EXPLANATION TEXT

HOW CELL PHONES WORK

A cell phone is a great gadget in this modern world. What is a cell phone? A cell phone is actually a radio in certain
way. Like a radio, by a cell phone we can communicate to other people in real time. Million people use cell phone for
their communication. Even nowadays, people use cell phones to communicate in voice, written and data. Alexander
Graham Bell is the person who make great change in the way people communicate to each other. He invented a
telephone in 1876. While wireless radio was formally known in 18994 presented by Guglielmo Marconi. By these
two technologies, then a cell phone was born. However do you know how actually cell phones work?
This short explanation on how a cell phone work is really wonderful. A cell phone or in long term "cellular telephone'
works by transmitting signals of radio to towers of cellular. The towers are networked to a central switching station.
The connection usually uses wire, fiber optic-cables, or microwave.
Then the central switching station which handles calls in certain given area is directed connected to the wire-based
telephone system. Cellulars are pick up by the towers and relayed to another cellular telephone user or the user of
wire-based telephone network.
the towers vary in the capacity and capability to receive signals. Some can receive the signal from short distance and
the others can receive more distance. However, there are usually more than one tower in certain given area so that
the system can handle the increasing telephone traffic.

TEXT TYPES IN THREE MAIN GENRES

Learning text types is presented as the main subject in English lesson for high school students. Most of the time
during their time in high school, the students focus their attention to text types with each generic structure and what
language used to construct the texts varying to each other. That generic structure and language features which are
commonly found different from one text to another is used based on the purpose of each genres.

Text types in the three main genres which must be studied in high school specially designed for graduate
competences standard (SKL) are:
NARRATION
This narrative genre includes narrative, recount, and news item. All these text types in narrative genres composed to
tell and inform.
DESCRIPTION
The texts which include in descriptive genres are report, descriptive, and explanation. These text genres are written
to describe. They tend to use words with describing sense and not telling
ARGUMENTATION
Argumentative genres will cover analytical exposition, hortatory exposition and discussion. These text types explore
reason to answer the question "why" and "how".

To enlarge our knowledge, texts are defined into three main genres which slightly different from the above
classification referring to the high school graduate competences standard. According to nationalstrategies, the tree
main genres which show the text types distinctions are as follow:
1. NARRATIVE which includes adventure, mystery, science fiction, fantasy, historical fiction, contemporary fiction,
dilemma stories, dialogue, myths, legends, fairy tales, and fables.
2. NON-FICTION which accommodates discussion texts, explanatory texts, instructional text, persuasion texts, non-
chronological reports and recounts.
3. POETRY which refers to free verse, visual poems and structured poems.

BACK TO SCHOOL BACK TO TEXT TYPES

Text types is one of the major topics should be acquired by high school students in Indonesia. The purpose of
designing such curriculum in English lesson hopefully leads the students to understand various kinds of text
presented and written in English as applicable passages which are found in the student's daily life.
Of course many functional texts and passages found daily will not formed strictly in single type. It is often found that
RECOUNT is mixed with NARRATIVE to communicate with the readers to get the maximum attention and interest.
So far, some time Writer combine EXPLANATION and PROCEDURE to show how and why something is formed.
Many of them even combine several type theory to build the construction text. Learning several types of text will of
course increase the understanding to feature and character of each types of text. Then if it is caught, it will lead better
knowledge in a whole texts
In many exam material, student should understand and analyze the certain text or passage which they have to
determine which text type the passage belongs to. Of course understanding the meaning of the text is absolutely
necessary before coming to text types feature. Learning text types will include the generic structure and language
feature.
Lets got to school after long holiday season and lets learn text types again. This blog hopefully will be student's friend
in learning English text types

TEXT TYPES; a complete overview

Based on generic structure and language feature dominantly used, texts are divided into several types. They are
narrative, recount, descriptive, report, explanation, analytical exposition, hortatory exposition, procedure, discussion,
review, anecdote, spoof, and news item. These variations are known as GENRES.

NARRATIVE
Purpose: To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Complication
3. Resolution
4. Reorientation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Chronologically arranged

RECOUNT
Purpose: to retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Reorientation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adjectives
Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling something in the past so narrative and recount
usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense, Simple Past Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The
ways narrative and recount told are in chronological order using time or place. Commonly narrative text is found in
story book; myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount text is found in biography.
The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are constructed. Narrative uses
conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict, social conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways
narrative text combines all these conflicts. In the contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text. Recount
applies series of event as the basic structure

DESCRIPTIVE
Purpose: to describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Identification
2. Description
Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Using special technical terms

REPORT
Purpose: to presents information about something, as it is.
Generic Structure
1. General classification
2. Description
Dominant Language Feature
1. Introducing group or general aspect
2. Using conditional logical connection
3. Using Simple Present Tense

EXPLANATION
Purpose: To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena.
Generic Structure:
1. General statement
2. Explanation
3. Closing
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Purpose: To reveal the readers that something is the important case
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Reiteration/Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using modals
2. Using action verbs
3. Using thinking verbs
4. Using adverbs
5. Using adjective
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using connectives/transition

HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Purpose: to persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
Dominant Language features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using modals
3. Using action verbs
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective
7. Using technical terms
8. Using general and abstract noun
9. Using connectives/transition
Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. In simple word. Analytical is the
answer of "How is/will" while hortatory is the answer of "How should". Analytical exposition will be best to describe
"How will student do for his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the question" How should
student do for his exam?" will be good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done

PROCEDURE
Purpose: to help readers how to do or make something completely
Generic Structure:
1. Goal/Aim
2. Materials/Equipments
3. Steps/Methods
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using Imperatives sentence
3. Using adverb
4. Using technical terms

DISCUSSION
Purpose: to present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (For/Pros and
Against/Cons)
Generic Structure:
1. Issue
2. Arguments for and against
3. Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Use of relating verb/to be
3. Using thinking verb
4. Using general and abstract noun
5. Using conjunction/transition
6. Using modality
7. Using adverb of manner

REVIEW
Purpose: to critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience
dominant Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Evaluation
3. Interpretative Recount
4. Evaluation
5. Evaluative Summation
Dominant Language features:
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor

ANECDOTE
Purpose: to share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident
Generic Structure:
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Reaction
5. Coda.
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers
2. Using material process
3. Using temporal conjunctions

SPOOF
Purpose: to tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Twist
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Chronologically arranged

NEWS ITEM
Purpose: to inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Newsworthy event(s)
2. Background event(s)
3. Sources
Dominant Language Features:
1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
2. Using action verbs
3. Using saying verbs
4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner.
How do seasons happen?
Seasons come to us regularly. We have probably noticed that it gets warmer in summer or dry season while it get
colder in the winter or wet season. However do we know how these seasons change?

Seasons happen and change every year. This happens because the earth tilts back and forth as it goes around the
sun. During the summer, the earth tilts toward the sun. It makes half of the earth hotter. this condition is what we call
summer. During the other half of the year, the earth tilts away from the sun. As a result, it makes that half of the earth
cooler. This cool condition is then what we call winter.

The different parts of the world have the same season at different times. In the northern half of the world , winter
happens during the months of December, January and February. The regions are such North America and Europe. In
the other hand, the southern half of the world have winter during the months of June, July and August.The regions
are like South America and Australia. How does this difference happen? The same season happens at different times
because the top and bottom halves of the earth tilt away from the sun at different times.

Source: kidscientist.com/5/why-do-seasons-happen

How Earthquakes Happen

Earthquake is one of the most destroying natural disasters. Unluckily it often happens in several regions. Recently a
horrible earthquake has shaken West Sumatra. It has brought great damages. Why did it occur? Do you know how
an earthquake happens?

Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of
energy causes the seismic waves. It make the ground shake. When two blocks of rock or two plates are rubbing
against each other, they stick a little. They don't just slide smoothly. The rocks are still pushing against each other, but
not moving. After a while, the rocks break because of all the pressure that's built up. When the rocks break, the
earthquake occurs.

During the earthquake and afterward, the plates or blocks of rock start moving, and they continue to move until they
get stuck again. The spot underground where the rock breaks is called the focus of the earthquake. The place right
above the focus is called the epicenter of the earthquake.

Mainly taken from: www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/why.html

Why is Bali Famous for Tourism Object?

One of the famous tourism spots in Indonesia is Bali island. Bali lays at the part east of Java. Thousand domestic and
foreign tourists visit Bali each month. Do you know why Bali island is so famous?
A lot of tourists like fresh natural environment. If that what they want, Bali is the best choice to visit. Bali has beautiful
landscape dominated with green luxurious terrace fields. Moreover Bali give fantastic view; beautiful sunrise in Sanur
and fascinating sunset in Kuta beach.
Beside the beautiful beach and panorama, domestic and foreign tourists also enjoy the balinese local genius arts
such as; dances, puras, and temples. Most of these objects are amazing.
Like many other tourism objects, Bali also provide souvenir center which they can take home. Most balinese people
are artists. They spend their time to apply skill and imagination through painting, carving dancing.
What make them more exposed is that most of them are English speaking people. That is why Bali is well-known all
over the wold.

HOW FUEL WARNING LIGHT WORK

Many cars, motorcycles and other modern vehicles have fuel warning light devices. the warning light is usually red
which switches on automatically when the level of fuel in the tank is very low. The warning light gives the driver
information about the amount of petrol in the tank. When the light switches on red, it tells the driver that the petrol in
the tank is almost empty. Therefore he have to put more fuel into the tank. However do you know how the fuel
warning works?
Well this is the way the fuel warning light work and gives the driver information about the accurate amount of the
petrol in the tank. When the level of the fuel falls, the float inside the tank moves downwards. When this condition
happens, the arm also moves downwards and it make the lever touch an electrical contact. This switches on the fuel
light in the car dashboard.
The red light which appears in the fuel panel of the dashboard tells the driver that he needs more petrol for his car.
When he pours more petrol into the tank, this condition makes the fuel level rise and it pushes the float upwards. In
return it disconnects to the electrical contact and makes the red light switch off.

FLYING KITES
How a kite flies is best at giving example of Explanation text. This kind of text is composed to intendedly make clear
explanation on how something is processed and why the thing is formed. Explanation text is one of the text types
which is similar to Procedure. What makes superficially different is the way how they are structured.
In one side, Explanation text is structure in the mode of description. It focuses on the thing which is explained. In the
other side, Procedure text is constructed in the mode of instruction and commend. That is why Procedure is
sometimes called instruction text. It focuses on the second person to explain how to form the thing.
In my previous example of explanation text on Roman Roads was given to show how the explanation text gives clear
note on "Why something is formed" To get clearer understanding of explanation text, now let's see another example
of "How something is precessed/formed" which belongs to explanation text's social function. The example bellow is
re-composed from Jenny Eather's writing with fun. It really helps to make better understanding on explanation text.

How is a Kite Flying?

A kite is an object which is made from a light material stretched over a frame. Due to its light material a kite will lift off
the ground and fly when it is tilted into the wind.
A kite is uses wind to make it fly because it is heavier than air. When wind travels over the surface of the kite, it is split
into two streams of air. One stream of the air goes over the kite while the second stream goes under the kite.
The upper stream creates an area of low pressure above the kite. The lower stream hits the kite at a shallow angle
and creates an area of high pressure.
The high pressure area has a pushing effect while the low pressure area has a pulling effect. The combination of
push and pull can creates enough force to lift the kite into the air.
Kites have been known for thousand of years. They are used for military or scientific purposes. Todays kites are
much used for leisure and competition.

From the above example of Explanation text, we can see that the text has the following generic structure:
General Statement; the introduction of the topic on with a brief definition on kites.
Sequenced Explanation; this is the main element of explanation text. It explain the important points of the kite. The
explanation of how kites fly is given in order.

CANCER
What is cancer? It is actually a group of more than one hundred separate diseases. Most of us are fear from cancer It
is reasonable because next to heart disease, cancer is the second leading cause of death.
Cancer cells come from normal cells because of mutations of DNA. Those mutations can occur spontaneously. The
mutations may be also induced by other factors such as: nuclear and electromagnetic radiation, viruses, bacteria and
fungi, parasites, heat, chemicals in the air, water and food, mechanical cell-level injury, free radicals, evolution and
ageing of DNA, etc. All such factors can produce mutations that may start cancer.
Cancer cells are formed continuously in the organism. It is estimated that there are about 10,000 cancer cells at any
given time in a healthy person. Why do some result in macroscopic-level cancers and some do not? First, not all
damaged cells can multiply and many of them die quickly. Second, those which potentially divide and form cancer are
effectively destroyed by the mechanisms available to the immune system. Therefore cancer develops if the immune
system is not working properly or the amount of cells produced is too great for the immune system to eliminate.

(Simplified from:www.digital-recordings.com/publ/cancer.html)

Why Eiffel Tower was Built

If we talk about the Wonders of the World buildings, then we will see Eiffel Tower as one of them. However many of
us do not know the towers past history on why it was build. Everything has the reasonable background, especially for
the tower which is to be one of the most recognized buildings in the world.

Primarily, the Eiffel Tower was built for the World Exhibition. It was called Paris Exposition in 1889. The exhibition was
organized to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution. The purpose of building Eiffel Tower in such
structure was to show to the world Frances advancement of technology and beauty. The Eiffel Tower was designed
by Gustave Eiffel. It seemed that then the name of the tower was derived from the designers last name, Eiffel

Another reason on why the tower was built was for scientific progress. Although few realized it, the Eiffel Tower would
become the prominent structure in terms of science and technology. Many experiment with temperature, pressure
and pendulums were performed atop the unique famous building. Additionally the Eiffel Tower was used for radio
transmission tower. Many experiments were conducted atop the Eiffel Tower for radio transmission advancement.
Once the Eiffel Tower was proposed to be demolished but it was spared because the tower had the promising future
as a radio tower.

(Simplified from http://ezinearticles.com/)

Generic Structure of Explanation Text

The best discourse on how and what is explanation text is answering the question word how and why. Such
question words need detail explanation on it relates. However, explanation text is written in narrative style and not
instructional. If it is written for the purpose of instruction, then the text genre will be labeled as PROCEDURE.

From the above example of explanation text, we see that it has the generic structure as follow:

General Statement; the introduction of the passage on why the Eiffel Tower was built.

Sequenced Explanation; this is the main element of explanation text. This explanation is explored to
answer the why or how question introduced in the general statement. From the example above, the text
was written to explain why, not how, the Eiffel Tower was built. Then it elaborates the reasons. First is for the
show case and the second is for scientific and technological purposes.

How Roman Roads were Built

The system of roads for mobility has been begun early decades. It was started since the Roman Empire
conquered the world. The roads in Roman era were known as the best construction.

The Romans built roads are for the purpose of mobility, especially for the army. Having the best road, the army
could march from one place to another. They built the roads as straight as possible, so that the army could take
the shortest route.

It is interesting to know how the roads were built, which some of them are still in use today. First, the Romans
builders would clear the ground of rocks and trees. Then they dug a trench where the road was to go and filled it
with big stones. Next, they put in big stones, pebbles, cement and sand which they packed down to make a firm
base. After that, they added another layer of cement mixed with broken tiles. On top of that rough construction,
then they put paving stones to make the flat surface. These stones were cut so that they fitted together tightly. As
the finishing touch, kerb stones were put at each sides of the road to hold in the paving stones. It was also used
to make a channel for the water to run away.
 (Partly taken from: www.teachingideas.co.uk)

Now we are going to see the generic structure of the explanation sample above.

Every explanation text will be started with General Statement of the text. It is purposely to introduce the topic of the
text. From the example above, we point that the Roman road architect is the main discussion, just seeing from the
first sentences.

After stating the introduction, text in explanation type will be followed with a Sequenced
Explanation. It is the blueprint of the general statement which needs to be explained in detail on how
or why something is formed. In the last paragraph, we clearly get the explanation on how formerly the
Roman Empire Roads were built step by step.

HOW COCOLATE IS MADE

Have we wondered how we get chocolate from? Well this time we will enter the amazing world of chocolate so we
can understand exactly we are eating.

Chocolate starts a tree called cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions, especially in place such as South
America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces a fruit about the size of a small pine apple. In side the fruits
are the tree's seeds. They are also known as coco beans.

Next, the beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun. After that they are shipped to the chocolate maker.
The chocolate maker starts by roasting the beans to bring out the flavour. Different beans from different places have
different qualities and flavour. So they are often shorted and blended to produce a distinctive mix.

The next process is winnowing. The roasted beans are winnowed to remove the meat nib of the cacao bean from its
shell. Then the nibs are blended. The blended nibs are ground to make it a liquid. The liquid is called chocolate liquor.
It tastes bitter.

All seeds contain some amount of fat and cacao beans are not different. However, cacao beans are half fat, which is
why the ground nibs from liquid. It is pure bitter chocolate.

BETWEEN EXPLANATION AND PROCEDURE TEXT

Note on the generic structure of this explanation sample.

Every text genre has its special purpose or social function. However if we see the generic structure point, we will get
the understanding which both the explanation and procedure text have similar purposes. Both explain how to make or
form something. However the procedure text will explain how to form or make something completely by instruction
way. That is why most of procedure text is composed in command sentences. In the other hand, explanation text will
show a knowledge about how thing is formed.
The above example of explanation text has the following generic structure:

General statement; it is a statement which says about chocolate and how it is formed

Sequenced explanation; it is a series of explanation on how chocolate is formed before we eat. First, the chocolate
is coming from the cacao tree. Then it is fermented and ship to the chocolate producer. The cacao bean then are
roasted and winnowed.

Seeing the social function, both procedure and explanation texts have the similarity in which both describe how to
make or done something. They give the detail description on something, phenomena, goods, product case or
problem.
To see the differences between explanation and procedure, we have to analyze the dominant language feature and
how the texts are used.
Procedure, this text type is commonly called as instruction text. It uses pattern of commend in building the structure. It
use the to infinitive verb which is omitted the to. It is a kind of instruction text which uses full commend verb.
Procedure is commonly used to describe how to make something which is close to our daily activity. For example
how to make a cup of tea, how to make a good kite, etc is the best example of the procedure text. It is such word; first
boil water, secondly prepare the cup, and so on.
Explanation, it is commonly used the passive voice in building the text. Explanation is such a scientific written
material. It describes how certain phenomenon or event happen. How a tornado form, how tsunami works are the
best example of explanation text. It uses passive pattern in describing the topic.

How Day and Night Happen

The sun seems to rise in the morning, crosses the sky during the day and sets at night. However the sun does not
actually move around the earth. Earth's turning on its axis makes it look as if the sun is moves.
The earth makes a complete turn on its axis for 24 hours. It is called as rotation. It causes day and night. The earth
also moves around the sun. It takes 365 days or a year. This process is called revolution. The revolution process
causes the changes of the season

Why Summer Daylight is Longer than Winter Daylight

In the summer, the amount of daylight that we get is more than we get in winter. This is not because as much people
think we are closer to the sun but because of the tilt of the earth.
The earth is actually closer to the sun in winter than it is in summer but you would be forgiven for thinking that this
can not be true after looking out of your window on a cold and frosty morning.
It seems strange that as the earth get closer to the sun during its orbit then the amount of daylight that we get
decrease. But that is the case. It is the tilt of the earth that determine the amount of daylight that we get and so the
length of time that for us the sun is above the horizon.
(Taken from: www.ictteachers.co.uk)

Generic Structure Analysis

General statement; stating the phenomenon whic daylight in summer is longer than in winter.
Explanation; it is the tilt of the earth that determines the amount of daylight not the distance of the earth from the sun.
Language Feature Analysis
Focusing generic participant; daylight.
Using chronological connection; then, so, but.
Using pasive voice; you would be forgiven.
Using present tense; the earth is actually closer to the sun.

Explanation Text

Definition and purposes of Explanation

Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena.
Explanation text is to say 'why' and 'how' about the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography
and history text books.

Generic structure of Explanation

General Statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.

Language Feature of Explanation

Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc
Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc
Using passive voice pattern
Using simple present tense

Analytical Exposition Text

Definition of Analytical Exposition

Exposition is a text that elaborates the writers idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to
persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.

Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition

1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writers position
2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writers position
3. Reiteration: Restating the writers position

Language Features of Analytical Exposition

Using relational process
Using internal conjunction
Using causal conjunction
Using Simple Present Tense

Why Exercise is Important

The majority of us claim that we do not have time for exercise. We feel too busy to do that. However, many expert
said that exercise has great role in making our body healthy

Being physically active offers many advantage. In physical reword, exercise can reduce weight then our body will
become fitter. Exercise is also believed to reduce stress levels, improve sleep patterns, and reduce the risk of heart
disease, diabetes and some forms of cancer. Beside physical advantage, exercise also brings good effects mentally.
Due to the fitter body, exercise can make us feel refreshed and happy then we can increase our life quality and
expectancy.

How can we do exercise while we are busy? Such question is commonly found among us. Actually exercise can be
done in simple ways. We can go walking while shopping. In the office we can take stair rather than lift to run up and
down. Or we can go cycling while enjoy the leisure time.

Over all, doing exercise is little bit difficult in busy life but the little bit of exercise will help better.

Adapted from: www.hifit.co.uk/health-breaks/importance-exercise.htm

The Unhealthy Fast Food

Fast food nowadays is considered a normal eating venture. People are not just eating out on special occasions or
weekends anymore. It means that all the time they mostly eat fast foods. However is fast food good for health?

Fast food has its popularity in the 1940s. Within a few years, fast-food operations popped up everywhere. With the
compelling rise in fast-food restaurants since the 1940s, oddly it started the rise in obesity and cancer during that
same time period.

Fast food is highly processed with a wide array of additives. To ensure fast foods low cost, the fast food products are
made with highly-processed ingredients to give it shelf-life, to hold consistency, and to enhance flavor. Fast food is
altered from its original healthy form.

It is not the calories in fast food which damage health and waistline. It is the chemical additives such as aspartame
and MSG (monosodium glutamate). Studies show that the chemical additives lead to weight and disease issues.

So, there is absolutely nothing nutritional about fast food. Fast food simply feeds hunger and craving.

Simplified from: www.criticalbench.com/unhealthy_fast_food.htm

The Problem of Being Too Fat
Being too fat is commonly known as overweight or obesity. It is simply defined as too much body fat inside.
Overweight potentially leads high risk of health problem.

Being too fat is recognized as a major factor for heart disease. Due to the overweight, the heart will work harder. It
can lead to the heart attack. Furthermore, obesity potentially rises blood cholesterol and blood pressure. In addition,
being too fat can change the amount of sugar in the blood. This will cause diabetes and other serous disease.

Beside all of that, being too fat is often avoided by many young women. They said that becoming too fat will bother
their physical beauty appearance.

More serious studies are necessary to see the effect of obesity. However it is clear enough that overweight is not
good enough for healthy life.

Why is Learning English Important?

Language is the mean of communication. Mostly groups of society have their own languages. Some of them appear
the top global languages. Most people in the world hear about English, Arabic, and Mandarin. However English is the
most global spoken language. Then if a man wants to catch a global goal, he has to master English.
Everyone recognize that English is an international language. English is used in writing and speaking by many people
all over the world. It can be either as a first or second language. We even hear British, American, Australian, and
even Singaporean English. Those various names of English are used as the first language in those countries.
Futhermore, some countries have their own languages as a mother language but also use English mostly in daily
comunication.
Besides usage in daily interaction, English is also used as a key to open doors leading to scientific and technical
knowledge. No wonder we find manual guides and instructions of many devices written in English. Even if we have a
pack of instant noodle, we will see the cooking instruction also written in English. This transfer of science and technic
will include many countries in economic, social and politics developement.
Finaly, the most easily seen in the importance of learning English is that most top requirement in filling job
opportunities is the ability using English; active or passive. Job applicants who master English are more favourable
than ones who do not.
The above facts prove that everybody needs to learn English if he likes to greet the global era.

Why is It Important to Choose the Accredited School?

Most of teenagers need to go to school and there are a lot of schools over there. Nowadays, schools grow to offer
plenty of choice; private and state ones. However it is a hard choice since there are many factors which need to be
considered before making the selection. Some will be influenced by friends; because some friend got to certain
school than we go to there too. Some prefer to choose certain school because of the closer distance. In fact, the
primary decisive matter for selecting school is whether the school has been accredited or not.
Why is important to choose an accredited school? Well, accredited schools have an edge over the unaccredited
schools. This label of Accredited School has an impact in employment opportunities. As result, if there are two or
more students with similar qualifications, the student who comes from the accredited school will have an edge over
the other candidate. Student from an accredited school has more open door than student with an accredited one.
Many students select certain school depending more on short term factors like friend influence and short distance
from home. It is not bad since commuting actually needs much cost. Choosing school which is closer to home will
save time, energy and money. However if that school is not accredited, the time and money spent along studying
seems to be waste in the long term because it could become a limiting factor in gaining future opportunities.
Accredited school is not the only factor which will drive students success. Personality and characterization are very
important too. However a student with good personality who comes from an accredited school is better than the
others.

Analytical Exposition Analysis on the Generic Structure

Analytical exposition is one of argumentative texts which present some supporting idea on why certain writers
opinion is important. The opinion is formulated in a thesis which needs to prove by selecting arguments.
The above example of analytical exposition about accredited school has the following generic structure:
Thesis: it is the main topic of discourse in analytical exposition essay. Commonly the thesis will be placed in the first
paragraphs. It also functionalize of introduction of the text. From the text above we see that choosing school will be
wiser and safer if it is based on the status of the school; accredited or not.
Arguments: the arguments are the heart of an analytical exposition. The absence of argument, analytical will just talk
nothing since a thesis must be evaluated, whether it is true or false later, it does not matter. From the analytical
exposition sample above, we see an accredited school graduate will hold better opportunity. Additionally choosing
school based on short term interests seem to be less benefit in the end.
Reiteration: it is the writers thesis which is re-stated in another word. The purpose is to strengthen the thesis. From
the text above, we realize that choosing an accredited school is really important.
Jakarta as a Bad Working Place for Expatriates
Jakarta is the second-worst place for expatriates to work in outside of the United States of America, Canada and
Western Europe. It is according to a recent report published by Businessweek.
The Businessweek report ranked emerging markets that might be challenging to move into due to their level of
pollution, disease, political violence and availability of good and services.
The report ranked Jakarta second, just below lagos in Nageria and above Riyadh Saudi Arabia, saying the threat of
violence from extremest, in particular, was serious drawback to living in Jakarta. Bombings targeting foreign interests
in Jakarta, such as the JW Marriot hotel bombing in 2003, have been repeated elsewhere in the city.
The report said despite problem common to many developing cities such as the risk of disease, poor sanitation, and
excessive pollution, Indonesia can be an enticing location.
In response, the Jakarta administration took the report positively, saying it could spur the administration to improve its
performance. (Simplified from www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/04/15/)

IS SMOKING GOOD FOR US?

Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About 50 thousands people die every year in Britain as
direct result of smoking. This is seven times as many as die in road accidents. Nearly a quarter of smokers die
because of diseases caused by smoking.
Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we are
six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a
day, the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people
who are smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of heart disease than non
smokers.

Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In one
hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as much as substance causing cancer as if he had
smoked fifteen cigarettes.

Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much money from smoking
habit. Smoking however is not good for every body else.

Notes on the generic structure of this example of analytical exposition

As we know that both analytical exposition and hortatory exposition are classified as
argumentative essay. Both present argument to support the thesis state in the orientation. This
thesis places the writers position on the essay. From the generic structure, what make big
different is that analytical exposition ends with paragraph to strengthen the thesis while hortatory
makes a recommendation for readers.

Thesis: This pre-conclusive paragraph states the writers point of view about the topic discussed.
Writer has show himself in clear position of the discussed topic. Paragraph 1 is the thesis of this
analytical exposition text. It states the fact of the very fatal impact of the smoking habit. Clearly
the writer wants to say that smoking is not a good habit.

Arguments: Presenting arguments in analytical exposition text is as important as giving conflict

plot in narrative text. The series of argument will strengthen the thesis stated before. In this
example of analytical exposition text, paragraph 2 and 3 are the detail arguments presented in a
reporting fact to support that smoking is not good even for smokers themselves. Furthermore,
people who do not smoke but they are in smoky area have the bad effect too from the smoking
habit.

Reiteration: This end paragraph actually is restating the thesis. It is something like conclusive
paragraph from the previous arguments. The last paragraph of this example of analytical
exposition points again that smoking is not good for smokers and people around smokers.
However smoking is very good for Cigarette Companies

Opportunity in the global finance crisis

US. financial crisis and its contagion to Europe and the rest of the world could also create new opportunity for
Indonesia in term of foreign direc investment and the development of basic infrastructure.
As the US. financial crisis has now spread to Europe, the oil-rich countries such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Arab
Emirate which have accumulated hundreds of billion of Dollars in their foreign reserve, are now reviewing their
holding or investment vehicle. They are looking for more diversified investment outside the US and Europe.
Because of unfavorable political developments in Thailand and Malaysia over the past few months, Indonesia which
has largely Muslim population could become one of these oil-rich countries' favorite place for foreign direct
investment. That wil be true if the conditions, legal and market infrastructure are conducive for Islamic financial
instruments.
The government had improved the legal framework with the recent actment of laws on sharia banking and bonds.
The long term nature of Islamic bonds could make them the most suitable investment instrument for Indonesia, as
these bonds grant an investor a share in an asset along with the cash flows and risks commensurate with such
ownership.
The financial crisis that has gripped the globe and weakening economic growth in the rest of the world will serve to
the government to accelerate the investment reform measures in order to grab the hidden opportunity in the global
crisis. (simplified from the jakartapos.com on Oct 9)

NOTES ON Generic Structure of the above Analytical Exposition

Paragraph 1 is THESIS. It introduces the topic of the text which state the potential opportunity behind the glogal
financial crisis.
Paragraphes 2 and 3 are the ARGUMENTS which support to the opinios stated in the above thesis.
Paragraph 4 is REITERATION which restates the thesis in another phrases to point the writer'opinion.

Laptop as Students Friend

Conventionally, students need book, pen, eraser, drawing book, ruler and such other stuff. Additionally, in this
multimedia era, students need more to reach their progressive development. Students need mobile keyboards to
record every presented subject easily. Of course it will need more cost but it will deserve for its function.

First, modern schools tend to apply fast transferring knowledge because the school needs to
catch the target of curriculum. Every subject will tend to be given in demonstrative method. Consequently students
need extra media cover the subject. Since there is a laptop on every students' desk, this method will help student to
get better understanding.
Secondly, finding an appropriate laptop is not difficult as it was. Recently there is an online shop which provides
comprehensive information. The best is that the shop has service of online shopping. The students just need to brows
that online shop, decide which computer or laptop they need, then complete the transaction. After that the laptop will
be delivered to the students' houses. That is really easy and save time and money.
From all of that, having mobile computer is absolutely useful for students who want to catch the best result for their
study. Buying laptop online is advisable because it will cut the price. This online way is recommended since online
shop also provide several laptop types. Students just need to decide which type they really need.

CAREER IN TRANSLATION

Functionally, translation is transferring the message or the meaning and not the word. According
to Nida, such translation is called dynamic equivalence translation. It tries to bring the precise
message in different language.

Many people like to watch Hollywood movie but many get trouble in understanding to the actors'
dialogue. So the way they get the understanding about the movie is reading the translating text
running. If Hindi translation is provided, it will bring the better understanding for Indian
moviegoer. Hollywood movie spread over other Asia countries. Therefore, Arabic translation,
Indonesian translation and Farsi translation are widely needed and that is a big chance for
English master in that countries.

India is likely being an English speaking country. India translation will grow better and. It seems
Indonesia, Malaysia and Filipina will reach that mark too soon. Translation job will be great in
amount and that is good development for translating job seekers.

Writing is a Great for Money Online

The emergence of the internet has given internet entrepreneurs many ways to make money. Writers are one group
that have benefited from their talents as a result in the rise of internet based jobs.

Blog writing is an increasingly popular way to earn money online. determined by the owner of the blog. They are very
popular because of the blogs are usually written on a certain subject area but can vary as its content is heir simplicity
to get up and running. There are many free websites out there that will help you set up your own blog if you choose to
go that route because blog plus advertisement is a potential money

Article writing is also a good money to earn money online. Make sure to gear your articles to promote and advertise
you own business ventures. These articles are a free way to market the products and services you offer for free. The
most effective advertising with these articles comes from the dialogue box that is inserted at the end of each article.
These dialogue boxes contain links to basically any website you would like to drive traffic to. For instance, you might
have one link in your dialogue box to a product you are selling and one to a blog where you are promoting a
discussing other products.

Writing takes some time to gain credibility through but once it's done' earning potential can become very powerful.
Simplified from: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Michael_Noto

Analyzing on the Text

Generic Structure Analysis
Thesis; Writing is good in making money online
Argument 1; blog is a potentially earning money
Argumant 2; writing articles is good in earning money
Conclusion; credible writer is powerful to make money online

Language Feature Analysis

Simple present tense; Blog writing is an increasingly popular way to earn money online, Writing takes some time to
gain credibility, etc
Causal conjunction ; because, etc

Hortatory Exposition Text

Definition of Hortatory Exposition

Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to have the addressee do something or act in
certain way.
Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation

Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition

1. Focusing on the writer
2. Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc
3. Using action verb
4. Using thinking verb
5. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc
6. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc
7. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc
8. Using passive voice
9. Using simple present tense

USE ENGLISH
Many of us are dismayed about the quality of our education, which is not commensurate with the high cost spent on
school fees. It is way below our expectations if we compare our graduates with those who studied overseas,
especially concerning the mastery of English.
It is important to know that most of employments require competence in English, for office work and correspondence.
Government officials, speakers, writers and observers use a lot of English.
Then the important thing is to use English as a medium in schools so that we can compete with graduates from
abroad. All students have studied English since they are in junior high school. Even some of them had been
introduced with English when they were in elementary school. However, lots of graduates have less English skills.
Learning English is difficult but it is more difficult to customize us with it
Then it will be beneficial to have TV films in English like in Singapore. It will help to increase our graduates
competence in English.

(Adapted from: thejakartapost.com/news/2000/05/06/)

SHOULD NOT BRING MOBILE PHONE TO SCHOOL

Recently most people own mobile phone. Why does mobile phone user increase dramatically in
recent years? First, the feature and functions has increased. Mobile phone is not used just for
calling, but sending text, taking pictures, recording videos, accessing internet, playing games and
much more. Second, mobile phone has also become a lot cheaper. Now this communication
device does not only fill the pocket of adult but also teenager and student. Even a lot phones are
intentionally designed to teenaged market. However should they be allowed to bring them to
school?
Many schools do not allow students to bring cell phones to school. It is very reasonable because
bringing phone to school potentially disrupts the learning process. Most students use cell phones
irresponsibly. They use cell phones to talk to their friend during class time. They also use the
calculator and camera features in the class as well. Those potentially lead less concentration in
the time of learning and teaching process.
Students go to school to learn and behave fair way. Mobile phones provide a large temptation to
cheat in tests. They can communicate to anyone and almost anywhere in the world. Because of
the small size of the cell phone, students can send a text quietly and discreetly. The text can go
unnoticed anywhere to get help on answering tests, homework, and other class assignment.
Learning in school is to behave fair not cheating.
Therefore, schools should ban students from bringing their cell phones. However it should be
done fairly. In case of an emergency some student need a call for help, providing easy access to
phone is better.

NEVER TRY SMOKING

A lot of people, especially teenagers, who do not smoke, always want to try smoking. They know it is bad for them
and all, but it is just something they want to try. So they ask one of their smoker friends for a cigarette. Admittedly,
they firstly can not light it on their own so they ask his friend to do it. Then they inhale that cigarette and smoke
occasionally.

Apparently that makes them the born smokers. Now they do smoke fairly regularly. They can not
avoid smoking and they enjoy too. They have smoker friends. Everyday they bring a pack in
their pocket. For them, a pack of cigarette is as important as a wallet for their money.

Suddenly, for certain reason, they realize the fact that tobacco is the cause of a long list of nasty
diseases. It is not only heart disease, stroke, and chronic lung disease but also bladder, lung, and
pancreatic cancer. Even it was reported that around 400,000 Americans died each year. It was
one every 80 seconds from tobacco-related illnesses.

Then they decide it is stupid to harm selves. They want to quit smoking. Unfortunately, they find
that quitting smoking is so difficult. Why can't I stop smoking? I really want to stop it. It is
hard to quit because nicotine is powerfully addictive. Cigarette is one of the most efficient drug-
delivery devices ever devised. As result, when people try to quit smoking, they often experience
classic nicotine withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, headache, depression, and
restlessness.

Well, still want to try smoke? Think the facts before trying! If you are not smoker, you should
never and never try to smoke.
WEARING HELMET

Why Should Wearing a Helmet when Motorcycling

We often hear lots of stories from road regarding people taking spill on motorcycle when they are riding without using
helmet. Mostly the riders badly end up in mess.

Wearing a fitted protective helmet offers many benefits which reduces the negative aspects of riding. First and the
most important is that wearing the correct helmet can save a rider's life, physical ability, family pain, and money. The
recommended designs of motorcycle helmets can provide total protection. They not only protect riders from getting a
worse road injured accident but also from flying bugs, such as rain, sleet, mud and other potential projectiles.

Second, wearing a helmet can gives the raiders a matter of style. Helmets give the opportunity for rider to express the
image they may want to project when riding on they way. This benefit may not be important to some people, but to
others, it means a lot and important. By choosing the most appropriate helmet from all of the various styles, such as
beanie, shorty, German, and many others, wearing a helmet which can projecting an image is an inherent crucial part
of motorcycling and help riders feel more confident when riding on the road.

However, what most important is wearing helmet when riding is a matter of using it properly. Bikers should use the
helmets which are fixed to their head. It is really not good if they places simply the helmets on the head without
settling them properly. The bikers should fasten the helmet correctly to their head in order to get safe and comfort.

How can we see the generic structure of the hortatory example above?

Thesis: the importance of wearing helmet which is stated in the first paragraph

Argumentative: Wearing helmet gives a total protection and giving a chance in imaging self which presented in the
second paragraph.

Recommendation: Bikers should wear helmet properly to get the benefits.