Mobile Wimax Network Architecture

Gemini Communication Ltd.
Innovation & Leadership
Mobile Wimax Architecture
© Gemini Communication – Company Confidential Ver 1.0 www.gcl.in

Wimax Network Specification
Normative use of Protocols and procedures to satisfy
various functions of working system based on existing
IEEE and IETF Standards.
Protocols and Procedures defined over various

interfaces for different capabilities supported by the
Network.
A unified approach from which interoperable profiles

can be derived for basic interoperability for different
usage modes and service models.
Ver 01
Mobile Wimax Network Reference
Architecture
Ver 01
Wimax Network Interfaces
. R1
Interface between (MS)Mobile station and the (ASN) as per the Air Interface
specification.R1 May include additional protocol related to the management.
. R2
Interface between the MS and the (CSN) Connectivity Service Network associated
with authentication ,Service Authorization, IP Host Configuration management and
Mobility Management. This is a logical interface thus does not reflect a direct
protocol interface between MS and CSN.
. R3
Interface between the ASN and the CSN to support AAA, Policy enforcement and
mobility management capabilities. It also encompasses the bearer plane to transfer
IP data between the ASN and the CSN.
. R4
Consists of a set of control plane and bearer plane protocols originating/terminating
in various entities within the ASN that coordinates MS mobility between ASNs.
Ver 01
Wimax Network Interfaces
cont..
. R5
It consists of a set of Control plane and tunneling protocols for

internetworking between CSNs operated by either the Home or Visited
NSP.
. R6
It consists of a set of control plane and bearer plane protocols for
communication between the BS and the ASN GW. The bearer plane
consists of Intra ASN data Path and Inter ASN tunnels between the BS
and ASN GW.
. R8
It Consists of a set of Control Plane message flows and, in some
situations , bearer plane data flows between the BS to ensure fast and
seamless handover.
Ver 01
Key Architecture Features
All IP Radio Access and core Network
Support for all usage Models
Access to incumbent core networks via internetworking function.
Open interfaces both with in the RAN and between the RAN and
the Core Network.
Support for Voice, data and multimedia services with

appropriate QoS .
Ver 01
Key Network Features
Ver 01
Network Nodes
Ver 01
ASN – Access Service
Network
Multiple ASN Profiles have been

specified in Wimax as a Tool to manage
diversity in ASN node usage and
implementation.
Ver 01
Access Service Network –
Profile A
Centralized ASN Model with BS and ASN GW in separate platform through
R6 interface.
Spilt RRM : RRA in BS and RRC in ASN GW.
Open interface Profile A: R1 , R6 , R4 and R3
Ver 01
Profile B
Distributed ASN solution with the BS and the ASN GW functionalities
implemented in a single platform.
Open interface Profile B:- R4 and R3
Ver 01
Profile C
Similar to Profile A , Except for RRM being non split and located in BS.
Ver 01
Connectivity Service Network
Connectivity to the Internet, ASPs

Authentication , Authorization and
Accounting
IP Management
Mobility and Roaming between ASNs
Policy and QoS Management based on
a SLA
Ver 01
CSN Functions
IP address allocation to the MS for user sessions.
AAA proxy or server for User, device and services
authentication, authorization and accounting.
Policy and QoS management based on the SLA.
Subscribers billing
Inter – CSN tunneling to support roaming between
NSPs.
Inter – ASN mobility management and mobile IP
home agent functionality.
Connectivity Infrastructure and policy control .
Ver 01
HAND OVER PROCESS
Hand over process consists of six different
stages.
Cell Reselection
Handover decision
Handover Initiation
Synchronization
Termination of Services
Handover cancellation
Ver 01
Handover process - Cell
Reselection
MS acquires info about the BS in the

Network and evaluate the Possibility to
perform handover.
Ver 01
Handover decision and Initiation
The initiation of a handover is the

decision to migrate the MS from the
serving BS to Target BS.
Handover request will trigger a
sequence of Handover specific
message to be sent in-between MS and
BS.
Ver 01
Synchronization
To Establish Communication with the
target BS, the MS need to synchronize
to its D/L Channel.
During this Period the MS Rx Downlink
and Uplink TX Parameters
for e.g. ( Time offset and Power level)
Ver 01
Termination
Termination of services at the serving
BS is the last step in the Handover
process.
The serving BS will terminate all the

associated MS.
Ver 01
Handover Cancellation
During the Handover the MS has the

right to cancel the handover and resume
normal communication with the serving
BS.
Ver 01
Types of Hand over
Soft Handover
During the Soft Handover the MS will listen and
transmit to all the BS by sending PDUs to the
MS and they all listen to the MS transmission.
Fast BS Switching
In Fast Switching the MS will listen and
transmit to only one BS with in the active set
of BS’s.
Ver 01
Type of Handover Cont…
In both the Handover the MS will maintain
a list of BS’s that are involved in the
Handover.
All the BS’s in the active set need to be

synchronized to each other to be able to
support handover and fast BS switching.
Ver 01
Ranging
Ranging is an uplink physical layer
procedure that maintains the quality and
reliability of the radio link communication
between the MS and the BS.
When it receive the ranging
transmission from MS, the BS
processes the received signal to
estimate various radio link parameters.
Ver 01
Quality of Service
The Different types of QoS Supported in
Mobile Wimax are
UGS
Rtps
Nrtps
Ertps
BE
Ver 01
Quality of Service Cont..
UGS : Unsolicited grant services:
This is designed to support fixed-size data packets

at a constant bit rate (CBR). Examples of
applications that may use this service are T1/E1
emulation and VoIP without silence suppression.
The mandatory service flow parameters that define
this service are maximum sustained traffic rate,
maximum latency, tolerated jitter, and
request/transmission policy.
Ver 01
Real-time polling services (rtPS):
This service is designed to support real-time
service flows, such as MPEG video, that
generate variable-sizedata packets on a
periodic basis.
The mandatory service flow parameters that
define this service are minimum reserved
traffic rate, maximum sustained traffic rate,
maximum latency, and request/transmission
policy.
Ver 01
Non-real-time polling service (nrtPS):
This service is designed to support delay-tolerant
data streams, such as an FTP, that require variable-size
data grants at a minimum guaranteed rate.
The mandatory service flow parameters to define this

service are minimum reserved traffic rate, maximum
sustained traffic rate, traffic priority, and
request/transmission policy.
Ver 01
Extended real-time variable rate (ERT-VR) service:
This service is designed to support real-time

applications, such as VoIP with silence suppression,
that have variable data rates but require guaranteed
data rate and delay.
This service is defined only in IEEE 802.16e- 2005,

not in IEEE 802.16-2004. This is also referred to as
extended real-time polling service (ErtPS).
Ver 01
Best-effort (BE) service:
This service is designed to support data streams,

such as Web browsing, that do not require a
minimum service-level guarantee.
The mandatory service flow parameters to define

this service are maximum sustained traffic rate,
traffic priority, and request/transmission policy.
Ver 01
Service flow supported in Mobile Wimax
Ver 01
Mobility Support in Mobile Wimax
In addition to fixed Wimax , Mobile Wimax envision four

mobility related usage scenarios
1. Nomadic :
The user is allowed to take a fixed subscriber station and
reconnect from different point.
2. Portable :
Nomadic access is provided to portable devices, such as
PCI card , USB dongle , with expectation of best effort
handover.
3. Simple Mobility:
The Subscribers may move at a speed up to 60Kmph with
brief interruptions during handoff.
4. Full Mobility:
Up to 120 Kmph mobility and seamless handoff is
supported.
Ver 01
Security Functions in Mobile Wimax
Unlike Wi-Fi, Wimax systems were designed

at the outset with robust security.
The Standard includes state of art for

ensuring user data privacy and preventing
unauthorized access, with additional
protocol optimization for mobility.
Ver 01
Cont…
The Key aspects of Mobile Wimax security are as

follows,
Support for privacy :-

The user data is encrypted using cryptographic
schemes of proven robustness to provide privacy.
Both AES and 3DES are supported in Mobile Wimax.
Most system implementation will likely use AES.
Ver 01
Cont…
Device / User authentication :
Mobile Wimax provides flexible means for

authenticating subscriber stations and users
to prevent from unauthorized use.
The authentication is based on the IETF,

which supports a variety credentials , such as
username/password, digital certificates, and
smart cards.
Ver 01
Cont…
Flexible and key Management protocol:-
The privacy and key management

protocol version 2 (PKMPv2) is used for
securely transferring keying material
from BS to the MS.
Ver 01
Performance Enhancement in Mobile
Wimax
The Mobile Wimax defines the number

of optional advance features to improve
the performance, such as ,
1. Multiple antenna techniques

2.Hybrid ARQ
3. Enhanced frequency reuse.
Ver 01
Wimax Cont…
AAS – Advanced Antenna System :-
This solution improves the system performance.
Significant gains in overall capacity and in

spectral efficiency.
AAS includes support for variety of multiantenna

solutions , including transmit
diversity,beamforming and spatial multiplexing.
Ver 01
Wimax Cont…
Transmit Diversity :-
It defines number of space-time block coding

schemes,that can be used to provide transmit
diversity in the D/L.
In transmit diversity, there would be two or

more Tx antennas and one or more Rx
antennas.
Ver 01
Wimax Cont…
Beamforming:-
Multiple antenna in Wimax may be used to transmit the

same signal to focus the transmitted beam in the
same direction of the receiver and away from the
interference, there by improving the SINR.
Beamforming can provide significant improvement in

the coverage range,capcity and reliability.
Ver 01
Wimax Cont…
Spatial Multiplexing:-
Wimax also supports Spatial Multiplexing, where multiple independent

streams are transmitted across multiple Antennas. If the Receiver also has
the multiple antennas, the streams can be separated out using the space –
time processing.
Multiple antennas are used in this case to increase the data rate or capacity of
the system.
In rich Multipath environment, the capacity of the system can be increased

linearly with the number of antennas when performing spatial multiplexing.
A 2x2 MIMO system doubles the peak throughput capability of Wimax.
Ver 01
Mobility Management
Architecture
Minimize Packet loss and handover latency.
Maintain packet ordering to support seamless
handover at vehicular speeds.
Supports macro diversity handover and fast
base station switching.
Minimize signaling to execute handover.
Accommodate multiple IP address and
simultaneous connections.
Ver 01
Mobile WiMAX Beamforming Innovation
Beamforming uses antenna array and signal processing techniques to
maximize signal strength for subscriber devices
No Beamforming
Energy is dispersed across an entire
90° or 120° sector
Sector
Antenna
Gain decreases quickly with
0 dB distance, degrading performance
Limited coverage. Cells must be
tightly spaced for good performance
Inter-cell interference adversely
affects frequency reuse
Beamforming Implementation Array is recalibrated every 5ms,

energy is focused at individual
subscribers
+9 dB Gain (64x) remains high over long
distances, improving performance
Expanded Coverage. Cells can be
+18 dB
widely spaced while providing good
performance
8-Element 120°
Beamforming Array
Ver 01 Inter-cell interference is minimized,
allowing maximum frequency reuse
© Gemini Communication – Company Confidential Ver 1.0 081010_Cisco_Connected_Life.pptwww.gcl.in
Mobile WiMAX Beamforming / MIMO Integration
Integrating Beamforming with MIMO further enhances the range,
reliability, and throughput of Mobile WiMAX services
Beamforming can create artificial multipath Beamforming extends the range and
characteristics where none exists naturally predictability of both MIMO-A & MIMO-B
MIMO
Limited Range, Large
T S5 S3 R Uncertainty Zone
MIMO-A
S2 ?
? S2 T MIMO-B
T S6 S4 R
MIMO-B without Multipath –

Symbols Lost
Uncertainty
Uncertainty Zone:
Zone: MIMO-B
MIMO-B performance
performance
becomes difficult to predict
becomes difficult to predict
S5
S3
R
S2 S1
S6 R MIMO-B MIMO-A
S4
MIMO-B with Artificial Multipath – Beamforming with MIMO

Symbols Received Extended Range, Small Uncertainty Zone
Ver 01
Mobile WiMAX Competitive Comparison
8-element Beamforming with MIMO, 120° Sectors
+18 dB D/L 12
Cells to cover a 5k radius (80km2)

R = 1.63 km
Baseline: SISO (+0 dB)
4-element Beamforming, 90° Sectors

Some
Some vendors
vendors increase
increase
transmit
transmit power or
power or use
use
+6 dB D/L 90° sectors
received
to boost
90° sectors to boost
received signals
signals
18
R = 1.33 km
2-element Diversity (no Beamforming), 90° Sectors
+3 dB D/L
28
R = 1.06 km
Ver 01
MIMO vs (Beamforming + MIMO)
Summary Animation
MIMO-only Beamforming + MIMO
Closer data packets indicating Larger Screen due Less MIMO-B beam overlap = Stronger green halo Greater
higher order modulation= to higher data less noise, more de- reflecting stronger coverage
higher data rates rates correlation, higher data rate signal even behind perimeter
buildings
Ver 01
Tunneling in Mobile Wimax
Tunneling in Mobile Wimax.
IP datagram to the mobile node are tunneled
from the home agent to the foreign Agent.
The 802.16 convergence sub layer (CS)
provides tunneling over the Air.
Tunnels are Identified by the CID.
Assignment of CID’s is performed in the
BS/MS.
CIDs are used for differentiating QoS.
Ver 01
Ethernet & VLAN in Mobile
Wimax
Ethernet services may be mainly based on
stationary deployment model of NRM.
The CSN deploys a bridge for forwarding the
user traffic ( L2 instead of L30
AAA/PF ( Policy Function) support needed for
dynamic estabilshment,configuration and
accounting of Ethernet services inside Mobile
WiMAX network.
Ver 01
Network Entry Process
Ver 01
Thank You
Contact : info@gcl.in
49
Ver 01

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Gemini Communication Ltd.

Innovation & Leadership

Mobile Wimax Architecture

© Gemini Communication – Company Confidential Ver 1.0 www.gcl.in

Protocols and Procedures defined over various

A unified approach from which interoperable profiles

It consists of a set of Control plane and tunneling protocols for

Support for all usage Models

Access to incumbent core networks via internetworking function.

Support for Voice, data and multimedia services with

Multiple ASN Profiles have been

Connectivity to the Internet, ASPs

MS acquires info about the BS in the

The initiation of a handover is the

The serving BS will terminate all the

During the Handover the MS has the

All the BS’s in the active set need to be

This is designed to support fixed-size data packets

The mandatory service flow parameters to define this

This service is designed to support real-time

This service is defined only in IEEE 802.16e- 2005,

This service is designed to support data streams,

The mandatory service flow parameters to define

In addition to fixed Wimax , Mobile Wimax envision four

Unlike Wi-Fi, Wimax systems were designed

The Standard includes state of art for

The Key aspects of Mobile Wimax security are as

Support for privacy :-

Device / User authentication :

Mobile Wimax provides flexible means for

The authentication is based on the IETF,

Flexible and key Management protocol:-

The privacy and key management

The Mobile Wimax defines the number

1. Multiple antenna techniques

This solution improves the system performance.

Significant gains in overall capacity and in

AAS includes support for variety of multiantenna

It defines number of space-time block coding

In transmit diversity, there would be two or

Multiple antenna in Wimax may be used to transmit the

Beamforming can provide significant improvement in

Wimax also supports Spatial Multiplexing, where multiple independent

In rich Multipath environment, the capacity of the system can be increased

A 2x2 MIMO system doubles the peak throughput capability of Wimax.

Beamforming Implementation  Array is recalibrated every 5ms,

MIMO-B without Multipath –

MIMO-B with Artificial Multipath – Beamforming with MIMO

8-element Beamforming with MIMO, 120° Sectors

Cells to cover a 5k radius (80km2)

4-element Beamforming, 90° Sectors

2-element Diversity (no Beamforming), 90° Sectors

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Beamforming Implementation Array is recalibrated every 5ms,