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TOI
TR
0.61
114
TR
0.61
186.88
Size of Can
From Kents Mechanical Engineers Handbook, p. 11-50:
Size of can = 11 x 22 x 44 in
Sides: No. 16
Bottom: No. 16
W = 300 lb
Temperature of Brine
T = 15 F
Time of Freezing
7a2
x=
32 t
where:
x = time of freezing, hr
a = thickness of cake, in
t = temperature of brine, F
7(11)2
x=
32 15
= .
WH
N=
24C
where:
N = no. of cans
W = weight of ice, lb
H = freezing time, hr
(114x2000)(50)
N=
24(300)
= .
where:
Vice = 11 x 22 x 44
where:
Cs = wall clearance
t = thickness of cake
Ci = 3
L = 723 inches
Width of Tank
Cs = 8
w = 22
W = 413 inches
VFT = 2 ( L x W x H )
12 in
21072.06 cu. ft x ( 1 ft )3 = 2 ( 723 in x 413 in x H )
H = 60.972 in 61 inches
Dimensions of One Freezing Tank
Raw water is at 77 F.
Qice = 75.85 TR
From Tranes Air Conditioning Manual, p. 361, Table 3-3 and Kents Mechanical
Engineers Handbook, p. 11-37, Table 19:
Thermal
Conductivity, k Capacitance, c
Thickness
Material BTUin BTU
(inches) (hrft2 F) ( )
hr ft 2 F
Corkboard 3 0.27 -
Cement mortar 2 5.0 -
Side Walls
Gypsum lightweight
- - 3.12
aggregate (1/2 in)
Cover Oak or maple wood 0.75 1.15 -
Flooring Cement mortar 5.0 5.0 -
Still air Still air - - 1.65
Qside walls = UAt
Asw = 1924
1
U= 1 x1 x2 1
+ + +
fo k1 k2 c
1
U= 1 3 2 1
+ + +
1.65 0.27 5 3.12
U = 0.080401
BTU
Qsw = (0.080401 hrft2 F) (1924 ft 2 ) (80.6 15)F
Qfloor = UAt
Af = L x W x 2 tanks
Af = 723 x 413 x 2
Af = 4147.208
k
U=x
5
U=8
U = 0.6
BTU
Qfloor = (0.6 hrft2 F ) (4147.208 ft 2 ) (80.6 15)F
Qcover = UAt
1
U= 1 0.75
+
1.65 1.15
U = 0.7948
BTU
Qcover = (0.7948 hrft2 F ) (4147.208 ft 2 )(80.6 15)F
Qinsulation = 32.474 TR
Qtotal = 108.324 TR
For other heat loads and non-computable loads, add 15% of total load.
TR 186.88 TR
Specific Specific
Latent Heat Heat
Optimum Freezing
Temperature Heat of Above Below
Product Relative Temperature,
Range, F Fusion, Freezing, Freezing,
Humidity F
BTU/lb-hr (BTU/lb- (BTU/lb-
hr-F) hr-F)
Beef 30 32 84% 27 98 0.75 0.40
Hams and
28 30 80% 27 86.5 0.68 0.38
Loins
Lamb 28 30 85% 29 83.5 0.67 0.30
Poultry
28 30 84% 27 106 0.79 0.37
(fresh)
Beef:
m = 4000 lb
QB = 531200 BTU/hr
Hams and Loins:
m = 4000 lb
Lamb:
m = 4000 lb
QL = 449200 BTU/hr
Poultry (Fresh):
m = 4000 lb
QP = 565080 BTU/hr
Product Load
Qproduct = QB + QHL + QL + QP
Floor height = 12 ft
MT = 16000 lb
108 ft3
Space required = 16000 lb x 700 lb
9 ft2
Floor space = 16000 lb x 700 lb
For easy handling of storing meat products, the height of pile of meat is halved and
the floor space is doubled (same volume of space required).
Therefore:
Allowance to receiving and shipping floors amounts from 4 to 5% of total floor space.
For 5%:
Size = 50 ft x 30 ft x 12 ft
Thermal Capacitance, c
Thickness, Conductivity, k
Material BTU
(inches) BTUin ( )
(hrft2 F) hr ft 2 F
Brick (common) 8 4.8 -
Corkboard 4 0.32 -
Side Walls Concrete
1.5 4.9 -
(cinder aggregate)
Gypsum plaster - - 4.4
Concrete
3 4.9 -
Flooring (cinder aggregate)
Corkboard 5 0.32 -
Concrete
4 4.9 -
Ceiling (cinder aggregate)
Corkboard 6 0.32 -
Still air Still air - - 1.65
Outside air Outside air - - 6.0
1
U= 1 x1 x2 1 1
+ + + +
fo k1 k2 c fi
1
U=1 8 4 1 1
+ + + +
6 4.8 0.32 4.4 1.65
U = 0.06463
BTU
Qside walls = (0.06463 hrft2 F) (1920 ft2) ( 94.1 0)F
Qfloor = UAt
Afloor = L x W
Afloor = 50 x 30
1
U= x1 x2 1
+ +
k1 k2 fi
1
U= 3 5 1
+ +
4.9 0.32 1.65
U = 0.05937
BTU
Qfloor = (0.05937 hrft2 F) (1500 ft2) (94.1 0)F
Qceiling = UAt
1
U= 1 x1 x2 1
+ + +
fo k1 k2 fi
1
U=1 6 4 1
+ + +
6 0.32 4.9 1.65
U = 0.049166
BTU
Qceiling = (0.049166 hrft2 F) (1500 ft2) (94.1 0)F
(101.3253.8046)(34.528.1)
Pv = 3.8046 -
1546.622 1.44(28.1)
Pv = 3.3902 kPa
0.622 Pv
wo = PtPv
0.622 (3.3902)
wo = 101.3253.3902
wo = 0.02153 kg/kg
ho = 1.0062t + whfg
tdb = 0 F = - 17.778 C
RH = 80%
Pv
RH = Psat
Pv
0.80 = 0.12807 ; Psat @ -17.778 C = 0.12807 kPa
Pv = 0.10245 kPa
hi = 0.7 BTU/lb
From Dossats Principles of Refrigeration, air change load may be computed using the
formula:
Qv = W (ho - hi)
For W:
Therefore:
1
W = 2(30 x 50 x 12) (11.58)
W = 3106.905 lb/hr
Qv = 117926.6 BTU/hr
For miscellaneous loads, a safety factor of 10% of total heat load is added
based from Dossats Principles of Refrigeration.
x = hours of operation
Refrigerating Unit
Schematic Diagram of Refrigerating Unit
Condenser
40 C
Evaporator 2
130 TR
5 F
Evaporator 1
245 TR
-10 F A
As suggested by Kents Mechanical Engineers Handbook, for ice plants, evaporator
temperature is at 5 F.
Pressures:
Enthalpies:
h1 = hg @ -23.33 C
h1 = 1432.58 kJ/kg
h2 = 1480 kJ/kg
h3 = hg @ -15 C
h3 = 1443.9 kJ/kg
h4 = 1742 kJ/kg
h5 = h6 = hf @ 40 C
h5 = h6 = 390.587 kJ/kg
h7 = h8 = hf @ -15 C
h7 = h8 = 131.2745 kJ/kg
245 3.516
m1 = 1432.58131.2745
m1 = m2 = m7 = m8 = 0.662 kg/s
130 3.516
m6 = 36
130 3.516
m6 = 1443.9390.587
m6 = 0.4339 kg/s
mh3
mh6 m2h2
m7h7
m = 0.8477 kg/s
Mass flow rate through high-stage compressor
m3 = m + m6
m3 = 0.8477 + 0.4339
m3 = 1.2816 kg/s
Compressor Power
P = m1 (h2 h1)
P = 0.662(1480 1437.23)
P = 31.39 kW
P = m3 (h4 h3)
P = 1.2816(1742 1443.9)
P = 382 kW
Refrigerant Piping
At point 1
V1 = m1v1
m1 = 0.662 kg/s
v1 = vg @ -23.33 C
v1 = 0.7168 m3/kg
V1 = 0.662(0.7168)
V1 = 0.4745 m3/s
For d = 3 in.:
V = Av
1
0.4745 = 4 (3 x 39.37 )2 (v)
At point 3
V3 = m3v3
m3 = 1.2816 kg/s
v3 = vg @ -15 C
v3 = 0.508013 m3/kg
V3 = 1.2816(0.508013)
V3 = 0.651 m3/s
For d = 3 in.:
V = Av
1
0.651 = 4 (3 x 39.37 )2 (v)
Discharge Lines
At point 2
V2 = m2v2
m2 = 0.662 kg/s
v2 = v @ 237.09 kPa and s1 = s2
v2 = 0.56 m3/kg
V2 = 0.662(0.56)
V2 = 0.3707 m3/s
For d = 2 in:
V = Av
1
0.3707 = 4 (2 x 39.37 )2 (v)
At point 4
V4 = m4v4
m4 = 1.2816 kg/s
v4 = v @ 1557 kPa and s3 = s4
v4 = 0.13 m3/kg
V4 = 1.2816(0.13)
V4 = 0.165 m3/s
For d = 1 in:
V = Av
1
0.165 = 4 (1 x 39.37 )2 (v)
Liquid Lines
At point 5
V5 = m5v5
m5 = 1.2816 kg/s
v5 = vf @ 40 C
v5 = 0.0017257 m3/kg
V5 = 1.2816(0.0017257)
V5 = 0.002212 m3/s
For d = in:
V = Av
1
0.002212 = 4 ( x 39.37 )2 (v)
At point 7
V7 = m7v7
m7 = 0.662 kg/s
v7 = vf @ -15 C
v7 = 0.0015185 m3/kg
V7 = 0.662(0.0015185)
V7 = 0.0009445 m3/s
V = Av
1
0.0009445 = 4 (3/8 x 39.37 )2 (v)
Temperature at condenser = 40 C
Qr = m4 (h4 h5)
Qr = 1731.97 kW
Condensing Coefficient
2 3 1/4
hcond = 0.725 ( )
For Ammonia at 40 C
1
= 1.7257 = 0.5795 kg/L = 579.5 kg/m3
= 0.000122 Pa-s
k = 0.447 W/m-K
N=8
Resistance of Metal
R =
x = 0.003683
ksteel = 50 W/m-K
(0.00383)(0.04826)
=
(50)(0.044577)
= 8.6335 x10-5 m2-K/W
Fouling Factor
= 0.000176 m2-K/W
Water side coefficient
VD 0.8 0.4
= 0.023( ) (k)
1731.97
mw = 4.187(3529.444)
mw = 74.458 kg/s
74.458
V= 1000
V = 0.07446 m3/s
Water velocity
v = (no.of tubes per pass)(Area)
0.07446
v=
96[ (0.040894)2 ]
4
v = 0.5905 m/s
= 995 kg/m3
cp = 4190 J/kg-K
= 0.000773 Pa-s
k = 0.617 W/m-K
0.023(0.617) (995)(0.5905)(0.040894) 0.8 (4190)(0.000773) 0.4
hw = [ ] [ ]
0.040894 0.000773 0.617
hw = 2644.97 W/m2-K
1 1
= + + + 0
1 1 (0.000176)(1.9) 1.9
= + (8.6335 x10-5) + + 2644.97(1.61)
764.5443 1.61
Uo = 461.688 W/m2-K
LMTD =
ln ( )
(4029.44)(4035)
LMTD = 4029.44
ln ( )
4035
LMTD = 7.437 C
Heat Transfer Area
Ao =
LMTD
1731.97 1000
Ao = 461.688(7.437)
Ao = 504.421 m2
Length of Tube
Ao = DLN
504.421
L = (0.04826)(384)
L = 8.66 m
Fans
Fan Capacity
Fan capacity ranges from 6 to 10 times the volume of the refrigerated space
per hour.
Power Required
P = QTDH
v = 0.745 m3/kg
Then,
9.81
= = 0.745
= 13.165 N/m3
TDH = 15 m
P = 13.165(1.42)(15)
P = 280.15 W
Power = 560.3 W
Brine Pumps
Evaporator Temperature = 5 F
mb = 1212 lb/min
Vb = 126 GPM
Brine Flow on Freezing Tank
P = QTDH
SGbrine = 1.16
P = 1.16(9.81)(0.00795)(10)
P = 904.5 W
Power = 1.809 kW