MATH 135: ASSIGNMENT TWO

DUE: WEDNESDAY, MAY 16, 2012.

All the problems assigned here cover topics that were discussed from May 02 to May 14 in class. You are
expected to have attended lectures, read the course notes and be comfortable understanding and solving
the problems.

Problems

Problem One: Basic Set Theory.

(a) To prove a set A is a subset of another set B, i.e., A B, we need to show that for any random element x
chosen from A, that same element belongs to set B as well. Translate the above sentence into a symbolic
form.
(b) List all the subsets of the set {1, 2, 3, {1, 2}}.
(c) Prove the following for given non-empty sets A, B and C
(i) A A (ii) If A B and B C, then A C (iii) A B A A B (iv) A 1 A.
(d) To show that two set A and B are equal, i.e., A = B, we need to show that A B and also that B A.
Prove the following for given non-empty sets A, B and C
(i) A (B C) = (A B) (A C) (ii) A (B C) = (A B) (A C) (iii) A A = .
(e) Consider the sets
A = {x R | sin(x) = 0} and B = {n | n Z} .
What is the relationship between A and B?

Problem Two: Quantifiers and Nested Quantifiers.

(a) Express the following statements into a symbolic form using either a universal quantifier (for all) or
an existential quantifier (there exists)
(i) The equation x3 = 27 has a natural number solution.
(ii) 0 is less than or equal to every natural number.
(iii) Every real number is rational. (Comment: This statement is false, but you dont need to analyze the
truth of the statement here.)
(b) Express the following statements into a symbolic form using multiple quantifies (universal and/or
existential) in the same statement
(i) The equation x2 + a = 0 has a real solution for any real number a.
(ii) There is a rational number between any two unequal real numbers.
(c) Let P be the set of all people, T be the set of all time, and for a given time t, let Ft be the set of all people
that have been fooled at time t. Express the following famous statement (by Abraham Lincoln) using
quantifiers and set notation (this is tricky):
You can fool some of the people all of the time and all of the people some of the time, but
you cannot fool all of the people all of the time.

(d) Use your knowledge of basic mathematics to determine which of the following statements are true.
Just write you answer as TRUE or FALSE for each statement, you do not have to justify your answer.
(i) x R, x + 1 x.
(ii) x N such that 2x + 3 = 5x + 1.
(iii) x R y R such that x + y = 0.
(iv) x R y R we have x + y = 0.

1
2 DUE: WEDNESDAY, MAY 16, 2012.

Problem Three: Functions.

(a) A binary operation on a set is a rule for combining two elements of a set to give one element of the same
set as an output. For example, addition and multiplication are binary operations on the real numbers.
Suppose S = {a, b, c} is a set, and we define a binary operation using the symbol such that
a a = c, a b = c, a c = b, b a = c, b b = a, b c = b, c a = b, c b = b, c c = b.
Let us also assume that there are two functions f : S S and g : S S defined such that
f (a) = b, f (b) = c, f (c) = a
and
g(a) = b, g(b) = b, g(c) = b.
Answer the following questions:
(i) Is f an injective function? Is it surjective?
(ii) Is g an injective function? What is the range of g? Is it surjective?
(iii) You have been shown how to create new functions by combining given functions using binary
operations (or in English, this means that you have seen how to add and multiply functions).
Provide a definition for a new function f g and list the elements of its range, i.e., write down the elements
of S corresponding to
( f g)(a), ( f g)(b) and ( f g)(c).
(b) Consider the function h : {x R | x , 1} R given by
1x
h(x) = .
1+x
(i) Compute h h(x).
(ii) State the domain and range of h and using part (i), give a formula for the inverse of h.

Problem Four: One-to-one and Onto. Let A = {1, 3, 5, 7, . . .} be the set of odd positive numbers, and
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, . . .} be the set of even positive numbers. Give examples of functions from A to B which are:
(i) One-to-one but not onto.
(ii) Onto but not one-to-one.
(iii) Neither one-to-one nor onto.
(iv) One-to-one and onto.

Problem Five: Reading. Please read chapters five, six, seven and eight from the textbook and solve all the
given practice problems (you are not required to hand in the solutions) from the book.

END OF ASSIGNMENT TWO