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UNIT I
PART-A
(N/D 2007)
4. State Zeroth Law and the First Law of Thermodynamics. (A/M 2008)
Zeroth law of thermodynamics states when two systems are separately in thermal
equilibrium with a third system then they themselves are in thermal equilibrium with each
other.
The first law of thermodynamics states that when a system undergoes a cyclic
process, net heat transfer is equal to work transfer.
Q = w
5. What is meant by "Perpetual motion machine of first kind? (A/M 2008)
PMM of first kind delivers work continuously without any input. It violates the first
law of thermodynamics. It is impossible to construct an engine working with this
principle.
6. Prove that there is no change in internal energy for an isolated system. (N/D 2009)
For any isolated system there is no heat, work and mass transfer
Q=W=0
Q = W + u
u = 0
7. Prove that the difference in specific heat capacities equal to Cp Cv = R (N/D 2009)
= mR (T2-T1)
Q = W + u
Cp = R + C v
Cp Cv = R
Steady flow means that the rates of flow of mass and energy across the control surface are
constant.
Every system has certain mass or energy transfer characteristics which it is physical
condition may be described. Eg: volume, Temperature etc., Such characteristics are
called properties of the system.
10. Define Concept Of Continuum (N/D 2011)
A reversible process is one, which is performed in such a way that at the conclusion
of process, both system and surroundings may be restored to their initial state, without
producing any changes in rest of the universe.
It is defined as a series of state changes such that the final state is identical with
the initial state.
The work done by a process does not depend upon the end of the process. It depends
on the path the system follows from one state to another state. Hence work is called a path
function.
15. List out the practical applications of steady flow energy equation. (A/M 2013)
a. Turbine
b. Nozzle
c. Condenser
d. Compressor
UNIT-2
PART-A
1. State the Kelvin- Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics. (N/D 2006)
Kelvin-Planck states that it is impossible to construct a heat engine working on cyclic
process, whose only purpose is to convert all the heat energy given to it in an equal
amount of work.
2. Write a short note on the term availability. (A/M 2006)
The availability (A) of a given system is defined as the maximum useful work that is
obtainable in a process in which the system comes to equilibrium with its surroundings.
Availability is thus a composite property depending on the state of both the system and
surroundings.
3. What is the difference between Ideal gas and Real gas? (N/D 2007)
Ideal Gas Real Gas
a) Ideal gas obeys all gas laws under Real gas obeys gas laws only at law
all conditions of pressure and pressure and high temperature
temperature
4. List out any four reasons for irreversibility in a process. (A/M 2007)
a. Lack of equilibrium.
b. Heat transfer through a finite temperature difference.
c. Force expansion,
d. Dissipative effects.
e. Lack of pressure equilibrium within the interior of the system.
8. What is the difference between a heat pump and refrigerator? (A/M 2009)
Heat pump is a device which operating in a cyclic process maintains the temperature
of a hot body at a temperature higher that the temperature of the surrounding.
A refrigerator is a device which operating in a cycle process, maintains the
temperature of a cold body at a temperature lower than the temperature of the
surrounding.
Available energy is the maximum thermal useful work under ideal condition. The
remaining part, which cannot be converted into work, is known as unavailable energy.
13. What are the important characteristics of entropy? (A/M 2012)
a. If the heat is supplied to the system then the entropy will increase.
b. If the heat is rejected to the system then the entropy will decrease.
c. The entropy is constant for all adiabatic frictionless process.
Heat engine is a machine, which is used to convert the heat energy into mechanical
work in a cyclic process.
15. What are the assumptions made on heat engine? (N/D 2013)
3. What is meant by super heated steam? And indicate its use. (N/D 2007)
If the dry steam is further heated, then the process is called super heating and steam
obtained is known as super heated steam.
Dryness fraction =
5. Write short notes on the terms: Degree of super heat and Degree of sub cooling.
(N/D 2008)
Degree of Super heat:
It is the difference between superheated temperature and saturated temperature at the
same pressure.
Degree of sub cooling:
It is the amount by which the water is cooled beyond the saturated temperature at the
same pressure.
6. Define Triple Point and Critical Point for Pure Substance (A/M 2008)
Triple point:
Triple point is the state at which all the three phases i.e. solid, liquid and vapour exist
in equilibrium.
Critical point:
It represents the highest pressure and temperature at which the liquid and vapour
phases coexist in equilibrium. At the critical point the liquid and vapour phases are
indistinguishable i.e. Liquid is directly converted into vapour.
7. One kg of steam at 10 bar has an enthalpy of 2500 kJ/kg. Find its quality.(A/M 2008)
h=2500 kJ/kg
h=hf+ X x hfg
At 10 bar from steam tables
Hf = 762.6 kJ/kg; hfg = 2013.6 kJ/kg
2500 = 762.6 + X x 2013.6
X=
8. Draw a skeleton P-V diagram for water and show an isothermal passing room
compressed liquid state to superheated vapour state through vaporization process.
(N/D 2009)
9. Write the different process of Ranking cycle on T-S diagram. (A/M 2009)
Process:
1-2: isentropic expansion
2-3: Constant pressure and temperature heat rejection
3-4: water is pumped to boiler pressure
4-5: constant pressure heat addition in boiler of to saturation temperature
5-1: Constant pressure and temperature in boiler
10. List out the advantages of reheat cycle. (N/D 2010)
a. Marginal increase in thermal efficiency.
b. Increase in work done per kg of steam which results in reduced size of boiler and
auxiliaries for the same output.
c. Prevention of the turbine from erosion.
11. List out the improvements made to increase the ideal efficiency of Rankine cycle.
(N/D 2011)
a. Lowering the condenser pressure.
b. Superheated steam is supplied to the turbine.
c. Increasing the boiler pressure to a certain limit.
d. Implementing reheat and regeneration in the cycle.
13. List out the various vapour power cycle. (A/M 2012)
a. Carnot cycle
b. Rankine cycle
c. Reheat Rankine cycle
d. Regenerative cycle.
14. Define Pure Substance (N/D 2013)
A pure substance is defined as one that is homogeneous and invariable in chemical
composition throughout its mass.
15. Why is reheat cycle not used for low boiler pressure? (N/D 2013)
At the low reheat pressure the heat cycle efficiency may be less than the Rankine cycle
efficiency, since the average temperature during heating will then be low.
UNIT 4
IDEAL AND REAL GASES, THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS
PART-A
1. State Boyles Law. (N/D 2006)
Boyles law states that the volume of a given mass of a gas varies inversely as its
absolute pressure, when the temperature remains constant.
10. What is Joule Thomson coefficient? Why is it zero for an ideal gas? (N/D 2010)
Joule Thomson Coefficient is defined as the Change in temperature with change in
pressure, keeping the enthalpy remains constant. It is denoted by
=0
It implies that the Joule Thomson coefficient is Zero for ideal gas.
11. What is compressibility factor? (N/D 2011)
The gas equation for an ideal gas is given by (PV/RT) = 1, for real gas (PV/RT) is
not equal to 1 (PV/RT) = Z, for real gas is called the compressibility factor.
12. What is equation of state? (A/M 2011)
The relation between the independent properties such as pressure, specific volume and
temperature of a pure substance is known as the equation of state.
14. State the assumptions made in kinetic theory of gases. (N/D 2012)
a. There are no intermolecular forces between the particles.
b. The volume of the molecules is negligible in comparison with the gas.
BPF =
10. Define Humidification Process (A/M 2011)
Humidification is defined as the process of adding moisture at constant dry bulb
temperature so W2 > W1: but td1 = td2, so the humidity ratio increases from 1 to 2.
11. What is psychrometer? (A/M 2012)
Psychrometer is an instrument which measures both dry bulb temperature and wet
bulb temperature.