AE 6012 - AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AND PLANNING

UNIT I

BASIC CONCEPTS

2 Marks:

1. State the objective of ATS.

The objectives of the air traffic services shall be to:

Prevent collisions between aircraft
Prevent collisions between aircraft in the maneuvering area and obstructions in
that area
Expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic
Provide advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of
flights
Notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and
rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required.

2. What is the Purpose of ATC?

To avoid collision
Appointing certified pilots
Proper guidance to the pilot for landing & Departure
To maintain separation
To expedite the aircraft operation in a space
Maintaining Time Table, Avoiding delays

3. What are Advisory Airspace and Advisory Route?

Advisory airspace is airspace of defined dimensions, or designated route, within
which air traffic advisory service is available.
An advisory route is a designated route along which air traffic advisory service is
available.

4. Define Control Area, Controlled Aerodrome.

Control Area: Area where the Air Traffic control Service will be provided to the IFR
flights.
Controlled Aerodrome:
Area where the Air Traffic controls Service will be provided to the Aerodrome
Traffic.
 5. Classify Airspace?
Based on ATC Usage: 1. Controlled Airspace, 2. Uncontrolled Airspace
Based On ATC Service: Class A, Class B,3. Class C, Class D, Class E, Class F,
Class G

6. What is VFR & IFR Flights?

VFR(Visual Flight Rules): VFR are a set of regulation under which a pilot operates
to an aircraft in weather condition generally clear enough to allow the pilot to see
where the aircraft is going.
IFR (Instrument Flight Rules): IFR is one of two sets of regulations governing all
aspects of civil aviation aircraft operations. IFR are a set of regulation under which a
pilot operates to an aircraft in weather condition is not clear enough to allow the pilot
to see where the aircraft is going. Mostly in Higher Altitudes, controlled Airspace, Un
Controlled Airspace generally aircraft are operated under IFR.

7. What is the purpose of Altimeter Setting?

The altimeter setting is very much essential to know the correct
Altitude/Height from a reference surface.
This enables the pilot from providing adequate vertical separation between
aircraft and also providing adequate terrain clearance during all phases of
flight.

8. State the altimeter procedure.

1. Transition altitude is specified for each aerodrome. No transition altitude
is less than 100 M (4000 ft)
2. Vertical Position of the Aircraft Referred as :
Flight Level above Transition Altitude
Altitude below Transition Altitude.

9. What is Flight Level?

Flight Level is designated in terms of Altitude above the transition altitude as
specified by different aerodromes or common transition altitude as specified by contracting
state.

10. What is Area Control Service?

The area outside the aerodrome traffic zone where the aircraft meets the ATS routes
after departure and where the aircraft has to take prior concurrence of ATC before entering to
aerodrome traffic zone is turned as area control services.
Prevent collisions between aircrafts
Expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic.
 11. What is Approach Control Service?
The Provision of air traffic control service for controlled flights associated with
arrival or departure.
prevent collisions between aircrafts
Expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic.

12. What is Aerodrome Control service?

The Provision of air traffic control service for Aerodrome Traffic.
Prevent collisions between aircrafts
Expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic.

13. List the parts of ATC service. Or Divisions of ATC.

Area Control Service
Approach Control Service
Aerodrome Control Service

14. Enumerate the various kinds of Separation.

Horizontal Separation
o Longitudinal Separation
o Lateral Separation
Vertical Separation
Composite Separation

16 Marks:

1. Explain Altimeter setting Procedure.

Introduction
The altimeter setting is very much essential to know the correct altitude / height
from a reference surface. This enables the pilot from providing adequate vertical separation
between aircraft and also providing adequate terrain clearance during all phases of flight.

Terminologies
Flight level (FL) - A surface of constant atmospheric pressure which is rotated to a
specific pressure datum 1013.2hpa and is separated from surfaces by specific pressure
intervals.
Transition altitude (TA) -The altitude at or below which the vertical position of an
aircraft is controlled by reference to altitude.
 Transition level (TRL) -The lowest flight level available for use above transition
altitude.
Transition layer The airspace between the transition altitude and transition level.

Altimeter setting is based on following principles

a) In flight when the aircraft is at or below transition altitude its vertical position is
expressed in terms of altitude, which is determined from an altitude set to sea level
pressure(QNH)
b) The flight above the transition altitude, the vertical position of an aircraft is expressed
in terms of flight levels, which are surfaces of constant atmospheric pressure based on
an altimeter setting of 1013.2hpa.
c) The change in reference from altitude to flight levels and vice versa is made
i. At the transition altitude ,when climbing
ii. At transition level, when descending
d) The transition level is generally located 300m(1000ft) above the transition altitude to
permit the transition altitude and transition level to be used concurrently in cruising
flight.
e) Where no transition altitude has been established, aircraft at enroute phase( when
aircraft is heading through the route after takeoff.)
f) The terrain clearance during any phase of flight can be maintained by
i. The current QNH reports from QNH reporting stations
ii. The QNH reports as well as meteorological informations for the route or
portion of route
iii. When the relevant current informations are not available, the use of values of
the lowest altitude or flight levels derived from climatological data.
g) During the approach to land ,terrain clearance may be determined by using
i. QNH altimeter setting
ii. Under specified circumstances a QFE setting (giving height above QFE
datum)

Basic altimeter setting requirements

System of flight levels - flight level zero shall be located at the atmospheric pressure
level of 1013.2hpa. Consecutive flight levels shall be separated by a pressure interval
corresponding to at least 500ft (152.4m) in the standard atmosphere.
Transition altitude A transition altitude is normally specified for each aerodrome.
Lowest transition altitude in India is 4000ft published in the aeronautical information
publication on the appropriate charts.
References to vertical position -

Vertical position operating at or below transition altitude must be

expressed in terms of altitude
Vertical at or above transition level shall be expressed in terms of
flight levels. This applies during:
Climb
En route flight
Approach and landing
 Passing through transition layer whenever the aircraft is passing through transition
layer the vertical position can be expressed as
Flight levels , when climbing
Altitude , when descending

Takeoff and Climb phase

1. When the aircraft is cleared to taxi a QNH altimeter setting must be
informed to the pilot before the aircraft take off
2. En route
The aircraft should fly at an assigned flight level as per the
flight plan and route concerned.
The pilot should be kept informed about the QNH altimeter
setting from sufficient locations to maintain terrain
clearance.
In case QNH setting reports cannot be provided the pilot
should be informed to maintain such a flight level which
will ensure terrain clearance .
Approach & Landing phase
1. Whenever the aircraft is given approach clearances to enter the traffic
circuit a QNH setting shall be made available to the pilot.
2. A QFE setting must be made available to pilot during the approach &
landing clearance is given.
3. The vertical position after the approach clearances and at descent phase
should be expressed in terms of altitude.
QFE- pressure at particular observation station.
QNH pressure measured at the station then reduced to MSL.

Procedure for Operators & Pilot

The operator should clearly specify the level at which the flight to be conducted in
their respective flight plan .A flight plan is to be submitted to the tower control before the
commencement of flight and should include;
1. Flight levels at or above transition level or the lowest transition level
or the lowest usable flight level.
2. As altitude when flight conducted at or below transition altitude.
3. Terrain clearance the levels or the altitudes selected for the particular
flight must ensure adequate terrain clearance at all points along the
route.
It should also satisfy the air traffic control
requirements & should be compatible with the
cruising levels as specified for the type of
aircraft and the route.
It should also satisfy the meteorological
conditions & requirements.
Preflight operational test of Altimeter
The following test must be carried out by flight crew before flight
a) With the aircraft at known elevation on aerodrome set the altimeter pressure scale to
current QNH setting.
A slight mechanical vibration or tapping should be made on the
instrument and it should indicate the elevation of the point
selected within a tolerance of
Plus or minus 20m for altimeters with a test range of 0 to
9000m (0 to 3000ft)
Plus or minus 25m for altimeters with a test range of 0 to
15000m (0 to 50000 ft).
b) QFE setting
With the aircraft at a known elevation on the aerodrome ,set
altimeter pressure scale to the current QFE setting.
Set the instrument to mechanical vibration or slight tapping and
observe the height in relation to QFE reference point with a
tolerance of

Plus or minus 20m or 60ft(0 to 9000m)

Plus or minus 25m or 60ft(0 to 15000m)

2. Describe Establishment, Identification and Designation of units

providing ATS.

a) Flight Information Centre the flight information center are established to provide
Flight information services
Altering service
b) Air Traffic Control Units it is established to provide
Air traffic control services
Flight information services
Alerting services
c) Flight Information Region (FIR) Flight Information Regions are established to
cover the whole of the air route structure to be served by such regions.
Flight information region shall include all airspace within its lateral limits
except as limited by an upper flight information region. Where a flight information
region is limited by an upper flight information region, the lower limit constitutes the
cruising level for VFR flights.

FIRs and Location Indicators

ICAO has divided the whole world into 20 AFSRA ( Aeronautical fixed
station reporting area)
 Each AFSRA is assigned with a four letter code group alphabet for
identifying A single code may be established for a particular country or a
group of countries.
The location indicators are assigned by states and are supervise by ICAO
Indicator designations
First alphabet identifies the AFSRA
Second alphabet identifies the state/country
Third and fourth alphabet identify the place/station.

Examples;

VIDP, V..AFSRA, A, E, I, O INDIAN FIR DP.. Delhi

OPKC,O.AFSRA,P PAKISTAN,KC..Karachi
OAKB, O..AFSRA, A AFGANISTAN, KB Kabul

There are five information regions (FIRs) in India i.e. Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and
Guwahati

Bombay FIR by letter A

Calcutta FIR by letter E
Delhi FIR by letter I
Guwahati FIR by letter E
Madras FIR by letter O

Indicators used in Aeronautical charts;

NDB is represented by two or three capital letters

SP Sarsawa NDB , JG Dehradun, DBR Dibrugarh
VOR is represented by three capital letters
Agartala VOR (AAT) , Mumbai VOR (BBB)
ILS represented by four letters
IGHT Guwahati ILSRW02 ,ILUC Lucknow ILS27

Aerodrome is represented by five capital letters

AFSRA India Represented by V
FIR indicator A,E,I,O
VABB Mumbai
(V- India, A- Bombay FIR,BB- Mumbai)
Significant point represented by five capital letters inclusive of two vowels,
examples; GOLEM, IDOLA.
Route will have one alphabet and numbers from one to 999,

Examples; A791, B209.This may be prefixed or suffixed by another

letter. Domestic routes in India start with letter W, example W49

Route designators A, B, G, R &W (amber, blue, green, red, &white

 SID (Standard Instrument Departure) & STAR start with
NDB/VOR/Significant point indicators followed by numbers & an alphabet
suffixed.
Examples; LETPU 1D (Departure)
SSB IA (Arrival)

Prohibited Areas

Airspace of defined dimensioning above the land areas or territorial waters of India
within which the flights are not permitted at any time under any circumstances. such areas are
designated as prohibited areas and are identified by the letter P preceded by two letter
designator of FIR in which the area exists followed by a number VA(P)- 2- prohibited
area number 2 Mumbai.

Restricted Areas

Airspace of defined dimensions above the land areas or territorial waters of India
within which the flight of aircraft is restricted. Restricted areas are marked in NAV charts are
identified by letter R precede by two letter designator of the concerned FIR followed by a
number .examples VO(R) 81, Restricted area number 81 in Chennai FIR.

Danger Areas

An airspace of defined dimensions within which activities dangerous to the flight of

aircraft exists at the specified times .such times are notified by NOTAMs. It is to caution
aircraft operators that is necessary for them to avoid it for the safety of the aircraft when the
areas are active .this type of area is indicated by the letter D preceded by two letter designator
of the FIR and followed by a number.

VE (D)-72- danger area number 72 in Calcutta FIR.

3. Discuss the objective of ATS? (08 Marks)

The objectives of the air traffic services shall be to:
Prevent collisions between aircraft
Prevent collisions between aircraft in the maneuvering area and obstructions in
that area
Expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic
Provide advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of
flights
Notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and
rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required.
4. Explain in detail the classification of ATC air space? Or Explain
the airspace separation.(08 Marks) or (Refer Notes - Page No: 19 -
20)

Classification of airspaces
ATS airspaces shall be classified and designated in accordance with the
following:
a) Class A. IFR flights only are permitted, all flights are provided with air traffic
control service and are separated from each other.
b) Class B. IFR and VFR flights are permitted; all flights are provided with air
traffic control service and are separated from each other.
c) Class C. IFR and VFR flights are permitted, all flights are provided with air
traffic control service and IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights and
from VFR flights. VFR flights are separated from IFR flights and receive
traffic information in respect of other VFR flights.
d) Class D. IFR and VFR flights are permitted and all flights are provided with
air traffic control service, IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights and
receive traffic information in respect of VFR flights, VFR flights receive
traffic information in respect of all other flights.
e) Class E. IFR and VFR flights are permitted, IFR flights are provided with air
traffic control service and are separated from other IFR flights. All flights
receive traffic information as far as is practical. Class E shall not be used for
control zones.
f) Class F. IFR and VFR flights are permitted, all participating IFR flights
receive an air traffic advisory service and all flights receive flight information
service if requested.
g) Class G. IFR and VFR flights are permitted and receive flight information
service if requested.
 UNIT II
AIR TRAFFIC SYSTEMS
2 MARKS

1. Write about the ATC clearances. Or Write the contents of ATC

Clearance.
ATC clearance is an authorization that allows a pilot to do something to
operate the Aircraft. It ensures safety of the flight. It indicates:
Aircraft identification as shown in the flight plan.
Clearance limits.
Route of flight.
Levels of flight for the entire route or part and changes if required.
Any necessary information on departure or approach manoeuvers,
communications and time of expiry of the clearance.

2. What is position report?

They are used so that aircraft can report their position to ATC using a standard
or name that is located at specific geographic location. The position report should
include the items such as identification, position, time, altitude, or flight level, type of
flight plan, name of next reporting point, pertinent remarks.

3. Differentiate b/w RNAV and RNP?

RNAV RNP

1. It Stands For Area Navigation System. 1. It Stands For Required Navigation

2. It Is A Method Of Air Navigation System
Which Permits AIRCRAFT Movement In Any
Desired Course Within The Limits Of A Self
Contained System Capability.
3. It Routes Typically Specify Minimum
Equipment Levels Needed To Specify
Navigation Accuracy.
Performance.
2. It Is A Type Of Performance Based
Navigation That Allows An AIRCRAFT To
Fly A Specific Path Between Two 3d Defined
Points In Space.
3. It Does Not Specify Equipment But May
Require More Than Just Navigation Capability.

4. It Says, You Should Be On Course. 4. It Says,You Should Be On Course,

Monitors System Performance, And Alerts You
When It Thinks There Is A Problem.
 4. Minimum Flight Altitude.
Minimum flight altitudes shall be determined and promulgated for each ATS
route and control area over its territory. The minimum flight altitudes determined
shall provide a minimum clearance above the controlling obstacle located within the
areas concerned.

5. What is Aerodrome, Aerodrome elevation?

Aerodrome:

It Is A Location From Which AIRCRAFT Flight Operations Takes Place Regardless

Of Whether They Involve Air Cargo, Passengers Or Neither. Aerodromes Includes Small
General Aviation Airfields, Large Commercial Airports And Military Bases.

Aerodrome Elevation:

It Denotes That An Altitude Is Given Above The Nearest Aerodrome Or Airport.

This Is Usually Identical To The Altitude Above Ground Level, But Aerodrome Elevation Is
Used To Be Precise.

6. Mention the importance of Airborne Collision Avoidance

System (ACAS)?
a. It Gives Warning To The Pilots Of The Presence Of Other AIRCRAFT That
May Present A Threat Of Collision.
b. If The Risk Of Collision Is Imminent, The System Indicates A Manoevers
That Will Reduce The Risk Of Collision.
c. It Is Being Used To Describe Short Range Systems Intended To Prevent
Actual Metal-On-Metal Collisions.

7. What is RNAV?

a. It Stands For Area Navigation System.

b. It Is A Method Of Air Navigation System Which Permits AIRCRAFT
Movement In Any Desired Course Within The Limits Of A Self Contained
System Capability.
c. It Routes Typically Specify Minimum Equipment Levels Needed To Specify
Navigation Accuracy.
d. It Says, You Should Be On Course.

8. What is RNP?

RNAV is now one of the navigation techniques of performance based

navigation PBN; required Navigation Performance (RNP) is used. RNP is a type of
PNB that allows an aircraft to fly a specific path between two 3D defines points in
Space.
 9. What is RADAR?

It Is An Object Detection System That Uses Radio Waves To Determine The

Range, Angle, Or Velocity Of Object. It Can Be Used To Detect AIRCRAFT, Ships,
and Spacecrafts Etc It Consists Of A Transmitter, An Emitting Antenna, Receiving
Antennae, A Receiver And Processor.

10. What is Purpose of ATC Clearances?

Efficient flow of Air Traffic.

Prevent collision/ Accidents by scheduling the flights in Maneuvering

area.

Issue of flight plans

Information relate to clearances is transmitted to pilot in advance for

compliance within a time framework.

11. What is Flight Plan?

Before any flight is undertaken, the detail of flight is given to ATS

Unit in form of ICOA Model Flight Plan. A Flight Plan shall be submitted to
the ATS reporting office during flight and it is transmitted to ATC unit on Air
Ground Control Frequency.

16 MARK

1. Explain ATS Routes and Significant Points.

2. Describe the Following.

a. Area Control Service

The area outside the aerodrome traffic zone where the aircraft meets the ATS
routes after departure and where the aircraft has to take prior concurrence of ATC before
entering to aerodrome traffic zone is turned as area control services.

Prevent collisions between aircrafts

Expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic.
 b. Assignment of Crucial Levels

The minimum flight altitude is assigned to each aircraft in the ATS

route so as to ensure at least 1000ft (300m) vertical clearance above the
highest obstacle within 18km on each side of the center line of the route
The pilot in command shall fly in accordance with the route specified by
ATC. Deviation from the specified route may be permitted by ATC, if
traffic conditions permit cruising levels below the lower limits of ATS
routes will not be assigned

Cursing Level for IFR Flights;

IFR flights operating in level cruising flight outside controlled airspace

shall be at cruising level appropriate to its track as specified below

System Cursing Level:

All VFR flights above 3000 feets from the ground and water

All IFR flights should be there assigned crusing level as specified in
chart and flight plan .
The cruising level may not applicable when the aircraft is in the
approach area
The pilot should follow the level as specified in clearance issued by ATC
All flight should be conducted in accordance with IFR when operated at above FL

Changing Level
The pilot should follow the ATC instructions whenever any change is level is
initiated.
The pilot in command should report:-
Whenever changing to a a newly assigned level.
Whenever passing over such other levels as specified by ATC.
On reaching an assigned level.

c. Assignment of Minimum Flight Altitude

The pilot must ensure that in instrument meteorological condition and at
might an aircraft must not descend below the minimum safe en route altitude .except when,
The aircraft is in the initial approach area of an aerodrome and the position of the aircraft is
positively established to radio /ATS radar.
 3. What is ATC Clearance? Explain in Detail? Explain of the ATC

clears Aircraft for Flying.

Scope and Purpose:
Expedite the traffic flow &maintain a separation b/w aircrafts arriving and departing
considering a level of safety in aircrafts operations.
Also to schedule the flights in the maneuvering area and prevent any shoots of ground
accidents.
The issuance of air traffic control clearances, constitute authority for an aircraft to
proceed through the concerned flight route.
The clearance doesnt constitute an authority to violate any applicable regulations
for providing the safety of flight operations or for any other purpose.
The clearance doesnt relieve the pilot in command his/her responsibility to adhere to
the rules and regulations as prescribed.
The ATC clearances are issued for orderly flow of air traffic and prevent collision.
The information related to clearance is transmitted to pilot in advance for compliance
within a time framework.

Controlled & Uncontrolled Flight

The pilot should specify in the flight plan regarding the position of flight
which will be controlled and uncontrolled.
If the initial position of flight is uncontrolled, the pilot is advised to take ATC
clearance from that ATC unit under whose area controlled flight will be
commenced.
When it is indicated in the flight plan that the initial portion of the flight will
be controlled and subsequent flight uncontrolled, the aircraft will be cleaned
up to that point where the controlled flight terminates.
Flight through Intermediate Steps:
The flight plan should specify the different stages of flight through
intermediate steps.
The initial clearance will be issued by the departure aerodrome upto
the first intermediate stop & subsequent clearance must be obtained
from those ATC units under whose area the flight will be affected.

Contents of ATC Clearance;

Aircraft identification has reflected in flight plan

Clearance limit
Route of flight
Flight levels at different phase of flight and change of levels if required
Other details such as SSR operation approach or departure
manuoeuvers communication and time of expiry of clearance
Departing Aircraft;

After clearance is obtained from the departing aerodrome the

information related to the flight of the aircraft shall be intimated to
the other units on the route to destination aerodrome and also the
area control centre(ACC)
ACC on receiving the request must forward a clearance to approach
control units or aerodrome control towers without any delay

Enroute Aircraft;

Initial clearance is issued by the departing aerodrome ATC unit and

then its intimated to the adjacent ATC unit to clear the aircraft to
specified point during a specified period
It will be responsibility of the appropriate ATC unit to issue on
amended clearance whenever necessary and to issue traffic
information if required

Description of ATC clearance limit;

It is reflected by specifying the significant point or aerodrome or

control airspace boundary
A prior coordination should be assured through the ATC units for
the subsequent control areas so that the clearance limit can be
extended to the destination aerodrome the aircraft has to report to
the concerned reporting point whenever passing over it
If the aircraft has to pass through the intermediate steps then
subsequent clearance must be obtained and a coordination between
different ATC and ATS units must be assured
If the best phase of light is encompassing and uncontrolled airspace
then the clearance limit will be upto the controlled boundry airspace

Route of Flight;

The route will be specified in each clearance if sufficient details of

route are specified in the flight plan
When the aircraft following standard departure and arrival routes as
specified in AIP then the clearance shall be specified as cleared
via(designation) departure or cleared via (designated) arrival may be
used
An aircraft is mostly offered most direct routing unless some
constraints like ATC work load ,traffic density arises.
Levels;

The clearance related to level changes from point to point due to other
aircraft on the same level and track
A particular level clearance is effected upto a significant point and
subsequent levels are intimated to the pilot in case of flight in that
controlled airspace or area
The place or time for a climb or descent is also intimated whenever
required
The instructions concerning departure or approach levels must also be
intimated to a pilot whenever it necessary

4. Explain Vertical, Lateral and Longitudinal Separation Based On

time and Distance? Or Explain the Airspace separation and
how it is implemented.
General:

The Vertical /Horizontal separations are applicable:

1. Between all flights ion class A and B airspace.
2. B/w IFR flights in classC,D &E airspace.
3. B/w IFR &VFR flights in class C
4. B/w IFR and special VFR flights.
Composite separation:-
1. It consists of the combination of vertical and horizontal separation .the
separation minima may be less than the individual separations specified but
should not be less than half. This separation shall be applied on the basis of
regional air navigation agreements
Vertical Separation:-
1. Separation minima:
A nominal 1000ft below FL 290 and a nominal 2000ft or above FL
290.
A nominal 1000ft when both aircraft sare RVSM compliant and
operating within designated RVSM(Reduced vertical separation
minima)

Separation at Different Stages:

Vertical separation during climb and decent :an aircraft may be cleared to a level
previously occupied by another aircraft after the better has reported vacating it ,except
when
Severe turbulence is known to exist or
The aircraft concerned are established at the
same holding pattern.
Horizontal Separations:
There are three types of horizontal separations
A) Lateral separation,
b) Longitudinal separations,
c) Radar separation.

Lateral separation (based on distance)

It can be maintained when the aircraft sare over different geographic locations as
determined by visual reference or by reference to navigation aid.
By using same navigation aid or method :-
VOR----Both aircrafts are established on radials diverging at least 15 degree
and at least one aircraft is 15 NM or more from the facility.
NDB----- both aircrafts are established are established on tracks to or
from the NDB diverging 30 degrees &one aircraft is NM or more from
the facility.
DR(Dead Reckoning);
Both aircraft are established on tracks diverging by 45degree and one
aircraft is 15NM or more from the point of intersection of the tracks.
The position is established either visually or by reference to a
navigational aid
Longitudinal Separation;
Longitudinal separation shall be applied-so that the spacing between
the estimated position of the aircraft being separated is never less than
a prescribed minimum
a. Same Track;
Same direction track and intersecting tracks
Angular difference is less than 45degree or more than 315degree
Protection area overlap
b. Reciprocal Track;
Track opposite and intersecting
Angular difference more than 315degree but less than 225degree

Longitudinal Separation Based On Time:

i. Aircraft At Same Cursing Level And Track;

15minutes separation is maintained between aircraft on same track and level
10 minutes separation between aircraft is maintained if navigation aids permit
frequent determination of position and speed
5minutes separation is maintained in the following cases provided proceeding
aircraft is maintaining a true airspeed of 37kmph (20nm) more than the
succeeding aircraft conditions applicable
Aircraft that have departed from same aerodrome
Enroute aircraft that have reported over the same exact significant point
 Enroute and departing aircraft the departing should be cleared after the enroute
aircraft has reported over the fix and a five minutes separation is required
ii. 3minutes separation can be maintained if the preceding aircraft is maintaining a true
airspeed faster than the succeeding aircraft by 74 km/hr or more.

Aircraft Flying On Crossing Tracks:-

15 minutes separationb/w aircraft s on crossing track and same level.
10 minutes separation---when frequent position guidance is given by
navigation aids
Vertical separation does not exist, provided such separation is
authorized when navigation aids permit frequent determination of
position and speed.
15 minutes separation b/w aircraft climbing on same track.
15 minutes separation b/w aircraft descending and on the same track.
10 minutes separation b/w aircraft climbing on same track with the
help of navigation aid determining constantly the position and speed.
10 minute separation b/w aircraft descending on the same track with
navigation aid.
Separation 5 minutes
Level change(climbing)
10 mm after the second aircraft has reported over on exact reporting
point
Position and speed determined by navigation aids .descending with the
help of navigation aids
Descending within 10 minutes after the 2nd aircraft has report at the
exact reporting point.
Separation 5 minutes
Position and speed maintained by ground navigation aids.

Aircraft Climbing and Descending:

a) traffic on the same track
When an aircraft pass through the level of another aircraft on the same
track, a longitudinal separation of 15 minutes is maintained.
b) aircraft descending on the crossing track
A 15 minutes separation is maintained

c) A10 minutes separation is maintained when navigation aids permit

frequent determination of position speed.

d) Traffic on reciprocal tracks.

When lateral is not provided, vertical separation shall be

provided for at least 10 minutes prior to and after the time the
aircraft is estimated to pass.
Longitudinal Separation Minima Based On Distance Using DME and GNSS:

The separation should be maintained not less than the specified

distance bw aircraft positions as reported by reference to DME
and other navigation aids like GNSS
There should be direct voice communication bw the pilot and
the controller.
The integrated navigation system using GNSS input should be
taken into consideration.
All distance reports must be made with reference to DME
stations.
The aircraft using area navigation systemshould refer to the
GNSS derived distance.
When it is not possible to maintain lateral separation the pilot
should be provided with the vertical separation till such time
the aircraft s regain the original track route &level.
1. Aircraft On The Same Cruising Level
20 NM separation is provided
Each aircraft utilizes
1. Same on DME track DME STATION or
2. DME station and collocated way point (DME or GNSS)
3. Same way point utilizing GNSS
4. Separation is checked at frequent intervals to ensure the
minimum separation is maintained all the time.

Aircraft On Crossing Tracks:-

20 NM (37KM) separations:--
Each aircraft reports distance from DME station and or
collocated waypoint or same waypoint located at the
crossing points of the tracks
The relative angle bw the tracks is less than 90 degree.
Separation is checked frequently by obtaining readings
from DME&GNSS simultaneously.
10 NM separation(crossing tracks ):::----
This separation is provided when the leading
aircraft maintains the true airspeed 20NM more
faster than the succeeding aircraft.
Each aircraft reports distance from DME and a
collocated way point of the tracks.
The relative angle bw the tracks is lesser than 90
degree.
Separation is checked frequently by obtaining the
DME &GNSS readins simultaneously .
Distance Maintained By the AIRCRAFT Climbing And Descending.

10 NM while vertical separation does not exist.

Utilizes
on track both DME of both aircraft
on track DME and GNSS
same way point both aircraft GNSS
separation by readings of DME&GNSS

5. What do you mean by Position Reporting? Explain in Detail?

Introduction:
The safety and effectiveness of traffic control depends to a large extent on
accurate position reporting
In order to provide the proper separation and expedite aircraft movements,
ATC must be able to make accurate estimates of the progress of every
aircraft operating on an IFR flight plan
Position Identification:
When a position report is made passing a VOR radio facility, the time
reported should be the time at which the first complete reversal of the
"to/from" indicator is accomplished
When a position report is made passing a facility by means of an airborne
ADF, the time reported should be the time at which the indicator makes a
complete reversal
When an aural or a light panel indication is used to determine the time
passing a reporting point, such as a fan marker, Z marker, cone of silence
or intersection of range courses, the time should be noted when the signal
is first received and again when it ceases
o The mean of these two times should then be taken as the actual
time over the fix
If a position is given with respect to distance and direction from a
reporting point, the distance and direction should be computed as
accurately as possible
Except for terminal area transition purposes, position reports or navigation
with reference to aids not established for use in the structure in which
flight is being conducted will not normally be required by ATC
Reporting Points:
CFRs require pilots to maintain a listening watch on the appropriate
frequency and to furnish position reports passing certain reporting points
Reporting points are shown on enroute charts
o Compulsory reporting points are a solid triangle [Figure 1]
o Non-compulsory reporting points are open triangles which are only
required when requested by ATC [Figure 2]
A list of reporting points can be found within Federal
Aviation Administration Order (7400.9) Airspace
Designations and Reporting Points
Requirements for Reporting:
Flights along airways or routes:
o Required by all flights, regardless of altitude, including those
operating in accordance with an ATC clearance specifying "VFR-
ON-TOP" over each designated compulsory reporting point along
the route being flown
Flights Along a Direct Route:
o Regardless of the altitude or flight level being flown, including
flights operating in accordance with an ATC clearance specifying
"VFR-on-top," pilots must report over each reporting point used in
the flight plan to define the route of flight
Flights in a Radar Environment:
o When informed by ATC that their aircraft are in "radar contact,"
pilots should discontinue position reports over designated reporting
points
o They should resume normal positioning reporting when ATC
advises "Radar Contact Lost" or "Radar Service Terminated"
o Controllers attempting to radar contact an aircraft will assign a
specific squawk or ask for an IDENT
Flights in an Oceanic (Non-radar) Environment:
o Pilots must report over each point used in the flight plan to define
the route of flight, even if the point is depicted on aeronautical
charts as an "on request" (non-compulsory) reporting point
o For aircraft providing automatic position reporting via an
Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Contract (ADS-C) logon, pilots
should discontinue voice position reports
ATC will inform pilots that they are in "radar contact":
o When their aircraft is initially identified in the ATC system; and
o When radar identification is reestablished after radar service has
been terminated or radar contact lost:
Subsequent to being advised that the controller has
established radar contact, this fact will not be repeated to
the pilot when handed off to another controller. At times,
the aircraft identity will be confirmed by the receiving
controller; however, this should not be construed to mean
that radar contact has been lost. The identity of transponder
equipped aircraft will be confirmed by asking the pilot to
ident, squawk standby, or to change codes. Aircraft
without transponders will be advised of their position to
confirm identity. In this case, the pilot is expected to advise
the controller if in disagreement with the position given.
Any pilot who cannot confirm the accuracy of the position
given because of not being tuned to the NAVAID
referenced by the controller, should ask for another radar
position relative to the tuned in NAVAID
Position Report Items::
Identification
Position
Time
Altitude or flight level assignments
 Type of flight plan (not required in IFR position reports made directly
to ARTCCs or approach control)
ETA and name of next reporting point
The name only of the next succeeding reporting point along the route of
flight
Pertinent remarks

6. What is Flight Plan? Explain in Detail?

Before any flight is undertaken ,the details of flight is given by ATS unit
Complete or portion of flight detail is in the form of ICOA model flight plan
A Flight plan shall be submitted to the ATS reporting office during flight and it is
transmitted to ATC unit on Air ground control frequency
Flight plan is given for
Scheduled flights
Non-scheduled flights
Local/training flights

Scheduled Flights

The flight plan for scheduled flights should be in printed form ATS authority
through electronic media
The operations are recoded and saved for six months .The operation of ATS,
COMM, MET briefing and data/documents are included.
The pilot or crew in person should report to ATC officer when special weather
condition or other aspect which affect the safety of flight.

Unscheduled Flights

The flight plan should by duly signed and submitted by pilot at the time of
depart to the ATS unit /aerodrome
If any operator (regular air transport/authorized agency), the flight plan is duly
signed by state of registry.
In above case the flight departure is authorized to obtain ATS units,CMM and
MET briefing

Local/Training Flight

As same as before
For training flights conducted by flying clubs within the aerodrome traffic zone
flight plan is submitted in telephone
Information are aircraft identification
Flight rule (IFR/VFR)
 Name of pilot/trainees
No.of.person onboard
Duration of flight
Endurance
Flights conducted cross country (away from aerodrome) ATS not exists-the
reporting is given to FIC on phone.

Submission of Flight Plan

All flight plan shall be submitted prior to operation
Provided by ATC (complete/portion )
Any IFR within advisory
Flights within destination or along that route ,ATS is required to facilitate
the services for flight information ,alerting , search and rescue
Need Military operation
Across the international borders.
Flight plan is submitted before depart to ATS officer, during flight to the Air
ground control radio station.
Flight shall be submitted sixty minutes before depart.
If submitted during flight, it should reach appropriate ATS unit at least before 10
mins (crossing /entry to that control area).

Completion of Flight Plan

The flight plan should comprise all the information as required by the
appropriate ATS units
It should contains
aircraft identification ,flight number
Flight level
Route
Destination /intermediate stops
Flight duration ,endurance
Duration in controlled /uncontrolled air spaces
Type of fight (IFR/VFR)
Communication type
No of persons on board
Flight crews ,attendants other necessary information
Flight plan should be complete and signed by pilot in command (copy is retained )

Closing of a Flight Plan

Arrival report
Report of arrival ,after landing shall be made in person by
radio/telephone(ATS units where we submitted flight plan )
If there is no air traffic unit is exists at arrival, report is submitted to
nearest ATS unit (quick)
 if there is inadequate communication facility at the arrival ,alternate
arrangement is not in ground-report is given to flight information services
Arrival report contains
Aircraft Identification
Departure/Destination Aerodrome
Arrival of Aerodrome
Time of Arrival
 UNIT III

FLIGHT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

2 MARKS

1. Define Controlled Airspace, Controlled flight, Controlled

Airspace?

Controlled Airspace: An aerodrome at which air traffic control service is provided to

aerodrome traffic.

Controlled Flight: Any flight which is subject to an air traffic control clearance

Controlled Airspace: An airspace of defined dimensions within which

air traffic control service is provided in accordance with the airspace classification.

2. Brief about RADAR?

Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the
range, angle, or velocity of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft,
ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. A
radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio
or microwaves domain, an emitting antenna, a receiving antenna (separate or the same
as the previous one) to capture any returns from objects in the path of the emitted
signal, a receiver and processor to determine properties of the object(s).

3. Write types of RADAR used in Aerodrome?

Primary Surveillance RADAR (PSR)
Secondary Surveillance RADAR (SSR)

4. Write about Primary Surveillance RADAR?

The primary radar unit has a major quality: It works with passive echoes. The
transmitted high-frequency impulses are reflected by the target and then received by
the same radar unit. Well, direct cause of the reflected echo is the transmitting
impulse sent out by the radar unit.

5. Write about Secondary Surveillance RADAR?

Secondary radar units work according to another principle: These work with
active answer signals. The secondary radar unit transmits and also receives high-
frequency impulses, the so called interrogation. This isn't simply reflected, but
received by the target by means of a transponder which receives and processes. After
 this the target answers with another frequency, the response telegram which is
produced and transmitted.
6. What does the term Aerodrome Reference Point refer to?
An aerodrome reference point shall be established for an aerodrome. The
aerodrome reference point shall be located near the initial or planned geometric centre
of the aerodrome and shall normally remain where first established. The position of
the aerodrome reference point shall be measured and reported to the aeronautical
information services authority in degrees, minutes and seconds.

7. Distinguish B/W Primary Radar & Secondary Radar?

If one wins safe information about direction, height and distance of the
targets with the primary radar, then the secondary surveillance radar still provides
additional information, like signal identification and also the altitude of the targets.

8. What is Flight Information Service?

A service provided for the purpose of giving advice and information useful for
the safe and efficient conduct of flights.

9. Define Alerting Service?

A service provided to notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in
need of search and rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required.

10. Define Advisory Service?

A service provided within advisory airspace to ensure separation, in so far as
practical, between aircraft which are operating on IFR flight plans.

11. What Is Advisory Airspace and Advisory Route?

Advisory airspace: Airspace of defined dimensions, or designated route, within

which air traffic advisory service is available.
Advisory route: A designated route along which air traffic advisory service is
available.

16 MARKS

1. What type of Radar is used in Area and approach Control?

Uses of Surveillance Radar for Area;

The following types of radar services may be provided to aircraft operating within
reliable radar coverage
 Radar control services for aircraft operating within class D and class E
airspace
Radar advisory services for aircraft operating within class F airspace
Radar flight information services for identified aircraft operating in any part
of FIR
The provision of any of the above types of radar services requires that aircraft
remain in direct to way communication with the limit providing the service
however radar separation May be provided between two radar identified
aircraft even when only one of the aircraft is in direct communication with
the radar unit
The information presented on a radar display may be used to perform the
following function in the provision of the air traffic control service.

1. Improve airspace utilization

2. Reduce delays

3. Enhance safety

*It also provides radar vectoring (guidance);

Departing aircraft for expeditious and efficient departure

flow and expending climb to cruising level.
arriving aircraft for the purpose of expediting descent
from cruising level and establishing an expeditious and
efficient approach sequence
aircraft for the purpose of resolving potential conflicts
Assist pilot in the navigation.

Uses of Surveillance Radar for Approach;

Before providing service to an aircraft the controller must identify it from many
targets on his screen.
Initially the pilot can be asked to state a VOR/DME position
A very high frequency direction finding (VDF) Trace will be often available on the
screen to give to give a bearing on the pilot transmission. This can also be confirmed
by asking the pilot to make certain maneuvers such as turn on to a certain heading
through at least 30 degree.
Once the aircraft is identified the controller may be provide vectors(specific
heading)to guide the pilot verbally through controlled airspace or away from the
hazards such as weather .
 The controller also the guides the aircraft to have the safe obstacle clearance
beneath the aircraft by maintaining a cleared altitude.
In case of the controller is unable to provide vectoring, he may advise the pilot to
resume its own navigation.

Surveillance Radar Approach

In order to guide (vector) the aircraft on the approach path the controller
instruct the pilot to descend to a height of 1500ft above the aerodrome
before it arrives on the extend runway center line.
Once the aircraft aligned with the runway center line the controller vectors
the aircraft towards the final approach fix (position) now from this point the
pilot is advised to make a descend towards the threshold.
The pilot will select the rate of descend that will bring the aircraft to the
runway threshold without descending below a series of check height which
ensure proper clearance from obstruction below the descend path.

Such other essential information:

Types of approach
Runway in use
Angle of nominal glide path
Procedure to be followed during radio failure.

The controller will continue to provide vectors to keep the aircraft tracking
towards the runway until the aircraft approach a minimum range and it may
be between 0.5nm and 2nm.
Now the pilot has to work out the altitude he should be passing at each range
in order to reach to the touchdown point and then can make safe landing.

2. Write short notes on Primary radar and Secondary Radar.

Air traffic control radars are devices used to detect, monitor and guide aircraft
within a delimited airspace region. Several types of radars are used in the framework
of civil or military air traffic control
1. Primary Radar:
This type of radar operates using the electromagnetic waves
properties, especially the echo.
The primary radar is a turning antenna that emits
electromagnetic pulses, meaning a wave front concentrated
in time which propagates through air and is reflected by all
targets with sizes greater than a given threshold.
The radar finally detects the incoming waves after their
reflection. The time difference between the pulse emission
 and the reflected wave reception is proportional to the
distance of the target with respect to the emission antenna.
The position of the antenna at the reception, corrected by
the fact the antenna is continuously turning, is linked to the
azimuthal angle of the target.
Primary radars are unable to detect the altitude of the target.
The emission power of the radar is one of the main
specifications which determine the maximum detection
range (radar coverage).
The introduction of the pulse compression technique has
made possible a global reduction of the instantaneous
emission power, leading to less expensive devices.
Primary radars are placed in strategic positions within a
given region to ensure the largest coverage:
Approach primary radars are located in most of the
airports to detect all aircraft flying within and in the vicinity
of the airport airspace, in particular those which are not
equipped with a transponder.
En-route primary radars are meant to detect all aircraft
in transit over a large airspace. En-route primary radars
have been replaced by secondary radars which are by far
much more efficient.
Ground primary radars are also located in some airports
to help the controller in regulating the circulation of all
vehicles, aircraft or others, within the tarmac and taxiways.
This type of radar is useful especially in low visibility
conditions.
 Primary Radar Process and Display
2. Secondary radar:
This type of radar operates using the interrogation
technique. The secondary radar transmits a series of
electromagnetic pulses, but these pulses are coded in such a
way that a transponder system installed inside aircraft
system can detect and interpret them.
The transponder of an aircraft detects and decodes the radar
pulses (interrogation signal) and emits a series of pulses
which code the answer to the interrogation.
The secondary radars operate in active mode with respect
to primary radars which operate in passive mode. The
passive answer (primary mode) of the aircraft provides its
position while the active answer of the transponder
(secondary mode) provides other information (code,
altitude, speed), depending on the type of both the radar
and the transponder.

Two types of secondary radars exist:

o Mode C (or standard) secondary radar: it is used
to interrogate aircraft on their transponder code
(mode A) and the altitude indicated by their
altimeter (mode C).
o Mode S secondary radar: it is an evolution of the
standard secondary radar and is able to:
Make a selective interrogation of all aircraft
equipped with mode S transponders and
provide data exchange between the aircraft
and the radar.
Provide better data integrity by parity check
Provide more precise altitude information In
IVAO, IvAc software can be considered as
Mode S secondary radar.
 Secondary Radar Display
3. Explain Responsibility for the provision of Flight information
service, Altering Service and Air Traffic Advisory Services?

Flight Information Services (FIS):

Flight information service is provided to all flights in addition to air traffic

control/advisory services as applicable however only FIS is provided in airspace ATS
route classified G
All VFR and IFR flight outside controlled airspace shall maintain watch on the
frequency used by the unit providing flight information service and provide
information regarding their position
The Flight information regions provide the flight information and altering service to
all aircrafts flying in that concerned region
There are five flight information regions within india and they are identified as
follows:
1. Bombay FIR is identified by A
2. Calcutta FIR is identified by E
3. Guwahati FIR is identified by E
4. Delhi FIR is identified by I
5. Madras FIR is identified by O

Altering Service;

The altering shall be provided to all aircrafts

o With air traffic control service
o Any aircraft flying within the ATS airspace and routes
o Aircraft which is subjected to unlawful interference
o The flight information centers or area control centers
shall serve as the central point for collecting all
information regarding the state of emergency of an
aircraft and forward such information to the appropriate
rescue co-ordination centre
The state of emergency may be described as follows;
o Uncertainty phase-when no communication from an
aircraft is received within a period of thirty minutes
after the last communication received
o Also when an aircraft fails to arrive within thirty
minutes of the estimated time of arrival last notified by
ATS unit
o Alert phase-following the uncertainty phase attempts
were made to establish communication but it did not
reveal any where about aircrafts
o Also when aircraft has been cleared to land but fails to
land within five minutes of estimated time of landing
and communication has not been reestablished with the
aircraft
o Distress phase-when the following alert phase ,no
communication with the aircraft is established
o Distress phase-when the fuel on board is considered to
be exhausted
o Distress phase-when the information received regarding
the operating efficiency of the aircraft has been
diminished
o Distress phase when the aircraft has made a forced
landing without danger to aircraft and its occupants.

Air Traffic Advisory Services:

Air traffic advisory services are provided to aircraft operating outside controlled airspace on
ATS routes classified F. The advisory services relates to different parameters as detailed
below

o The objective of air traffic advisory service is to make

information on collision hazard more effective in the
ATS routes
o These services provide the traffic information regarding
other aircraft in the vicinity (close proximity) of the
particular track route of the concerned aircraft
o This the guide the pilot to maintain adequate lateral and
vertical separation between aircrafts flight so that a mid
air collision can be avoided
o The pilot should intimate the ATS unit incase altering
its flight level track to avoid such collision and also
when it regains its original level track assigned to that
flight
 UNIT IV

AERODROME DATA

2 MARKS

1. What is aerodrome?
A defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations and
equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and
surface movement of aircraft.

2. What is Runway?

According to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO),

a runway is a "defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the
landing and takeoff of aircraft".

3. What is Visual Runway?

Visual runways are used at small airstrips and are usually just a strip of grass,
gravel, ice, asphalt, or concrete. Although there are usually no markings on a visual
runway, they may have threshold markings, designators, and centerlines.
Additionally, they do not provide an instrument-based landing procedure; pilots must
be able to see the runway to use it. Also, radio communication may not be available
and pilots must be self-reliant.

4. What is a Non-precision instrument runway?

Non-precision instrument runways are often used at small- to medium-size
airports. These runways, depending on the surface, may be marked with threshold
markings, designators, centerlines, and sometimes a 1,000 ft (305 m) mark (known as
an aiming point, sometimes installed at 1,500 ft (457 m)). They provide horizontal
position guidance to planes on instrument approach via Non-directional beacon, VHF
ommidirectional range, Global Positioning System, etc.

5. What is Precision instrument runway?

Precision instrument runways, which are found at medium- and large-size
airports, consist of a blast pad/stopway (optional, for airports handling jets), threshold,
designator, centerline, aiming point, and 500 ft (152 m), 1,000 ft (305 m)/1,500 ft
(457 m), 2,000 ft (610 m), 2,500 ft (762 m), and 3,000 ft (914 m) touchdown zone
marks. Precision runways provide both horizontal and vertical guidance for
instrument approaches.
6. Give the types of runways?
a. Single Runway
b. Parallel Runway
c. Intersect Runway
d. V Open and V Closed Runway

7. Define aerodrome elevation?

It denotes that an altitude is given above the nearest aerodrome or
airport. This is usually identical to the altitude above ground level, but aerodrome
elevation is used to be precise.

8. What is aerodrome reference point?

An aerodrome reference point shall be established for an aerodrome. The
aerodrome reference point shall be located near the initial or planned geometric centre
of the aerodrome and shall normally remain where first established. The position of
the aerodrome reference point shall be measured and reported to the aeronautical
information services authority in degrees, minutes and seconds.

9. What is meant by aerodrome reference temperature?

An aerodrome reference temperature shall be determined for an aerodrome in
degrees Celsius. The aerodrome reference temperature shall be the monthly mean of
the daily maximum temperatures for the hottest month of the year (the hottest month
being that which has the highest monthly mean temperature). This temperature shall
be averaged over a period of years.

10. Explain briefly about the Decision Altitude (DA) (or) Decision
height (DH)?
A DH/DA denotes the altitude in which a missed approach procedure must be
started; it does not preclude the aircraft from dipping below the prescribed DH/DA. A
decision height is measured AGL (above ground level) while a decision altitude is
measured above MSL (mean sea level). They are used for precision approaches

11. What is Instrument Approach Procedure (IAP)?

An instrument approach procedure is a series of predetermined manoeuvres by
reference to flight instruments with specified protection from obstacles from the
initial approach fix, or where applicable, from the beginning of a predefined arrival
route to a point from which a landing can be completed and thereafter, if a landing is
not completed, to a position at which holding or en-route obstacle clearance criteria
apply.

12. Enumerate aerodrome reference codes?

 16 MARKS

1. Describe with a neat sketch a typical runway and Marks its

Salient Features.
2.

3. Short Note on Runways in Aerodrome

4. Explain how aerodrome is designed.
5. Mention the Ways of Designing Runways in an Aerodrome.
6. Explain in Detail the Physical Characteristics of Aerodrome
Data.
7. Describe in Detail the Obstacles Restriction.
8. Explain the Following:
a. Instruments Runway
b. Length of Primary /Secondary Runway
9. Describe the Following :
a. Width of the Runway
b. Minimum Distance Between parallel Runway.
 UNIT V

NAVIGATION AND OTHER SERVICES

2 MARKS

1. Distinguish b/w VASI and PAPI?

2. How do you identify aerodrome beacon?
3. What is aerodrome beacon?
4. Enumerate the types of colors for markings used in runways?
5. What is SIGMET?
6. State the characteristics of signal area?
7. What is VASI?
8. What are IFR & VFR?
9. What is aerodrome beacon? Where it is located?

16 MARKS

1. Explain in Detail Lighting systems Used in Runways.

Circling guidance lights
Circling guidance lights are provided when existing approach
and runway lightning system do not satisfactory gives the
identification of the runway or approach area to a circling a/c .the
circling guidance lights should consists of
Lights indicating the extended centre line
of the runway or parts of any approach
lightning system or
Lights indicating the position of the
runway threshold or
Light indicating the direction or location
of the runway or a combination of the
such lights
Runway lead in lightning system
Runway lead in lightning system is provided for a visual guidance
along a specific approach, for reasons of avoiding hazardous terrain.
It consists of a group of lights to define the desired approach path
.the intervals between the adjacent groups should not exceed by the
1600 m.
The lights may be curved or straight and it should extend from the
outer most upto a point where approach lightning or runway
lightning system is in view .
 The light should consist of atleast three flashing lights in a linear
or cluster configuration also there should be steady running lights
for identifying the system(flashing lights---white)
Runway threshold identification lights
Runway threshold lights are installed at the threshold of a non
precision approach runway when additional threshold identification
is necessary or where it is not possible to provide other lighting
aids.
The light should be located symmetrically about the runway centre
line in line with the threshold and atleast 10 mr outside. Each line of
runway edge lights
These lights should be flashing white lights frequency bw60& 120
per min & should be visible in the direction of approach.
Runway edge lights:---
Runway edge lights are provided for the runway intended to be used
at night for a precision approach runway used by day or night.
These edge lights are placed at both edges of the runway at
equidistance from centre line over the full length of a runway
The runway should be placed at on interval of 60mt (instrument
runway)100mt(non instrumental runway)
Colour of light
Variable white
Red(in approach direction );between the beginning of a runway
and threshold (in case of displaced threshold)
A section of lights at which take off run starts should show
yellow colour
Intensity 50 cd (but not less than 25 cd)
Runway threshold and win bar lights
When the threshold at the extreme end of runway, threshold lights
should be placed in the row at right angles to the runway axis
In case of displaced threshold lights should be placed at displaced
threshold perpendicular to the runway axis.
Threshold light should consist of
6 lights (for non precision and non instrument)
Precision approach CAT 1, the no .of lights depend on
the width of the runway ,with a spacing interval3m bw
the adjacent light .same in case of category 2 &3
Wing bar lights
Wing bar lights are provided in case of precision approach runway
where additional clarities is required .
Wing bar light s are provided for non instrument or non precision
approach runway where the threshold is displaced .
Characteristics
 Wing bar lights are symmetrically disposed about the runway
centre line at the threshold
It consist of 5 lights on each side of threshold extending at least 10
m outward from and at light angles to the runway edge lights , with
the innermost light is in the line of the runway edge lights. These
are fixed unidirectional lights showing green in the direction of
approach to the runway
Runway end lights:
Runway end lights are provided for a runway equipped with runway
edge lights.
These lights should be placed on the line at right angle to the axis as
near to the end of the runway as possible but not more than 3m
outside the end.
These lights may be symmetrically placed between the runway edge
lights or equally spaced between the rows of the runway edge lights.
this consists of 6 lights
The runway edge lights are fixed unidirectional lights showing red
in the direction of the runway
Runway centre line lights
The runway centre line lights are located from threshold to the end
at a longitudinal spacing of
7.5 m or 15 m on a precision approach CAT 3
7.5 m or 15 m or 30 m for precision approach CAT2
Centre line guidance for take off should be provided by
Approach lighting system
Runway centerline lights
Barrets of 3m length and speed at a
uniform interval of 30 m.
Landing operation
The runway center line lights shall be fixed lights showing variable
white from the threshold to the 900 m from the runway end
Alternate red and variable white from 900 m to 300m. from the
runway end and red from 300 m to the runway end.
Runway touchdown zone lights
Runway touchdown zone lights from threshold for a
longitudinal distance of 900 m. in case of runway length less
than 1800 m the lights should not extend beyond the
midpoint.
The system shall be formed by a pair of barrettes
symmetrically located about the runway center line.
The longitudinal spacing bw a pair of barrettes should be
either 30 m or 60 m
 BARRETTEScomposed of three lights
with a spacing of 1.5 m
Touchdown lights fixed unidirectional
showing variable white
Step way lights
Step way lights are placed along the full length of
stop way &shall be in two rows that are
equidistant from runway centerline &coincident
with runway edge lights.
Lights also be provided across the end of the stop
way, not more than 3m outside the end.
Stop way lights are fixed unidirectional lights
showing red in the direction of runway.
Taxiway centerline lights::--
Taxiway centerline lights are provided on an exist taxiway and
apron intended for use in runway visual range conditions.
It provides guidance from runway centerline to the point on the
apron where a/c commences maneuvering for parking.
Taxiway centerline lights other than an exist taxiway shall be fixed
lights showing green with beam dimensions such as light is visible
only from airplanes on or in the vicinity of the taxiway.
Taxiway centerline lights on a exist taxiway shall be fixed lights.
The lights shall show green and yellow from the beginning near the
runway centre lines to the ILS sensitive area or the lower edge of
the inner transitional surface, thereafter all lights shall show green.
The lights should be bidirectional where taxiway is used in both
directions
Longitudinal intervals::
Less than 30 m or shout straight sections.
For RVR (runway visual range) less than 400 m
spacing should not exceed15 m.
Larger intervals not exceeding 60m may be used.

2. Explain in Detail VASI and PAPI

3. Explain the Working of the Precision Approach Path Indicator.
4. Describe the Visual Aids for Navigation.

Wind Direction Indicator

It is important for a pilot to know the direction of the wind. At
facilities with an operating control tower, this information is
provided by ATC. Information may also be provided by CTAF at
airports that have the capacity to receive and broadcast on this
frequency.
 When none of these services is available, it is possible to determine
wind direction and runway in use by visual wind indicators. A pilot
should check these wind indicators even when information is
provided on the CTAF at a given airport because there is no
assurance that the information provided is accurate.

The wind direction indicator can be a wind cone, wind sock,

tetrahedron, or wind tee. These are usually located in a central
location near the runway and may be placed in the center of a
segmented circle, which identifies the traffic pattern direction, if it
is other than the standard left-hand pattern.

Wind direction indicators.

 Segmented circle.

The wind sock is a good source of information since it not only

indicates wind direction, but allows the pilot to estimate the wind
velocity and gusts or factor. The wind sock extends out straighter in
strong winds and tends to move back and forth when the wind is
gusty. Wind tees and tetrahedrons can swing freely, and align
themselves with the wind direction. The wind tee and tetrahedron
can also be manually set to align with the runway in use; therefore,
a pilot should also look at the wind sock, if available.

Landing Direction Indicator:

5. Explain in Detail When Why and How Suspension of Visual

Flight Rules Operation is initiated.
 6. Explain the simple Approach lighting system and various
lighting Systems.

SIMPLE APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM::

The approach lighting system depends upon the approach used;;;

(a) NON PRECISON &NON INSTRUMENT APPROACH RUNWAY

It consists of row of lights on the extended centre line of the

runway extending whenever possible over a distance of not less
than 420m form the threshold with the row of lights forming a cross
bar of 18m or 30m in length at a distance 300m from the threshold .
The cross bar lights shall be placed in such a way to produce a linear
effect.
Gap on each side of centre line should not exceed
6m
Spacing 1m or 4m is used .
The light forming the centre line are placed at longitudinal
interval of 60m or 30m.the innermost light should be
located at either 60m or 30 m from threshold.
The system should lie as nearly as practicable in the
horizontal plane .no objects should protrude through the
plane of approach light within the distance of 60m from the
extended centerline of the runway.
The centerline light shall consist of either a single source or
a barrette at least 3m in length.
The intensity of light should be adequate and should be
visible at all angles in azimuth necessary to pilot on bas leg
and final approach.

(b) APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM FOR PRECISON APPROACH CATEGORY1::

A precision approach CATEGORY 1 lighting system consists of ::---

A row of lights on the extended centre line of the runway

,,expending over a distance of 9000m from the runway threshold
with a row of lights forming a cross bar 30 m in length at a distance
of 300 m from the runway threshold.
The cross bar lights should be placed symmetrically wit the
extended centre line of the runway.
 The gap from the centre line should not exceed 6m. spacing bw
lights may be 1m or 4m.
The lights forming centre line shall be placed at longitudinal
intervals of 30 m width innermost light located at 30 m from
threshold.
The system shall lie as nearly as horizontal , no objects other than
ILS or MLS azimuth antenna shall protrude through the plane of the
approach light within a distance of 60 m from centerline
The centre line light may consist of :----
Single light source for innermost 300m.
Double light source for middle 300m
3 light source for outer most 300m

All these lights provide the distance information from the

threshold.

(b) APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM FOR PRECISION APPROACH CATEGORY2

&3

IT CONSISTS OF

Lights on extended centerline of the runway, extending wherever

possible upto a distance of 900m from threshold.
In addition this system consists of 2 side rows of lights extending
270m from the threshold.
It has got two cross bars ,one at 150 m and other at the 300m from
threshold.
The lights forming the centerline should be placed at 30 m intervals
with one innermost light located at 30 m from threshold
The side rows light shall be placed on each side of the centre line with
a longitudinal spacing equal to the centerline lights. The lateral
spacing should not be less than 18m&not more than 22.5 m
The crossbar at 150m should fill the gap bw the centerline and side rows
lights. The cross bar at 300 m shall extend on both sides of centerline lights
to a distance of 15m from the centerline.