Peristaltic Transport of A Micropolar Fluid With

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ISSN 2394-3785 (Online)

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International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJARTET)

Vol. 4, Issue 10, October 2017
Peristaltic Transport of a Micropolar Fluid with

Nanoparticles in an Inclined Tube with
Permeable Walls
K. Maruthi Prasad1, N. Subadra*2, M. A. S. Srinivas3
1
Department of Engineering Mathematics, School of Technology, GITAM University, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad,
Telangana, India-502329.
Email: kaipa_maruthi@yahoo.com
2
Department of Mathematics, Geethanjali College of Engg.& Tech., Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M), R.R. Dist., Telangana, India-
501301.
Email: nemani.subhadra@gmail.com
3
Department of Mathematics, JNTUH, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500085.
Email: massrinivas@gmail.com
* Corresponding author: nemani.subhadra@gmail.com
Abstract: The paper deals with the theoretical investigation of peristaltic transport of a micropolar fluid in an inclined tube with
permeable walls. The closed form expressions for velocity, pressure drop, time averaged flux, frictional force and mechanical
efficiency have been investigated under the assumptions of low Reynolds number and long wave length. Effects of different
physical parameters like micropolar parameter, coupling number, inclination, Brownian motion parameter, thermophoresis
parameter, local temperature Grashof number, local nano particle Grashof number, slip parameter on pressure rise, frictional
force, mechanical efficiency, temperature profile, nano particle phenomena, heat transfer coefficient, mass transfer coefficient
and streamline patterns have been studied. The computational results are presented in graphical form. The present study puts
forward an important note that peristaltic transport of a micropolar fluid with nano particles can be considerably controlled by
suitably adjusting the parameters of micropolar fluid like micropolar parameter, coupling number, and also the parameters of
nano particle like Brownian motion parameter, thermophoresis parameter. The peristaltic transport can also be controlled by slip
parameter and inclination.
Keywords: Peristalsis, Micropolar fluid, Nano particles, Brownian motion parameter, Thermophoresis parameter, Mechanical
efficiency, Slip Effect.
I. INTRODUCTION Nano fluid is a fluid containing nano meter sized

Peristalsis is a mechanism which is involved in particles known as nano particles. The nano particles in
transportation of fluids from one place to another due to nano fluids are typically made of metals, carbides, or
contraction or expansion of a tube containing fluid.
carbon nano tubes. Nano fluids possess special properties
Peristalsis appears to be the major mechanism in many
physiological systems and mechanical situations. that make them potentially useful in several applications in
Several researchers have investigated peristalsis in heat transfer, including microelectronics, pharmaceutical
both physiological and mechanical situations.[Fung & Yih, processes, fuel cells and hybrid powered engines.
(1968), Shapiro et al.,(1969), Devi & Devanathan, (1975), Choi, (1995), was the pioneer of study of nano
Meijing et al.,(1993), Maruthi Prasad & fluid technology. Sohail Nadeem et al., (2014) studied
Radhakrishnamacharya, (2009), Pincombe et al., (1999), Mathematical model for the peristaltic flow of nanofluid
Maruthi Prasad et. al.,(2015), Santhosh et al., (2015)].
through eccentric tubes comprising porous medium.
Nicoll et al., (1946) suggested that peristalsis plays a
vital role in circulation of blood. The effects of an Peristaltic transport of a nano fluid in an inclined tube was
endoscope on peristaltic flow of micropolar fluid was studied by Maruthi Prasad et al., (2015). Maruthi Prasad et
investigated by Hayat et al., (2008). The effect of al., (2015) also studied the peristaltic transport of
peripheral layer on the peristaltic transport of a micropolar nanoparticles of micropolar fluid in an inclined tube with
fluid was studied by Maruthi Prasad et al., (2009). heat and mass transfer effect.
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Most of the researchers have done their study using no Introducing a wave frame (, , ) moving with a velocity
slip boundary condition at the walls of the vessels. But in 1 away from the fixed frame ( , , ) by the
physiological systems, the arteries are having permeable transformations
nature. It is proved that there must be some amount of slip = , = 1 , = 1 , = , =
(2)
at permeable walls. Chu & Fang, (2000) studied peristaltic
in which ,
and , are the velocity components in the
transport in a slip flow. Slip effects on peristaltic transport
radial and axial directions in the fixed and moving frame
of power-law fluid through an inclined tube was studied by coordinates respectively.
Abd El Hakeem et al., (2007). Chaube et al., (2010) studied The governing equations of motion for micropolar fluid
slip effect on peristaltic transport of micropolar fluid. Ayan flow in the fixed frame are given by (Maruthi Prasad et al.,
Sobh, (2012) studied Peristaltic slip flow of a viscoelastic (2010))
fluid with heat and mass transfer in a tube. Slip effect on =0 (3)
the peristaltic flow of a fractional second grade fluid (. ) = + ( ) + ( + )2 (4)
(. ) = 2 + ( ) ( ) +
through a cylindrical tube was studied by Rathod et al.,
( + + )(. ) (5)
(2015). However, study of peristaltic transport of a
() = + () [ . + . ] (6)
2

micropolar fluid in an inclined tube with permeable walls

has not been studied. = +
2
[ ] 2 (7)

Motivated by these studies, study of peristaltic where is the velocity vector, is the micro rotation
transport of a micropolar fluid in an inclined tube with vector, is the fluid pressure, are the fluid density
permeable walls under the assumption of long wavelength and micro gyration parameters, is the viscosity of micro
and low Reynolds number is investigated. The coupled polar fluid, is the density of the fluid, is the density of
equations of the temperature profile and nano particle
the particle, is the volumetric volume expansion
phenomena are solved by using homotopy perturbation
technique. The analytical solutions of velocity, pressure coefficient, represents the material time derivative, is

rise, frictional force, mechanical efficiency and effect of the nano particle phenomena, is the Brownian diffusion
heat and mass transfer are obtained. The effects of various coefficient and is the thermophoretic diffusion
parameters on these flow variables are investigated and coefficient. The ambient values of as tend to
depicted graphically. are denoted by and . , , , are the material
constants and satisfy the following inequalities (Eringen,
II. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
1965)
Consider the peristaltic transport of an incompressible 2 + 0, 0,
micropolar fluid with nano particles in an inclined tube. 3 + + 0, ||
The tube is of uniform cross- section of radius a with Since the flow is axisymmetric, all the variables are
sinusoidal waves along the boundary of the tube with independent of and hence for this flow,
constant speed 1 , amplitude and wave length . Also = (, 0, ), = (0, , 0) &

suppose that the tube is inclined at an angle with the 2 1 2
horizontal axis. In this account heat transfer along with 2 = ( 2 + + 2)

nano particle phenomena has been considered. Symmetry
Introducing the following non-dimensional quantities
condition is used on both the temperature and nano particle
2
phenomena at the center of the tube, while the walls of the = , = , = , = , = , = ,
tube maintain temperature nano particle volume 1 1 1

1
fraction . Cylindrical polar coordinate system (, , ) is

= 2 , =

, = 2 , = ,

chosen, so that axis coincides with the center line of the 21 ()

tube and is transverse to it. Further the flow is assumed = , = , =

, = ,
()
to be axisymmetric. The wall deformation due to
propagation of an infinite train of peristaltic waves is given () 3 3
2
= , = 2
, = , = ,
by () 2
2
= (, ) = + ( 1 ) (1) in which , , and are the Brownian motion

parameter, the Thermophoresis parameter, local


temperature Grashof number and local nano particle

where, (= ) is the amplitude ratio.
Grashof number.
Using the non-dimensional quantities and III. SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM

applying low Reynolds number and long wave length
approximations, the equations (7) to (11) are converted to The homotopy for the equations (17) and (18) using
homotopy perturbation method is
+ + =0 (8) (, ) = (1 )[( ) ( 10 )] +

2 2 1
3 ( + )= + ( + + 2
1 2 [( ) + + ( ) ] (22)
2
2
+ ) (9) (, ) = (1 )[() (10 )] +
2 2
1 2 1
( + )= + ( ( ) + 2 + [() + ( ( ))] (23)
1
1 2
2 1
+ ) +
+ + (10) = ( ) is taken as linear operator for convenience.
2
(1) 2 2 2 2
( + ) = 2 + ( 2 ) + Consider 10 (, ) = ( ) , 10 (, ) = ( )
4 4
2 1 2 2 (24)
[ ( ( )) + ] (11)
2 2 as initial guesses which satisfy the boundary conditions.

1
( + )= 0
( ( )) + Define
22 0 2
2 (, ) = 0 + 1 + 2 2 + (25)
0
( )( )+ ( ) (12) (, ) = 0 + 1 + 2 2 + (26)
2 2

4 0 () 1 1 Adopting the same procedure as done by Maruthi
( + )= [ ( ( )) +
2 () 2 Prasad et al., (2015) the solution for temperature profile
1 and nano particle phenomena can be written for = 1 as
( ( ))] (13)
4 4
() (, ) = ( ) ( ) (27)
where = is the ratio between the effective heat 64
() 2 2
(, ) = ( ) (28)
capacity of the nano particle material and heat capacity of 4
Equation (15) can be written as
the fluid. Here = is the coupling number (0 < 1 1 2
+
2 (2+)
[ + + ] = (1 ) +
2
1), 2 = is the micro polar parameter. is the (1 ) + (1 ) (29)
(+)
micro rotation in the direction. Here are the Substituting equations (27) and (28) in equation (29), the
temperature profile and nano particle phenomena of the equation converted to
fluid. 1 1 2
Using the long wave length approximation ( 1) [ + + ]=
2
and low Reynolds number, equations (9) to (13) reduce to 4
4

(1 ) + (1 ) [( ) ( )] (1
64
= (14) 2 2

2 1
) [( ) ] (30)
4
( ) + + + ( 1) + ( 1)( +
2 Using equation (30) in equation (16), the equation for is

) = ( 1) (15) given as

2 1 2 1 1
2 + ( ( )) = 0 (16) + (2 + 2 )
2 2
1 2 1 1 2
0= ( ) + + ( ) (17) = 2 +

2 2 2 2
1 1
0= ( )+ ( ( )) (18) 1 2 5 4
+ ( ) ( )
The non-dimensional boundary conditions are 2 64 6 2
1 3 2
= 0, = 0, = 0 = 0 (19) + 2 ( ) ( ) (31)
2 4 4 2
The general solution for equation (31) is
= , = 0, = 0, = 0 = 2 ()1 () + 3 ()1 ()

= () = 1 + 2 (20) 1 1
+ +
is finite, is finite at = 0 (21) 2 2 2 2


1 4 3 5 1 1 4 6 178 1
+ ( ) ( + + )+ + ( ) 0 [ + ] +
2 24 128 162 384 2 84 1922 4608
1 2 3 1 1 4 56 1
( + ) (32) ( ) [ 0 42
]
2 22 8 16 2 96
3
where 1 () and 1 () are modified Bessel functions 1 2 1 4 1 3
of first and second order respectively. = +
3 2 2 4 2
Substituting equation (32) in equation (30), using Following the analysis of Shapiro et al., (1969), the time
the boundary conditions (19)-(21) and solving for , the averaged flux over a period in the laboratory frame is
equation for velocity is obtained as given as
1 0 () 1 ( 2 2 ) 2
= ( + = 1 + + (37)
2 2 1 () 2 2 2 2
( 1) 1 0 () Substituting equation (36) in equation (37), the time
) averaged flux is
2 2 1 () 2
1 2 2 1 2 = 1 + + 2 (38)
+ ( ) + ( ) ( + 2 1 1
2 2 2 2 24
4 2 4 6
When the micro polar parameter 0, i.e. the fluid
+ ) becomes Newtonian, the expression for the time averaged
642 128 1152
1 2 2 2 4 flux reduces to the corresponding expression for a
+ ( ) ( + ) + . + (33)
2 42 8 32 Newtonian fluid as given by Shapiro et al., (1969).
where, The dimensionless friction force at the wall is given by
( 1) 1 () 0 () 1
= = 2 ( )
0
(39)
(2 ) 1 ()
The expression for mechanical efficiency is
3 5
= ( ) ( 4 ) = (40)
2 2 162 192 1 1
2( 0 2 + 0 2 )
4 4
3
+ ( ) ( 2 )
2 16 The coefficient of heat and mass transfer at the wall is
1 3 5 2 given by
= ( ) ( +
2 24 162 96 42 (, ) = ( ) ( ) (41)

4 6
(, ) = ( ) ( )

(42)
+ )
644 144
1 3 2 34 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
+ ( ) ( + + )
2 42 8 42 32 The effects of various parameters on pressure rise,
The dimension less flux in the moving frame is defined as time averaged flux, frictional force, heat transfer
coefficient and mass transfer coefficient have been
= 0 2 (34)
computed numerically and the results are presented
Substituting equation (33) in equation (34), the flux and graphically using Mathematica 9.0 software.

are calculated. A. Pressure rise characteristics
The pressure drop over the wavelength is defined as The effects of various parameters like micropolar
1
= 0 . (35) parameter (), coupling number (), inclination (),

Brownian motion parameter ( ), thermophoresis
Substituting the expression in equation (35), the parameter ( ), slip parameter (), local temperature

pressure drop is Grashof number ( ) and local nano particle Grashof
= 1 + 2 (36) number ( ) on the pressure rise ( ) are shown in
1 1
where, 1 = 0 figures 1.1-1.8. It is observed from Figs. 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4

and 1.6 that, pressure rise ( ) decreases with the
1 1 1 2 increase of micropolar parameter (), coupling number
2 = 2 + 0 (. + ) + (), Brownian motion parameter ( ), thermophoresis
2 0
1 1 4 1 parameter ( ) and with local nano particle Grashof
2
0 ( 4 + 3 )
number ( ). It is noticed from Figs 1.5 and 1.7 that,
pressure rise ( ) increases with the increase of local
temperature Grashof number ( ) and with the inclination


(). It can be seen from Fig. 1.8 that, the pressure rise parameter ( ), temperature profile ( ) decreases and
( ) decreases with the increase of slip parameter () in with the increases of thermophoresis parameter ( ),
the region [0, 0.8] and pressure rise ( ) increases temperature profile ( ) increases. The temperature
in the region [0.8, 1]. It is interesting to observe that, profile ( ) value is minimum/maximum for
pressure rise ( ) increases with the increase of time [0.5, 0.5].
averaged flux ( ) with fixed values of micropolar E. Nano particle phenomenon
parameter (), Brownian motion parameter ( ), Figs. 5.1-5.2 explain the nature of nano particle
thermophoresis parameter ( ), local temperature Grashof phenomena () for different values of Brownian motion
number ( ) and with inclination (). It is also observed parameter ( ) and thermophoresis parameter ( ). It is
from Fig. 1.2 that, pressure rise also increases with the observed that, nano particle phenomena ()decreases with
increase of time averaged flux for fixed values of Brownian the increase of Brownian motion parameter ( ) and
motion parameter and converges to a particular value. increases with the thermophoresis parameter ( )and it
B. Frictional Force reaches maximum at = 0.
The effects of various parameters on the frictional F. Heat Transfer Coefficient
force ( ) are shown in figs. 2.1-2.8. It is observed from Figs.6.1-6.3 indicate the variation of heat transfer
Figs. 2.1, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6 and 2.7 that, the frictional force ( ) coefficient ( ) for various values of Brownian motion
decreases with the increase of micropolar parameter (), parameter ( ), thermophoresis parameter ( ) and
thermophoresis parameter ( ), local temperature Grashof amplitude ratio (). From Figs. 6.2-6.3, the value of the
number ( ), local nano particle Grashof number ( ) and heat transfer coefficient ( )increases in the region
inclination (). From Figs. 2.2 and 2.3 it is clear that, [1, 0] and decreases in the region [0, 1] with the
frictional force ( ) increases with the increase of coupling increase of thermophoresis parameter ( ) and amplitude
number (), Brownian motion parameter ( ). It is ratio (). However, the heat transfer coefficient ( )shows
interesting to observe from Fig. 2.8 that, with the increase an opposite behavior with respect to the Brownian motion
of slip parameter (), frictional force ( ) decreases in the parameter ( ). It is interesting to observe that; heat
region [0, 0.8] and increases in the region transfer coefficient ( ) converges in the region [1, 0]
[0.8, 1]. It is also observed that frictional force ( ) and diverges in the region [0, 1].
decreases with the increase of time averaged flux ( ) for G. Mass Transfer Coefficient
fixed values of micropolar parameter (), coupling number Figs. 7.1-7.3 illustrate the effect of various parameters
(), Brownian motion parameter ( ), thermophoresis on mass transfer coefficient ( ). From Figs. 7.2-7.3 it is
parameter ( ), local temperature Grashof number ( ), observed that, mass transfer coefficient ( ) increases in
local nano particle Grashof number ( ) and inclination the region [1, 0] and decreases in the region
(). [0, 1] with the increase of thermophoresis parameter
C. Mechanical Efficiency ( ) and amplitude ratio (). However, mass transfer
Figs. 3.1-3.8 represent the effect of various parameters coefficient ( ) shows different behaviour with respect to
on mechanical efficiency (). It is seen from Figs. 3.1, 3.2, Brownian motion parameter ( ). It is interesting to
3.3 and 3.8 that, mechanical efficiency() increases with observe that; mass transfer coefficient ( ) converges in
the increase of micropolar parameter (), coupling the region [1, 0] and diverges in the region [0, 1].
number (), Brownian motion parameter ( ) and with H. Streamline patterns
slip parameter (). From Figs. 3.4-3.7 it is noticed that, Under certain conditions the streamlines on the center
mechanical efficiency () decreases with the increase of line in the wave frame of reference are found to split in
thermophoresis parameter ( ), local temperature Grashof order to enclose a bolus of fluid particles circulating along
number ( ), local nano particle Grashof number ( ) and closed streamlines. This phenomenon is referred to as
with inclination (). But this decrease / increase is trapping, which is a characteristic of peristaltic motion.
insignificant at the lower values of time averaged flux. Since this bolus appears to be trapped by a wave, the bolus
D. Temperature Profile moves with the same speed as that of the wave. Figs. 8.1-
Effects of temperature profile( ) with respect to the 8.9 show the streamline patterns for different parameters.
Brownian motion parameter( ) and thermophoresis The size of the trapped bolus increases with the increase of
parameter ( ) has been shown from Figs. 4.1-4.2. It is micropolar parameter (), coupling number (),
seen that, with the increase of Brownian motion thermophoresis parameter ( ), local nano particle Grashof


number ( ) and decreases with the increase of amplitude ratio (). It is interesting to observe that there is
Brownian motion parameter ( ), local temperature no significant change in the trapped bolus with respect to
Grashof number ( ), slip parameter () and with the inclination ().
and on ( )
Fig. 1.1: Effect of and on ( )
Fig. 1.3: Effect of
( = . , = . , = . , = , = . , ( = . , = . , = . , = , = . , ( = . , = . , = . , = , = . ,
= . , = . , = . , = . ) = . , = . , = . , = . ) = . , = . , = . , = . )
and on ( )
Fig. 1.6: Effect of
( = . , = . , = . , = , = . , ( = . , = . , = . , = , = . , ( = . , = . , = . , = , = . ,
= . , = . , = . , = . ) = . , = . , = . , = . ) = . , = . , = . , = . )
and on ( )
Fig. 1.7: Effect of Fig. 1.8: Effect of and on ( )
( = . , = . , = . , = . , = , ( = . , = . , = . , = . , = . ,
= . , = . , = . , = . ) = . , = . , = . , = )
and on
Fig. 2.1: Effect of and on
Fig. 2.3: Effect of
( = . , = . , = . , = . , = . ,( = . , = . , = . , = . , = . ,
( = . , = . , = . , = . , = . ,
= . , = . , = , = . )
= . , = . , = , = . ) = . , = . , = , = . )


and on
Fig. 2.4: Effect of and on (
Fig. 2.5: Effect of ) and on (
Fig. 2.6: Effect of )
( = . , = . , = . , = . , = . , ( = . , = . , = . , = , = . , ( = . , = . , = . , = , = . ,
= . , = . , = , = . ) = . , = . , = . , = . ) = . , = . , = . , = . )
and on (
and on (
( = . , = . , = . , = . , = . ,
( = . , = . , = . , = . , = . ,
= . , = . , = . , = )
= . , = . , = . , = . )
and on
Fig. 3.3: Effect of
( = . , = . , = . , = . , = . , ( = . , = . , = . , = . , = . , ( = . , = . , = . , = . , = . ,
= . , = . , = , = . ) = . , = . , = , = . ) = . , = . , = , = . )
and on
Fig. 3.6: Effect of
and on
Fig. 3.4: Effect of
( = . , = . , = . , = . , = . , ( = . , = . , = . , = , = . , ( = . , = . , = . , = , = . ,
= . , = . , = , = . ) = . , = . , = . , = . ) = . , = . , = . , = . )
and on and on
Fig. 3.8: Effect of
Fig. 3.7: Effect of
( = . , = . , = . , = . , = . , ( = . , = . , = . , = . , = . ,
= . , = . , = . , = . ) = . , = . , = . , = )


4.1 4.2 5.1 5.2
Fig. 4.1 & 4.2: Variation in Temperature profile with , Fig. 5.1&5.2: Variation in Nano particle phenomenon with ,
( = , = . ) ( = , = . )
6.1 6.2 6.3
Fig. 6.1, 6.2 & 6.3: Variation in heat transfer coefficient with , ,
(6.1: = , = . , = . )(. : = , = . , = . ) (. : = , = . , = . )
7.1 7.2 7.3
Fig. 7.1, 7.2 &7.3: Variation in Mass transfer coefficient with

(. : = , = . , = . ) (. : = , = . , = . ) (. : = , = . , = . )
Fig. 8.1: Stream line patterns for different values of Fig. 8.2: Stream line patterns for different values of
= . , = . , = . , = . , = . , = . , = . , = ,
= . ,
= . , ( )
( ) = . , = , = , = . , = .
= , = , = . , = . , =
= . , = . , = . , = ,
= . , = . , = . , = . , = . , = . ,
( ) ( )
= . , = , = . , = . , = . = , = , = . , = . , = .


= . , = . , = . , = ,
= . , = . , = . , = . , = ,
= . ,
( ) ( )
= . , = , = , = . , = . = . , = , = , = . , = .
Fig. 8.7: Stream line patterns for different values of

= . , = . , = . , = , Fig. 8.8: Stream line patterns for different values of
= . , = . , = . , = . , = ,
( ) = . ,
= . , = , = , = . , = . ( )
= . , = , = . , = . , = .
Fig. 8.9: Stream line patterns for different values of

= . , = . , = . , = , = . , = , = , = . , = . , = . )
(
but increases with local temperature Grashof
V. CONCLUSION
number and with inclination.
The present study is concerned with peristaltic b. The pressure rise increases with the increase of
transport of a micropolar fluid in an inclined tube with time averaged flux for fixed values of micropolar
permeable walls. This study has been done with parameter, coupling number, Brownian motion
consideration to low Reynolds number and long wave parameter, thermophoresis parameter, local
length approximation. Emphasis was laid on temperature Grashof number and inclination.
investigating pressure rise, frictional force, mechanical c. The frictional force decreases with the increase of
efficiency, nano particle phenomenon, temperature micropolar parameter, thermophoresis parameter,
profile, mass transfer coefficient, heat transfer local temperature Grashof number, local nano
coefficient and streamline patterns for the nano fluid particle Grashof number and with the inclination
for variables like micropolar parameter, coupling but increases with coupling number and Brownian
number, Brownian motion parameter, thermophoresis motion parameter.
parameter, inclination, local temperature Grashof d. The frictional force decreases with the increases of
number and local nano particle Grashof number. time averaged flux for fixed values of micropolar
Homotopy perturbation method has been used to solve parameter, coupling number, Brownian motion
the nonlinear coupled equations of temperature profile parameter, thermophoresis parameter, local
and nano particle phenomena. temperature Grashof number, local nano particle
The main points of the analysis are as follows: Grashof number and inclination.
a. The pressure rise decreases with the increase of e. Mechanical efficiency increases with the increase
micropolar parameter, coupling number, of micropolar parameter, coupling number,
Brownian motion parameter, thermophoresis Brownian motion parameter and with slip
parameter and local nano particle Grashof number parameter but decreases with the increase of


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