STUDY DESIGN

IN LITERARY STUDY
LILIS LESTARI W.
RESEARCH TECHNIQUE
STUDY DESIGN
The design is the structure of any scientific work.
It gives direction and systematizes the research.
The method you choose will affect your results and how you
conclude the findings. Most scientists are interested in getting
reliable observations that can help the understanding of a
phenomenon.
IN OTHER WORDS,
Research design plans manage and systematize quantitative or
qualitative data collection.
Quantitative research finds the answer to an inquiry by
compiling numerical evidence. It counts and classifies
components and creates statistical models to explain what is
observed.
Qualitative research is subjective in approach, and attempts to
understand human behavior and the rationales that govern it.
It generates mainly verbal data that is analyzed and
interpreted.
Under each of these two main categories fall a variety of
research designs suitable to particular studies.
Which Method to Choose?
What design you choose depends on different factors.
What information do you want? The aims of the study.
The nature of the phenomenon - Is it feasible to collect the
data, and if so, would it be valid/reliable?
How reliable should the information be?
Is it ethical to conduct the study?
The cost of the design
Is there little or much current scientific theory and literature
on the topic?
There are two main approaches to
a research problem:
Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research
What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative
research?

Shortly speaking, quantitative research generates numerical data

or information that can be converted into numbers. Qualitative
Research on the other hand generates non-numerical data.
STEPS OF CONDUCTING LITERARY
ANALYSIS (in general)
As a systematic and scientific process, a literary analysis has to
be conducted in the following order:
a. Finding and Identifying problem
b. Formulating hypothesis

RESEARCH TECHNIQUE PIN 432

c. Gathering data
d. Analyzing data
e. Concluding
Finding Problem(s) in Literary
Study
Below are sources of problems:
- Personal documents/journal while or after reading a literary
work;
- Direct observation on literary phenomena, e.g. folksongs, etc.;

RESEARCH TECHNIQUE PIN 432

- Research report conducted by others;
- Scientific journals;
- Books;
- Newspapers or magazines;
- Lectures;
- Discussion;
- Seminars, workshops on literature, etc.
Selecting/Identifying Problems
In order to select or identify worth-analyzing problem for our
research, we need to pay attention to the following criteria:
a. Researchable (dapat ditelaah secara ilmiah)
b. Personal interest (rasa ketertarikan)

RESEARCH TECHNIQUE PIN 432

c. Significance (kebermanfaatan)
d. Problem manageability (keterkendalian)
e. Accessibility (keterjangkauan)
f. Relevance (relevansi dengan latar belakang keilmuan
pengkaji)
g. Up to date/newness (kemutakhiran)
h. Debatable (dapat diperdebatkan)
Hypothesis
Hypothesis:
a. Idea, suggestion, put forward as a starting point for
reasoning or explanation.
b. Praanggapan yang disusun peneliti dan digunakan sebagai

RESEARCH TECHNIQUE PIN 432

pegangan pijak, atau diverifikasi sepanjang
penelitian/pengkajian berlangsung.
INSTRUMENT IN LITERARY
STUDY
THE RESEARCHER/INQUIRER
DATA GATHERING
Data gathering/collection is an important aspect of any type of
research study.
Inaccurate data collection can impact the results of a study
and ultimately lead to invalid results.
Continued
Different ways of collecting evaluation data are useful for
different purposes, and each has advantages and
disadvantages.
Various factors will influence your choice of a data collection
method: the questions you want to investigate, resources
available to you, your timeline, and more.
The qualitative methods most commonly used in evaluation
can be classified in three broad categories:
in-depth interview
observation methods
document review
Deciding Sources of Data
Primary Data:
any fact/information prepared for the analysis and taken from
the first/authentic sources/writers.
Secondary Data:

RESEARCH TECHNIQUE PIN 432

any fact/information employed in the analysis but taken from
secondary sources / writers who quote the passage from
previous/other writers.
Primary source information
Original material, such as a first-hand account of an event or a
work of literature or art, that has not been interpreted by
anyone other than its creator.
Common types of primary sources are diaries, letters,
autobiographies, interviews, speeches, stories, poetry, drama,
sheet music, and visual art.
Secondary source information
Secondary sources analyze and interpret primary sources,
drawing upon them to explain events of the past or explore
the meaning of works of art.
Secondary sources are often produced well after the events or
primary sources they comment upon, and their authors tend
to be modern scholars or commentators rather than
eyewitnesses of what they write about.
Typical secondary sources include scholarly books, articles in
journals, and textbooks.
 Sample research questions and
primary/secondary sources
Your research question
How did Southerners in the late
1860s react to their defeat in the
Civil War?
How was the loss of the Civil War
portrayed to the next generation of
Southerners growing up in the
1870s and 1880s?
How did Jane Austen view her own
reputation as a novelist in Regency Austen's novels and letters
England?
Do modern critics agree with each
other about Jane Austen's
reputation as a novelist in Regency Austen's works
England?
Primary sources Secondary sources
Diaries, letters, and memoirs
written by those who lived Histories and textbooks
through the war and its written after the 1860s
aftermath
School textbooks, magazine
articles, and histories Histories and textbooks
published in the 1870s and written after the 1880s
1880s
Literary criticism by scholars
who lived during and after
Austen's time
Literature reviews evaluating
Modern literary criticism of the current state of Austen
criticism (criticism of
criticism!)
After that,
Mention the approach(es) that you will apply in the analysis

Read further:
Critical Approaches to Literature
Reporting the resulting
analysis
Since most literary analyses are qualitatively conducted, the
report is usually done descriptively, meaning that the
researchers report the resulting analysis in the form of verbal
description, instead of tables, pie charts, or any other
numerical or statistical results of analysis.
THANK YOU!

ANY QUESTIONS?