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FACULTAD DE INGENIERA
SECCION: 430 A
1.- Cules de los siguientes conjuntos de vectores son ortogonales con respecto
al producto interior euclidiano sobre R2?
Son ortogonales si el producto interior euclidiano es igual a cero
a) = (0,1), = (2,0)
1 1 1 1
b) = ( , ), = ( , )
2 2 2 2
1 1
< , >= 2 + 2 = 0
1 1 1 1
c) = ( , ), = ( , )
2 2 2 2
1 1
< , >= 2 + 2 = 1
d) = (0,0), = (0,1)
2.- Cules de los conjuntos del ejercicio 1 son ortonormales con respecto al
producto interior euclidiano sobre R2?
Son ortonormales si las normas de los vectores son iguales y debe ser un
conjunto ortogonal
a) = (0, 1), = (2, 0)
, = 0
= 1 = 2
1 1 1 1
b) = ( , ), = ( , )
2 2 2 2
Cesar Augusto Villa Morocho Algebra lineal Semestre 2017- I
, = 0
= 1 = 1
1 1 1 1
c) = ( , ), = ( , )
2 2 2 2
, = 1
= 1 = 1
, = 0
= 0 = 1
3.- Cules son los siguientes conjuntos de vectores son ortogonales con respecto al
producto interior euclidiano sobre R3?
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a) = ( , 0, ), = ( , , ) , = ( , 0, )
2 2 3 3 3 2 2
1 1
< , > = + 0 = 0
6 6
< , > = 1 + 0 + 1 = 0
1 1 2
< , > = + 0 =
6 6 6
2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
b) = (3 , 3 , 3) , = (3 , 3 , 3) , = (3 , 3 , 3)
4 2 2
< , > = = 0
9 9 9
2 4 2
< , > = + = 0
9 9 9
2 2 4
< , > = + = 0
9 9 9
Cesar Augusto Villa Morocho Algebra lineal Semestre 2017- I
1 1
c) = (1, 0, 0), = (0, , ) , = (0, 0, 1)
2 2
< , > = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
< , > = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
1 1
< , > = 0 + 0 + =
2 2
1 1 2 1 1
d) = ( , , ), = ( , , 0)
6 6 6 2 2
1 1
< , > = + 0 = 0
12 12
4.- Cules de los conjuntos del ejercicio 3 son ortogonales con respecto al producto
interior euclidiano sobre R3?
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a) = ( , 0, ), = ( , , ) , = ( , 0, ).
2 2 3 3 3 2 2
= 1 = 1 = 1
2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
b) = (3 , 3 , 3) , = (3 , 3 , 3) , = (3 , 3 , 3)
= 1 = 1 = 1
Cesar Augusto Villa Morocho Algebra lineal Semestre 2017- I
1 1
c) = (1, 0, 0), = (0, , ) , = (0, 0, 1)
2 2
= 1 = 1 = 1
1 1 2 1 1
d) = ( , , ), = ( , , 0)
6 6 6 2 2
= 1 = 1
2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
a) 3 + 3 2 , + 3 3 2 , + 3 + 3 2
3 3 3
1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
= ( , , ) = ( , , ) = ( , , )
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 4
< , > = + = 0
9 9 9
2 4 2
< , > = + = 0
9 9 9
2 2 1 2 2 1
, = ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) = 0
3 3 3 3 3 3
= 1 = 1 = 1
1 1
b) 1, + 2, 2
2 2
1 1
= (0, 0, 1) = ( , , 0) = (1, 0, 0)
2 2
< , > = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
< , > = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
1 1
< , > = + 0 + 0 =
2 2
Se verifica si la norma de cada vector es uno
= 1 = 1 = 1
6.- Cules de los siguientes conjuntos de matrices son ortonormales con respecto al
producto interior sobre M22 que se analiz en el ejemplo 7 de la seccin 6?1?
2 2 1
1 0 0 0 0
3 3 3
a) [ ],[ 2] , [ 1] , [ 2 2]
0 0 1 3 3
2
3 3 3 3
2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2
= 1,0,0,0; = 0 , 3 , 3 , 3 ; = 0, 3 , 3 , 3 ; = 0, 3 , 3 , 3
< , > = 0
< , > = 0
< , > = 0
Cesar Augusto Villa Morocho Algebra lineal Semestre 2017- I
< , > = 0
< , > = 0
< , > = 0
1
= 1
= 1
= 1
= 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
b) [ ],[ ],[ ],[ ]
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
.
= 1,0,0,0; = 0,1,0,0; = 0,0,1,1; = 0,0,1, 1
< , > = 0
< , > = 0
< , > = 0
< , > = 0
< , > = 0
< , > = 0
1
= 1
= 1
= 2
= 2
Cesar Augusto Villa Morocho Algebra lineal Semestre 2017- I
1 = 1 = (1, 0, 1)
2 = 2 < 2 , 1 > 1 1 = (2, 0, 0) (1, 0, 1) = (1, 0, 1)
3 = 3 < 3 , 1 > 1 1 < 3 , 2 > 2 2 = (0, 5, 0)
1 = 2
2 = 2
3 = 5
1 1, 0, 1 1 1
1 = = = ( , 0, )
1 2 2 2
2 1, 0, 1 1 1
2 = = = ( , 0, )
2 2 2 2
3 0, 5, 0
3 = = = (0, 1, 0)
3 5
1 , 2 y 3 es un conjunto ortonormal
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
c) 1 = (5 , 5 , 5) ; 2 = ( 2 , 2 , 0) ; 3 = (3 , 3 , 3)
1 , 2 , 3 - Son ortogonales
Cesar Augusto Villa Morocho Algebra lineal Semestre 2017- I
3
1 =
5
2
2 =
2
6
3 =
3
1 1 1
1 , , 1 1 1
1 = = 5 5 5 = ( , , )
1 3 3 3 3
5
1 1
2 2,2,0 1 1
2 = = = ( , , 0)
2 2 2 2
2
1 1 2
3 (3 , 3 , 3 ) 1 1 2
3 = = = ( , , )
3 6 6 6 6
3
1 , 2 y 3 es un conjunto ortonormal
7. Sean = ( , ) =( , ) Demostrar que (x,y) es ortonormal si R2
1 2 1 3
< , > = 3 ( ) ( ) + 2 ( ) ( )=0
5 30 5 30
( )
1 1 10
|||| = + =
5 5 5
4 9 390
|||| = + =
30 30 30
Cesar Augusto Villa Morocho Algebra lineal Semestre 2017- I
1 1
,
5 = (2 , 2)
1 = = 5
|||| 10 2 2
5
2 3
,
213 313
2 = = 30 30 = ( , )
|||| 390 13 13
30
Teorema 7:
Si = {, , , } es una base ortonormal para un espacio V con producto
interior y si u es cualquier vector en V entonces:
= , + , + + ,
8. Comprobar que los vectores = ( , , ) , = ( , , ) , =
9 16 25
||1 || = + = =1
25 25 25
Cesar Augusto Villa Morocho Algebra lineal Semestre 2017- I
16 9 25
||2 || = + = =1
25 25 25
||3 || = 1 = 1
Son una base ortonormal
a) = (1, 1,2)
7 1
, 1 = ; , 2 = ; , 3 = 2
5 5
7 1
= 1 + 2 + 23
5 5
b) = (3, 7,4)
37 9
, 1 = ; , 2 = ; , 3 = 4
5 5
37 9
= 1 + 2 + 43
5 5
1 3 5
c) (7 , 7 , 7) =
3 1 5
, 1 = ; , 2 = ; , 3 =
7 7 7
3 1 5
= 1 2 + 3
7 7 7
Formula 1:
, , ,
= + +
Cesar Augusto Villa Morocho Algebra lineal Semestre 2017- I
a) = (1,1,1,1)
, 1 = 1; , 2 = 5; , 3 = 2; , 4 = 2
1 5 1
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
7 21 3
152 52 22
= 1 + 2 3
7 21 3
1 2 1 4
c) = ( 3 , 3 , 3 , 3)
11 1
, 1 = 3; , 2 = ; , 3 = ; , 4 = 1
3 3
3 11 1
= 1 + 2 3 + 4
7 63 18
10. En cada inciso se proporciona una base ortonormal con respecto al producto
interior euclidiano. Con el teorema 7, encontrar el vector de coordenadas de
w con respecto a la base.
Cesar Augusto Villa Morocho Algebra lineal Semestre 2017- I
1 1 1 1
= (3,7); 1 = ( , ) ; 2 = ( , )
2 2 2 2
VECTOR DE COORDENADAS :{ 1 , 2 }
2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
a) = (1,0,2); 1 = ( , , ) ; 2 = ( , , ) , 3 = ( , , )
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
VECTOR DE COORDENADAS :{ 1 , 2 , 3 }
= < , 1 > 1 + < , 2 > 2 + < , 3 > 3
2 2 1
1 = < , 1 > = < (1,0,2), ( , , ) > = 0
3 3 3
2 1 2
2 = < , 2 > = < (1,0,2), ( , , ) > = 2
3 3 3
1 2 2
3 = < , 3 > = < (1,0,2), ( , , ) > = 1
3 3 3
{1 , 2 , 3 } = {0; 2; 1}:
Teorema 8:
Si S es una base ortonormal para un espacio n dimensional con producto interior; y si :
() = (, , , ) y () = (, , , )
Entonces :
a) = + + +
b) (, ) = ( ) + ( ) + + ( )
c) , = + + +
Cesar Augusto Villa Morocho Algebra lineal Semestre 2017- I
< , 1 > = 1
4 3
< (1 , 2 ), ( , ) > = 1
5 5
5 + 42
1 =
3
< , 2 > = 1
4 3
< (1 , 2 ), ( , ) > = 1
5 5
7
2 =
5
7 1
= ( , )
5 5
Para v:
= < , 1 > 1 + < , 2 > 2
< , 2 > = 1
3 4
< (1 , 2 ), ( , ) > = 1
5 5
5 + 42
1 =
3
< , 2 > = 4
4 3
< (1 , 2 ), ( , ) > = 4
5 5
Cesar Augusto Villa Morocho Algebra lineal Semestre 2017- I
8
2 =
5
7 8
=( , )
15 5
|||| = 12 + 12 = 2
(, ) = (1 + 1)2 + (1 4)2 = 13
< , > = 1(1) + 1(4) = 3
|||| = 32 + (2)2 = 13
|||| = (1)2 + 22 + 12 + 32 = 15
|| || = 42 + 12 + (2)2 + 42 = 37
b) S (u) = (0, 0, -1, -1), S (v) = (5, 5, -2, -2), S (w) = (3, 0, -3, 0)
|| || = 22 + 52 + 12 + (2)2 = 34
|| + || = 82 + 52 + (5)2 + 22 = 118
14. Solucin:
a) Demostrar que los vectores v1 = (1, -2, 3, -4), v 2 = (2, 1, -4, -3), v3 = (-
4 (1 ) 4 (2 ) 4 (3 )
4 = 4 ( (1 ) ) ( (2 )) ( ( ))
|| 1 ||2 || 2 ||2 || 3 ||2 3
1 = 1
1 = (1, 2, 3, 4)
< 2 , 1 >
2 = 2 ( 2 ) 1 = (2, 1, 4, 3)
||1 ||
Cesar Augusto Villa Morocho Algebra lineal Semestre 2017- I
, 1 = 24; , 2 = 33; , 3 = 0; , 4 = 15
1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 30
4 11 1
= 1 2 + 4
5 10 2
1 = 1 (1, 3)
< 2 , 1 > 2 12 4
2 = 2 ( 2 ) 1 = (2, 2) ( ) (1, 3) = ( , )
||1 || 5 5 5
1 3
1 = 11 1 = ( , )
10 10
3 1
2 = 12 2 = ( , )
10 10
(1 , 2 )
1 3 3 1
= ( , ) , ( , )
10 10 10 10
1 = 1 (1, 0)
< 2 , 1 >
2 = 2 ( 2 ) 1 = (3, 5) (3)(1, 0) = (0, 5)
||1 ||
1 = 11 1 = (1, 0)
2 = 12 2 = (0, 1)
(1 , 2 )
= (1, 0) , (0, 1)
16. Sea R 3 con el producto interior euclidiano. Con el proceso de Gram-Schmidt,
transformar la base {u1 , u2 , u3 } en una base ortonormal.
a) = (, , ), = (, , ), = (, , )
1 = 1 1 = (1, 1, 1)
< 2 , 1 >
2 = 2 ( 2 ) 1 = (1, 1, 0)
||1 ||
1
1 = 11 1 = (13, 13, )
3
1 1
2 = 12 2 = ( , , 0)
2 2
3 = 13 3 = (152 ,752 , 0)
(1 , 2 , 3 )
1 1
= (13,13,13), ( , , 0) , (152 ,752 , 0)
2 2
b) = (, , ), = (, , ), = (, , )
1 = 1 1 = (1, 0, 0)
< 2 , 1 >
2 = 2 ( 2 ) 1 = (3, 0, 0)
||1 ||
Cesar Augusto Villa Morocho Algebra lineal Semestre 2017- I
1 = 1 1 = (0, 2, 1, 0)
< 2 , 1 > 2
2 = 2 ( 2 ) 1 = (1, 1, 0, 0) ( ) (0, 2, 1, 0)
||1 || 5
4 2 9 2
= (1, 1, 0, 0) (0, , , 0) = (1, , , 0)
5 5 5 5
< 3 , 1 > < 3 , 2 >
3 = 3 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) 2
||1 || ||2 ||
4 13 9 2
= (1, 2, 0, 1) ( ) (0, 2, 1, 0) ( ) (1, , , 0)
5 22 5 5
35 73 62
= ( , , , 1)
22 110 110
< 4 , 1 > < 4 , 2 > < 4 , 3 >
4 = 4 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) 2 ( 2 ) 3
||1 || ||2 || ||3 ||
25 9 2 7150 35 73 62
= (1, 0, 0, 1) ( ) (1, , , 0) ( )( , , , 1)
110 5 5 51898 22 110 110
95 225 50 7150 35 73 62
= ( , , , 1) ( )( , , , 1)
110 550 550 51898 22 110 110
1 = 11 1 = (0,2,1, 0)
110 9110 2110
2 = 12 2 = ( , , , 0)
5 25 25
35 73 62
3 = 13 3 = 5189812100 ( , , , 1)
22 110 110
4 = 14 4
Cesar Augusto Villa Morocho Algebra lineal Semestre 2017- I
95 225 50 7150 35 73 62
= ( , , , 1) ( )( , , , 10)
110 550 550 51898 22 110 110
(1 , 2 , 3 , 4 )
110 9110 2110 35 73 62 95 225 50
= , , , 0, 5189812100 ( , , , 1) , ( , , , 1)
5 25 25 22 110 110 110 550 550
7150 35 73 62
( )( , , , 10)
51898 22 110 110
18. Sea R3 con el producto interior euclidiano. Encontrar una base ortonormal para
el subespacio generado por (0, 1, 2), (-1, 0, 1) y (-1, 1, 3).
1 = 1 1 = (0, 1, 2)
< 2 , 1 > 2
2 = 2 ( 2 ) 1 (1, 0, 1) ( ) (0, 1, 2)
||1 || 5
2 4 2 1
= (1, 0, 1) (0, , ) = (1, , )
5 5 5 5
< 3 , 1 > < 3 , 2 >
3 = 3 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) 2
||1 || ||2 ||
7 3 2 1 8 4 2
= (1, 1, 3) ( ) (0, 1, 2) ( ) (1, , ) = ( , , )
5 5 5 5 5 25 25
1 = 11 1 = (0,15 ,25)
30 230 30
2 = 12 2 = ( , , )
5 25 25
3 = 13 3 = (144525, 725125,365125)
2 1 0
2 = 2 2
3 = 3 < 3 , 1 > 1 < 3 , 2 > 2
3 1 2
< 3 , 1 > = < 3 < 3 , 1 > 1 < 3 , 2 > 2 , 1 < 3 , 1 > < 3 , 1 > (1) + 0 = 0
3 1 3 2 .
3 = 3 3
1 , 2 , 3 1 = (1 ,1 ,1), 2
= (1, 1, 0), 3 = (1,0,0)
20. El subespacio de generado por los vectores u1 =( , , ) y u2 = (0, 1, 0)
= < 1 , 1 > 12 =
= < 1 , 2 > 22 =
1 = 1 + 2
2 = ( 0 , 1 , 0) = 1 + 2
= < 1 , 1 > 12 =
= < 1 , 2 > 22 =
2 = 1 + 2
1 = (1, 1, 1) = 1 + 2
= < 1 , 1 > 12 =
= < 1 , 2 > 22 =
1 = 1 + 2
2 = (2, 0, 1) = 1 + 2
= < 1 , 1 > 12 =
= < 1 , 2 > 22 =
2 = 1 + 2
Cesar Augusto Villa Morocho Algebra lineal Semestre 2017- I
= 4
= (1 , 2 , 3 , 4 )
1 = ( 1, 0, 1, 2)
= (1 , 2 , 3 , 4 )
2 = (0, 1, 0, 1)
= (1 , 2 , 3 , 4 )(u )S = (u1 , u 2 ,K,
un )
Producto interior
< , > = 5( 1 , 1 ) + 4(2 , 2 ) + 3(3 , 3 ) + 2 (4 , 4 ) = 0
entonces:
(5(1 , 1 ) + 4(2 , 2 ) + 3(3 , 3 ) + 2 (4 , 4 ))
= 5(1 + 1 ) 1 + 4(2 + 2 ) 2 + 3(3 + 3 ) 3 + 2 (4
+ 4 ) 4
Entonces:
< , > + < , >= (5(1 1 ) + 4(2 2 ) + 3(3 3 ) + 2 (4 4 ))
1 1
a) [ ]
2 3
= [1 1; 2 3]
() = [1 0; 0 1]
= [1 0; 2 1]
=
1 2
b) [0 1]
1 4
Cesar Augusto Villa Morocho Algebra lineal Semestre 2017- I
= [1 2 0; 1 1 4]
() = [1 0 0; 1 0 0]
= [1 0 0; 1 1 0]
=
1 1
c) [2 1]
2 1
= [1 1 2; 1 2 1]
() = [1 0 0; 1 0 0]
= [1 0 2; 1 0 0]
=
1 0 2
d) [0 1 1]
1 2 0
= [1 0 2; 0 1 1; 1 2 0]
() = [1 0 0; 0 1 0; 0 0 1]
= [1 0 0; 0 1 0; 1 0 1]
=
1 2 1
e) [1 1 1]
0 3 1
= [1 2 1; 1 1 1; 0 3 1]
() = [1 0 0; 0 1 0; 0 0 1]
= [1 0 0; 1 1 0; 0 0 1]
=
25. = , + , + , .
Solucin: Tomas Pereda, Marcelo Neiser (Al Aviador)
:
Cesar Augusto Villa Morocho Algebra lineal Semestre 2017- I
:
1 , 2 = 1 , 3 = 2 , 3 = 0 ||1 || = ||2 || = ||3 || = 1.
, {1 , 2 , 3 } . (, , ) 3
{ 1 , 2 , 3 }
{1 , 2 , 3 } 3 .
3 .
= , 1 2 + + , 2
2 = , 1 2 + , 2 2 + + , 2
Teorema 9:
Todo espacio no nulo de dimensin finita con producto interior tiene una base
ortonormal
= , 11 + , 22 + + ,
, 1 , 2 ,
= 2
1 + 2
2 + +
1 2 2
, 1 , 2 ,
= 1 + 2 + +
1 2 2 2 2
101 0 20001 10 1
a) = 12 + 22 + + 2
=< , >
=< 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 >
=< 31 , 2 , 21 , 2 12 >
= 31 + 22
b) (, ) = (1 1 )2 + (2 2 )2 + + ( )2
1 1 1
(, ) = (1 1 )2 + (2 2 )2 + ( )2
Cesar Augusto Villa Morocho Algebra lineal Semestre 2017- I
1 1 1
= (1 1 )2entonces:
+ (2 2 )2 + ( )2
(u )S = (u1 , u 2 ,K, u n )
c) , = 1 , 1 + 2 , 2 + + ,
< , >= 1 1 + 2 2 + ,
< 1 , 1 >
< 1 , 1 1 + 2 2 + >
< 1 , 1 1 > +< 1 , 2 2 > + < 1 , >=< , > = 1 1 2 1 =
< , >