EnergyResourcesofIndia

Theresourceswhicharewidelyusedandconstitutethemajorsourceof
energy
Conventionalresources
ExamplesCoal,Oil,Naturalgas,Woodetc.
ofEnergy
Limited,Nonrenewable,Costly,CausePollution&Exhaustible

SolarEnergy,WindEnergy,TidalEnergy,GeothermalEnergy,OTEC
Nonconventional (Oceanthermalenergyconversion)etc.
resources Renewable,Cheap,Pollutionfree&Inexhaustible

Renewablesourcesof SolarEnergy,WindEnergy,TidalEnergy,Fish,Treesetc.
Energy

NonRenewable Fossils(Coal,Gas),Minerals,NuclearPoweretc.
sourcesofEnergy

Whichhavelife>>Forests,Crops,Animals,Coal&Mineraloil
Bioticresources

Land,Water,Minerals
Abioticresources

AshokChawlaCommitteeonNaturalResources
Creationofnationaldatabaseofnaturalresources
Allocationofnaturalresources,ifpossible,througheauction
Measuresforbenefitofstakeholdersinmineralrichareas

NeedforconservingConventionalEnergyResources
Arelimitedinsupplyandcannotberenewedeasily.
Duetopopulationexplosion,modernizationandindustrializationthedemandforenergyresourcesis
 increasingdaybyday
Tocontrolenergycrisisthereisneedtoconserveconventionalenergyresources.
Thereisalsoaneminentneedtoexplorealternativesourcesofenergy

EnergyCrisis

Asituationinwhichresourcesarelessthanthedemand
Inthepastfewdecadesduetohighdemand,thereisshortageofenergyresources,whichhascreated
energycrisis
MajorcausesforEnergyCrisis:

RapidIndustrialization
OverPopulation
Transferlosses
Riseinoilprices
ProblemsinMiddleeast
Wastageofenergyresources

Coal
Qualityofcoalisdeterminedbyitscarboncontent
MajorproblemsofIndianCoal

LowCarboncontent
HighAshcontent
LowCalorificValue

MajorcoalproducingareasinIndiaJharkhand>Odisha>Chhattisgarh>WestBengal
ChhotaNagpurRegionHubof90%ofIndianminerals(esp.inCoal&IronRuhrofIndia)
MajortypesofCoals

Anthracite
Bituminous
Bestqualitycoal
Approx.90%carboncontent 7090%carboncontent
FoundatJ&KonlyinIndia MostcommoninIndia
Verylittlesmoke&ashcontent Usedinmakingcoke
Burnswithoutflames

Lignite Peat

4070%carboncontent 1sttransformationofwoodintocoal
Knownasbrowncoal ~40%carboncontent
Coke
Formedbydestructivedistillationofcoke
Heatingofcoalintheabsenceofoxygentoburnofvolatilegases
Highincarboncontent

Petroleum/Mineraloil
Foundinsedimentaryrocksofmarineorigin
Formedbydecompositionoftinymarinecreatures,plants&vegetationundermud,silt&sand
Overtheyears,itunderwentchemicalchangestoformcrudeoil&naturalgasundertheactionofheat&
pressure
20%ofIndiascrudeoil&gasdemandisproduceddomestically&80%isimported
JamnagarRefineriesofRelianceindustriesisworldlargestrefinerycomplex

NaturalGas
Mainlycontainsmethane&foundinassociationwithmineraloil(75%liesinBombayhigh&Basseinoil
fields)
LargestshareofNGisasfollows

40%Productionofchemicalfertilizers
30%Powergeneration
10%LPG(CookingGas)
ConventionalsourcesShalegas,Coalbedmethane,MethaneHydrates,Tightsandstones

BioFuels
FuelderivedfromNonfossilplants

InIndia,mainlycentersaroundcultivation&processingofJatrophaplantseeds,usedinproductionof
BioDiesel
Encouragedonlyonwasteland/government/forestland
Notallowedonfertileland

Toproduceethanolfromsugarcane(Bioethanol)

NationalBiofuelPolicy
Targetsminimum20%biofuelblending(bothbiodieselandbioethanol)acrossthecountryby2017
ElectricityinIndiaThermal>Hydro>Wind>NuclearThermalEnergy
67%oftotalenergyproduction
Generatedbyusingfossilfuels(Coal,Petroleum,Naturalgas)
NoGeologicalconditionsrequired
Limitedreserves,Risingdemands(cost)&nonecofriendly
LargestProducerMaharashtra
ToboostThermalpowerproductiongov.haspromotedUltraMegaPowerProjects(4000MW&above)

Hydroelectricity
18%oftotalenergyproduction
Ecofriendly,Clean&Renewable
Smallhydelpowerprojects<25MW
ArecountedunderNewrenewableenergysources
LargestProducerAndhraPradesh
Centralelectricityauthority(CEC)hasestimatedHydelpowerpotentialof84000MWat60%loadfactor
from39000MWatpresent

NuclearEnergy
26%oftotalenergyproduction
Energyobtainedfromatomicmineralsviz.Uranium,Thorium,zircon,beryllium
Providecolossalenergythroughasmallquantityofsubstance
ThoriumFoundasmonazitesandinlakes&seabeds
ThoriumAP>TN>Kerala>Orissaconstitutes30%ofworldreserves
LargestProducerTamilNadu
Veryeconomicaldoesnotproducegreenhousegasesthatpolluteatmosphere
WindEnergy
NonconventionalRenewablesourceofenergy
5thlargestinstalledwindpowercapacityintheworld
LargestProducerTamilNadu
Highcostascomparedtotheefficiencyofpowergenerated
Nagercoil(TN)andJaisalmer(Rajasthan)arewellknownforeffectiveuseofwindenergyinthecountry

SolarEnergy
NonconventionalRenewablesourceofenergy
Thermal+PhotovoltaicSunlighttoenergy
Highcostascomparedtotheefficiencyofpowergenerated
Indiaplanstoadd20000MWofsolarenergyby2022underJawaharNehruNationalSolarMission
ThelargestsolarplantofIndiaislocatedatMadhavpur,nearBhuj,wheresolarenergyisusedtosterilise
milkcans.

TidalEnergy
NonconventionalRenewablesourceofenergy
Oceanictidescanbeusedtogenerateelectricity.
Floodgatedamsarebuiltacrossinlets
Duringhightidewaterflowsintotheinletandgetstrappedwhenthegateisclosed.
Afterthetidefallsoutsidethefloodgate,thewaterretainedbythefloodgateflowsbacktotheseaviaa
pipethatcarriesitthroughapowergeneratingturbine.
InIndia,theGulfofKutch,providesidealconditionsforutilisingtidalenergy.
Experimentalplant(150kw)atVizinjam(Thiruvananthapuram)&900mwatKutch

GeoThermalEnergy
ReferstotheheatandelectricityproducedbyusingtheheatfromtheinterioroftheEarth
Existsbecause,theEarthgrowsprogressivelyhotterwithincreasingdepth
Groundwaterinsuchareasabsorbsheatfromtherocksandbecomeshot.
Itissohotthatwhenitrisestotheearthssurface,itturnsintosteam.
Thissteamisusedtodriveturbinesandgenerateelectricity.
TwoexperimentalprojectshavebeensetupinIndiatoharnessgeothermalenergy
ParvativalleynearManikarninHimachalPradeshandPugaValley,Ladakh
BioGas
Energyproducedfromorganicwastesuchasfarmwaste,shrubs,animalandhumanwaste
Convertedintoenergybydirectcombustionorbyconversionofsuchwastagesintoalcohol,methane,or
otherstoragefuels
Providespollutionfreeenergy
Cheaperthanmostofthecommonfuels
Theresiduecanbeusedasmanure
Hashigherthermalefficiencyincomparisontokerosene,cowdung,coalandcharcoal

OTEC
Oceanthermalenergyconversion
Usesthedifferencebetweencoolerdeepandwarmershallowsurfaceoceanwaterstorunaheatengine