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ISBN xxx-xxxx-xx-x
e-mail: soumen@civil.iitkgp.ernet.in
ABSTRACT
Several methods have been proposed to account for unsteady friction effects during pressure surge oscillations.
Convolution integral methods are an alternative within the one-dimensional models category for laminar flows. These
methods use the past local accelerations and weighting functions in which computations are time consuming and require
large computer memory. The convolution integral method was extended to turbulent flow for smooth and for rough
pipes. These solutions provide acceptable approximations at the expense of numerical accuracy due to the approximation
of the convolution integral by a limited number of weighted coefficients. The above mentioned one-dimensional unsteady
friction models have been tested only for a very narrow set of unsteady flow conditions and the present state of
knowledge does not guarantee their performance in general transient flow situations. The assumptions in which these
models are based are likely to fail in many practical applications. In this research, equations of continuity and motion with
quasi two-dimensional eddy viscosity turbulence closure model is applied to an elastic circular pipe. Since the flow is
axisymmetric, the momentum and continuity equations are solved in cylindrical coordinates. The effect of roughness is
included in the form of Reynolds stresses in the momentum equation and model is tested for a rapid valve closure data at
different Reynolds numbers available in the literature. The pressure damping produced by the proposed model is quite
accurate.
Keywords: unsteady friction; RANS equations, turbulence; eddy viscosity; closed conduit flow
1
1
which is known as a quasi steady approximation. This + = (1 + (2 + )2 + 1) [13]
2
approximation accurately predicts maximum pressure or Mixing length Equation:
minimum pressure in the absence of the two phase flow. + +
+ = + + (1 1 ) [14]
However, this method is not accurate for the prediction of +
Where, 1 = mixing length damping factor for flows with
the time history of pressure profile. The pressure damping zero pressure gradient.
in a real system is much higher as compared to pressure Turbulence model (smooth pipe):
profile computed by using the quasi steady 1+ =
+
[15]
+ + 1
approximation. The accurate calculation of attenuation ln[1
+ +
]
due instantaneous transient velocities is important for
long-term simulations to estimate water losses in the 2.5.1 Turbulence model for hydraulically smooth flows
system. To this end, eddy viscosity turbulence model was Fig.1 shows an inner region turbulence model for different
used here to simulate unsteady flows in closed conduits. roughness conditions. Sand grain roughness is given by
Detailed methodology is given in this paper. Prandtl-Schlisting (White 1992)
1
1 = ln(1 + 0.3 + ) [16]
Continuity and Momentum equations given in Chaudhry
(2014) are presented below. Where, + = and k is the roughness height of pipe wall.
2
+ =0 [1]
2.2. Momentum equation:
4
+ + =0 [2]
where,
1
= 2 [3]
8
2.3. Energy Dissipation Factor:
= [4]
3
Where, = (2 1 ) [5]
2
= 2 2 0 [6]
1
= (
) [7]
Blending between inner region and outer region, eddy Mac Cormack scheme was chosen to compute velocity
viscosity is given by, profiles. Mac Cormack method was chosen for it is 2nd
+ +
+
+ = ( ) [25] order accurate and easily implementable. Mac Cormack
+ +
log( )
= + [26] method is a two-step Predictor and corrector method. In
( + )
predictor method forward finite difference is used and in
Velocity distribution in laminar flow is given by,
1 corrector method backward finite difference is used.
= ( ) (2 2 ) [27] 2.91 Predictor method:
4
Velocity distribution in turbulent flow is given by, Axisymmetric momentum equation was first solved using
+ = 0
+ +
+ [28] the predictor step. The approximations for the partial
1+ + derivatives in this step are given below.
2.6 Velocity gradient
Velocity gradient is given by, = [35]
+1 +( 2 1) 2 1 +1
[29] = [36]
(+1) +
2 2(+1 (+1) +1
)
2
= 2
[37]
(+1)( )
Where, = 1 is the ratio of two successive grid
Where, + = +1 , r - = ri -ri-1 and , = 1 .
spaces and r - = ri-1 -ri .
The subscript n and i refers to the time level and grid
The subscript i refers to i-th position inside the pipe cross
point. The asterisk indicates predicted values.
section. A second order backward approximation was
The momentum equation is solved for (Silva Araya and
used for the gradient at the wall
2 2 (1+)2 1
Chaudhury, 1997) as,
| [30] 1 +1
+1
(1+)(1 2 ) = + ( ) + ( + ) +
+
2(+1 (+1) +1
)
[38]
(+1)( )2
1
5. CONCLUSIONS
non dimensional pressure
0.5
In this paper, an eddy viscosity turbulence model was
presented for transient simulations in water pipeline
systems. It was demonstrated that this method can be used
0
to model instantaneous valve closure in water pipelines.
The performance of the eddy viscosity turbulence model is
-0.5 excellent, during rapid transients and it was proved that
the pressure profiles were accurately captured by the
proposed method. The pressure damping in the
-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 simulations was equal to the experiments. The proposed
non dimensional time
method was computationally intensive, which needs higher
Figure 3. Measured and computed pressure profiles at the computational time as compared to convolution based
valve for rapid closure with initial steady velocity, Vo = methods and instantaneous acceleration based methods.
0.63 m/s The advantage of the eddy viscosity model was
Reynolds no = 15800 computation of 2D velocity profiles during unsteady
1.5
Eddy viscosity model
turbulent flows. Best use of this method is to simulate
Experimental transient pressures and flow rates during more than one
1 unsteady boundary condition present in the system akin to
a water distribution system where multiple transients do
non dimensional pressure
0.5
occur simultaneously. This method can be used long term
simulations to accurately locate leakages and to estimate
unaccounted water with minimum error in water
0
distribution systems.
6. REFERENCES
-0.5
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Paper(s) submitted to the IAHR-APD2014 are interpreted
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authorization for publication.