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DESIGN EXAMPLE 1
This example is to illustrate the design of one way and two way
spanning walls in a rectangular water tank.
3.5 m
Structural Analysis
lx 6200
2.4 2 Hence slab will span one way i.e. as a cantilever.
ly 2600
2 Design of water-retaining structures
REF
BS 8007 CALCULATIONS OUT PUT
2500
Water load F = x 34.3 x 2.5 x 1 (ULS)
= 42.875 kN/m F = 40.02
BM at base (vertical bending) kNm/m
= 42.875 x [1/3 (2.5) + 0.1] SF at
= 40.02 kNm/m Base
(2500)/3
100
(ULS)
Direct tension (Vertical direction) = 0 = 42.875
BM (Horizontal direction) = 0 kN/m
The liquid level should be taken to the working top liquid level or Max. BM
2.3
overflow level. (SLS)
Maximum water pressure = 9.8 x 1.0 x 2.3 = 22.46
= 22.54 kN/m2 kNm/m
Water load = x 22.54 x 2.3
= 25.92 kN/m Max. SF
Maximum vertical BM = 25.92 x [1/3 x 2.3 + 0.1] (SLS)
= 22.46 kNm/m = 25.92
Maximum shear force at Base = 25.92 kN/m kN/m
lx 3700
1.4 2 (Two way spanning slab)
ly 2600
Note:
Method 1
To carry out elastic analysis of thin walls any available method can
be used. There are design charts (T 53) are available in the
Reynoldss Hand book for different boundary conditions of the wall.
The curves given in Table 53 (RHB) can be used to calculate critical
service bending moments on vertical and horizontal strips of unit
width when the slab is fully fixed or freely supported or unsupported
along the top edge. The curves are based on elastic analyses and for a
value of Poissons ratio of 0.2.
Using T53/RHB
0.015
For top edge unsupported wall slab
0.008
-0.021 -0.021 BM at ULS
lx = 3700
lz = 2600 (method 1)
k = lx / lz = 1.4 (kNm/m)
-0.055 Mm=3.48
Mm = 0.015 x 34.3 x 2.62 = 3.48 kNm/m
Ms = 0.055 x 34.3 x 2.62 = 12.75 kNm/m Ms=12.75
Mhm = 0.008 x 34.3 x 3.72 = 3.76 kNm/m Mhm=3.76
Mhs = -0.021 x 34.3 x 3.72 = 9.86 kNm/m Mhs =9.86
4 Design of water-retaining structures
CALCULATIONS
REF OUT PUT
M s 9.12
i4 3.6
M m 2.48
M hm 2.68
1.08
M m 2.48
M hs 7.04
i1 i3 2.63
M m 1.08 x 2.48
2l y 2 3.7
l yr
(1 i1 ) 1 i3 1 2.63 2 1.94
l yr 1.94
0.75
lx 2.6
From T61 /RHB M 0.013 (for i4 = 3, lyr / lx = 0.8) BM at ULS
flx 2 (method 2)
(kNm/m)
M = M m = 0.013 x 34.3 x 2.62 = 3.01 kNm/m Mm=3.01
Ms = i4 x Mm = 3.6 x 3.01 = 10.84 kNm/m Ms=10.84
Mhm = 1.08 x Mm = 1.08 x 3.07 = 3.25 kNm/m Mhm=3.25
Mhs = 2.63 x 1.08 x 3.01 = 8.55 kNm/m Mhs=8.55
BM at SLS
T 53 can be used although there is no water on the top 200 mm. BM at SLS
(kNm/m)
Mm = 0.015 x 22.54 x 2.62 = 2.29 kNm/m Mm= 2.29
Ms = -0.055 x 22.54 x 2.62 = -8.38 kNm/m Ms = 8.38
Mhm = 0.008 x 22.54 x 3.72 = 2.47 kNm/m Mhm= 2.47
Mhs = -0.021 x 22.54 x 3.72 = -6.48 kNm/m Mhs = 6.48
6 Design of water-retaining structures
Direct tension (or reaction on short wall) carried by long wall (ULS)
Short wall
R2
Ly = 3.7 m
Lx = 2.6 m
K = ly / lx = 1.42 < 2 3500
R1 2500 R3
ULS SLS
Mm Ms Mhm Mhs T Mrm Ms Mlm Mhs T
(KNm/m) KN/m (KNm/m) KN/m
Long
- 40.02 - - 20.12 - 22.46 - - 13.41
wall
Short 3.01 10.84 3.25 8.55 -
wall Method 2
2.39 8.38 2.47 6.48 -
Short 3.48 12.75 3.76 9.86
wall Method 1
Design Example 1 7
REF
BS 8007 CALCULATIONS OUT PUT
Design of walls
d = 200 40 12 20/2
= 138 mm 40
M = 40.02 KNm/m
12
K = 0.156 No. redistribution
20
M 40.02 10 6
K 3 0.06 K '
bd 2 f cu 10 138 2 35 Hence no
3.4.4.4/ compression r/f 200
BS8110 is reqd
K
Z d 0.5 0.25
0.9
= 0.93 d = 0.93 x 138 = 128.3 mm
M 40.02 106
As 779mm2 / m
0.87 f y Z 0.87 460 128.3
20.12 10 3
T = 20.12 KN/m As 50.3mm 2 /m
0.87 460
REF CALCULATIONS
BS 8007 OUT PUT
REF
BS8007 CALCULATIONS OUT PUT
Considering T1 = 30o C
T2 = 10o C
= 10 x 10-6 / oC
R = 0.5 for rigid end restraints
Wmsx
0.5 10 10 6 (30 10)
S max
2 10 4
f ct
A.3 Smax Steel ratio based on surface zone.
fb 2
U1 - 771
S3 - 400 S1 - 1518 ( Y20 @ 200 )
S3 - 400
200
Long wall horizontal R/f
R/f to carry ult. tension - 50.3/2 per layer (U2)
R/f to carry serv. tension - 103.2/2 per layer (S2)
R/f to shrinkage and thermal movement - 400 per layer (S3)
U2 - 50.3/2
U2 - 50.3/2 S2 - 103.2/2
S2 - 103.2/2 S3 - 400 ( Y12@275 )
S3 - 400
200
R/f provided
Y12@200 Y20@200
Y12@200 Y12@200
200
Design Example 1 11
REF
BS8110 CALCULATIONS OUT PUT
3.5.5
Check for ultimate limit state of shear
Long wall
Ultimate Shear force at the base = 42.875 KN/m
V 42.875 10 3
0.31 N / mm 2
bd 10 138
3
Other considerations
(b) laps
Bars should extend beyond the point at which it is no longer required for
a distance equal to an anchorage length.
The hand book for the previous code of practical (BS 5337) states that
deflection at the top of wall need not be checked for open structures.. But
when the reservoir is roofed, or supported at top, the criteria has to be
checked.
Es = 200 kN/mm2
Ec = x static modulus
= x 27(T.7.2 / BS 8110)
= 13.5 N/mm2
Es 200 200
e e 0.0114 0.169
E c 13.5 13.5
x 1 2 1
d e
e
2
0.169 1 1 0.436
0.169
X = 0.436 x 138 = 59.4 mm
59.4
Z d x 138 118.2mm
3 3
b t(h x)(a1 x)
2
3 E s A s(d x)
1000(200 59.4)(200 59.4)
3 200 10 3 1570(138 59.4)
0.267 10 3
m 1 2 0.815 10 3
3 acr . m
w
a C min
1 2 cr
h x
Cmin = 40 + 12 = 52 mm
(acr + 10)2 = 622 + 1002
acr = 107.7 mm
3 107.7 0.815 10 3
w
107.7 52
1 2
200 59.4
0.15mm 0.2mm
Hence O.K.
Note:
Since the crack width is not close to the design crack width it is
possible to reduce the reinforcement. Therefore by adopting this method
an economical solution can be achieved.
Design Example 1 15
fcu = 35 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2 (10 mm - type 2 deformed bars)
0.2
S max 1333.3mm
1 10 10 6 30
2
Joint spacing = 4.8 + 1.33 = 6.13 m
provide complete joints at 6 m.
Note: