-sided Limits

Intuitive Definition
The

limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the right is L

if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x get closer and
closer to a, but are greater than a

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 33 / 39
One-sided Limits

Intuitive Definition
The

limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the right is L

if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x get closer and
closer to a, but are greater than a

Notation:
lim f ( x ) = L
x a+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 33 / 39
Theorem
lim f ( x ) = L if and only if lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = L
xa x a x a+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 34 / 39

3 5x2 , x < 1

f (x) =
4x 3,

x1

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 35 / 39

3 5x2 , x < 1

f (x) =
4x 3,

x1

4
lim f ( x )
x 1
3

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 35 / 39

3 5x2 , x < 1

f (x) =
4x 3,

x1

4
lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 )
x 1 x 1
3

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 35 / 39

3 5x2 , x < 1

f (x) =
4x 3,

x1

4
lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 ) = 2
x 1 x 1
3

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 35 / 39

3 5x2 , x < 1

f (x) =
4x 3,

x1

4
lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 ) = 2
x 1 x 1
3 lim f ( x )
x 1+
2

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 35 / 39

3 5x2 , x < 1

f (x) =
4x 3,

x1

4
lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 ) = 2
x 1 x 1
3 lim f ( x ) = lim (4x 3)
x 1+ x 1+
2

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 35 / 39

3 5x2 , x < 1

f (x) =
4x 3,

x1

4
lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 ) = 2
x 1 x 1
3 lim f ( x ) = lim (4x 3) = 1
x 1+ x 1+
2

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 35 / 39

3 5x2 , x < 1

f (x) =
4x 3,

x1

4
lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 ) = 2
x 1 x 1
3 lim f ( x ) = lim (4x 3) = 1
x 1+ x 1+
2 lim f ( x ) dne
x 1
1

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 35 / 39
Examples

g( x ) = x

2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 36 / 39
Examples

g( x ) = x

2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Based on the graph,

lim x
x 0+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 36 / 39
Examples

g( x ) = x

2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Based on the graph,

lim x=0
x 0+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 36 / 39
Examples

g( x ) = x

2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Based on the graph,

lim x=0
x 0+

lim x
x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 36 / 39
Examples

g( x ) = x

2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Based on the graph,

lim x=0
x 0+

lim x dne
x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 36 / 39
Examples

g( x ) = x

2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Based on the graph,

lim x=0
x 0+

lim x dne
x 0

lim x
x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 36 / 39
Examples

g( x ) = x

2 1 0 1 2 3
1

Based on the graph,

lim x=0
x 0+

lim x dne
x 0

lim x dne
x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 36 / 39
Examples

3
1, x 0

Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0

1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples

3
1, x 0

Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0

1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3

lim H ( x )
x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples

3
1, x 0

Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0

1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3

lim H ( x ) = lim 0
x 0 x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples

3
1, x 0

Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0

1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3

lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples

3
1, x 0

Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0

1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3

lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0
lim H ( x )
x 0+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples

3
1, x 0

Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0

1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3

lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 1
x 0+ x 0+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples

3
1, x 0

Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0

1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3

lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1
x 0+ x 0+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples

3
1, x 0

Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0

1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3

lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1
x 0+ x 0+
lim H ( x )
x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples

3
1, x 0

Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0

1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3

lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1
x 0+ x 0+
lim H ( x ) dne
x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples

3
1, x 0

Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0

1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3

lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1
x 0+ x 0+
lim H ( x ) dne
x 0
lim H ( x )
x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples

3
1, x 0

Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0

1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3

lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1
x 0+ x 0+
lim H ( x ) dne
x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 1
x 2 x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples

3
1, x 0

Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0

1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3

lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1
x 0+ x 0+
lim H ( x ) dne
x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1
x 2 x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples

5 2x, x2


Let p( x ) =
x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples

5 2x, x2


Let p( x ) =
x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x )
x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples

5 2x, x2


Let p( x ) =
x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x
x 2 x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples

5 2x, x2


Let p( x ) =
x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples

5 2x, x2


Let p( x ) =
x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2

lim p( x )
x 2+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples

5 2x, x2


Let p( x ) =
x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
x2 2x
lim p( x ) = lim
x 2+ x 2+ 2x 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples

5 2x, x2


Let p( x ) =
x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
x2 2x x ( x 2)
lim p( x ) = lim = lim
x 2+ x 2+ 2x 4 x 2+ 2 ( x 2 )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples

5 2x, x2


Let p( x ) =
x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
x2 2x x ( x 2) x
lim p( x ) = lim = lim = lim
x 2+ x 2+ 2x 4 x 2+ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2+ 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples

5 2x, x2


Let p( x ) =
x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
x2 2x x ( x 2) x
lim p( x ) = lim = lim = lim =1
x 2+ x 2+ 2x 4 x 2+ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2+ 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples

5 2x, x2


Let p( x ) =
x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
x2 2x x ( x 2) x
lim p( x ) = lim = lim = lim =1
x 2+ x 2+ 2x 4 x 2+ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2+ 2
lim p( x )
x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples

5 2x, x2


Let p( x ) =
x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
x2 2x x ( x 2) x
lim p( x ) = lim = lim = lim =1
x 2+ x 2+ 2x 4 x 2+ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2+ 2
lim p( x ) = 1
x 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples

5 2x, x2


Let p( x ) =
x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
x2 2x x ( x 2) x
lim p( x ) = lim = lim = lim =1
x 2+ x 2+ 2x 4 x 2+ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2+ 2
lim p( x ) = 1
x 2

lim p( x )
x 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples

5 2x, x2


Let p( x ) =
x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
x2 2x x ( x 2) x
lim p( x ) = lim = lim = lim =1
x 2+ x 2+ 2x 4 x 2+ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2+ 2
lim p( x ) = 1
x 2
x2 2x
lim p( x ) = lim
x 3 x 3 2x 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples

5 2x, x2


Let p( x ) =
x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
x2 2x x ( x 2) x
lim p( x ) = lim = lim = lim =1
x 2+ x 2+ 2x 4 x 2+ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2+ 2
lim p( x ) = 1
x 2
x2 2x 96
lim p( x ) = lim =
x 3 x 3 2x 4 64

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples

5 2x, x2


Let p( x ) =
x2 2x

, x>2
2x 4

lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
x2 2x x ( x 2) x
lim p( x ) = lim = lim = lim =1
x 2+ x 2+ 2x 4 x 2+ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2+ 2
lim p( x ) = 1
x 2
x2 2x 96 3
lim p( x ) = lim = =
x 3 x 3 2x 4 64 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Exercises

3x 12
1 Evaluate: lim
x 4 3 2x + 1
x2 + 1

, if x < 1


2 Find lim f ( x ) given: f ( x ) = x1
x 1
1 x + 5, if x 1

6x 4
 
1
3 Evaluate: lim +
x 2/3 3x2 + 4x 4 3x + 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 39 / 39