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This document discusses load combinations, strength reduction factors, and methods for analyzing reinforced concrete sections. The key points are:
- Load combinations include basic loads (dead and live), wind, earthquake, earth pressure, and structural effects. The largest load combination governs design.
- Strength reduction factors range from 0.7 to 0.9 depending on the limit state, with lower values for axial compression and concrete bearing.
- Methods are provided for analyzing reinforced concrete sections as over-reinforced, under-reinforced, or at the balance condition, and for cracked versus uncracked sections. Parameters like the neutral axis location, moment of inertia, and stresses are solved for.
This document discusses load combinations, strength reduction factors, and methods for analyzing reinforced concrete sections. The key points are:
- Load combinations include basic loads (dead and live), wind, earthquake, earth pressure, and structural effects. The largest load combination governs design.
- Strength reduction factors range from 0.7 to 0.9 depending on the limit state, with lower values for axial compression and concrete bearing.
- Methods are provided for analyzing reinforced concrete sections as over-reinforced, under-reinforced, or at the balance condition, and for cracked versus uncracked sections. Parameters like the neutral axis location, moment of inertia, and stresses are solved for.
This document discusses load combinations, strength reduction factors, and methods for analyzing reinforced concrete sections. The key points are:
- Load combinations include basic loads (dead and live), wind, earthquake, earth pressure, and structural effects. The largest load combination governs design.
- Strength reduction factors range from 0.7 to 0.9 depending on the limit state, with lower values for axial compression and concrete bearing.
- Methods are provided for analyzing reinforced concrete sections as over-reinforced, under-reinforced, or at the balance condition, and for cracked versus uncracked sections. Parameters like the neutral axis location, moment of inertia, and stresses are solved for.
Load Combinations Strength Reduction Factors, Working Strength Design (WSD)
choose largest U in design
(a) Flexure w/o axial load 0.90 or Alternate Strength Design (ASD) Basic Loads: (b) Axial tension & axial tension w/ flexure . 0.90 (c) Axial comp. & axial comp. w/ flexure: Allowable Stresses (if not given): = 1.4 + 1.7 (1) Spiral .. 0.75 Horizontal members Vertical members With Wind Load: (2) Tie ... 0.70 (i.e. beam, slab, footing, etc.) (i.e. column, wall, etc.) = 0.75(1.4 + 1.7 + 1.7) (d) Shear & torsion .. 0.85 fc = 0.45 fc fc = 0.25 fc (e) Bearing on concrete .,. 0.70 fs = 0.50 fy fs = 0.40 fy = 0.9 + 1.3 = 1.4 + 1.7 where: Design Conditions Values fc compressive strength of concrete at 28 days With Earthquake Load: Over-reinforced: fy axial strength of steel Choose Smaller Value/ Structural Grade ASTM Gr.33 / PS Gr.230 fy = 230 MPa = 1.32 + 1.11 + 1.1 concrete fails first Round-down Intermediate Grade ASTM Gr.40 / PS Gr.275 fy = 275 MPa fs < fy (USD) Moment Capacity = 0.99 + 1.1 Ms > Mc (WSD) High Carbon Grade ASTM Gr.60 / PS Gr.415 fy = 415 MPa
With Earth Pressure Load: 424.3.2 for fy = 275 MPa; fs 140 MPa Under-reinforced: for fy = 415 MPa; fs 170 MPa = 1.4 + 1.7 + 1.7 steel fails first Choose Larger Value/ fs > fy (USD) Round-up = 0.9 Ms < Mc (WSD) Modular Ratio, n (if not given):
= 1.4 + 1.7 Estronger Esteel 200,000 Balance Condition: n= = = With Structural Effects: concrete & steel Eweaker Econcrete 4700fc simultaneously fail = 0.75(1.4 + 1.7 + 1.4) fs = fy (USD) 424.6.4 n must be taken as the nearest whole number & n 6 = 1.4( + ) Ms = Mc (WSD) 424.6.5 for doubly, use n for tension & use 2n for compression
Internal Couple Method: Solutions for Cracked Section (Singly): Solutions for Cracked Section (Doubly):
Location of neutral axis, NA: Location of neutral axis, NA:
Factor k: n Factor j: Ayabove NA = Aybelow NA Ayabove NA = Aybelow NA k= 1 x x fs j= 1 k bx ( ) = nAs (d x) bx ( ) + (2n 1)As (x d ) = nAs (d x) n+ 3 2 2 fc x obtained x obtained Moment Resistance Coefficient, R: 1 Solve transferred moment of inertia at NA: Solve transferred moment of inertia at NA: R = fc kj 2 bx 3 bx 3 Moment Capacity: INA = + nAs (d x)2 INA = + (2n 1)As (x d )2 + nAs (d x)2 3 3 1 Mc = C jd = fc kdb jd = Rbd2 INA obtained INA obtained 2 Solve for Stresses or Resisted Moment: Solve for Stresses or Resisted Moment: Ms = T jd = As fs jd For concrete: For tension steel: For concrete: For tension steel: For comp. steel:
Provisions for Uncracked Section:
Mc x fs Ms (d x) Mc x fs Ms (d x) fs Ms (x d) fc = = fc = = = Solve for inertia of gross section, Ig. INA n INA INA n INA 2n INA Solve for cracking moment, Mcr. Solve for actual moment, Ma: Solutions for Gross Section (Singly): Solutions for Uncracked Section (By Sir Erick): 2 wL Location of neutral axis, NA: Ma = (for simply supported beam) 8 Ayabove NA = Aybelow NA 409.6.2.3. if Ma < Mcr, no crack; Ig = Ie x dx if Ma > Mcr, w/ crack; solve for Ie bx ( ) = b(d x) ( ) + (n 1)As (d x) 2 2 Solve for inertia of cracked section: x obtained bx 3 Icr = + nAs (d x)2 Location of neutral axis, NA: Solve transferred moment of inertia at NA: 3 bx 3 b(d x) 3 Solve for effective moment of inertia, Ie: h INA = + + (n 1)As (d x)2 yt = ; y obtained 3 3 Mcr 3 Mcr 3 2 t INA obtained Ie = ( ) Ig + [1 ( ) ] Icr Solve moment of inertia of gross section at NA: Ma Ma Solve for Stresses or Resisted Moment: 3 bx For concrete: For tension steel: 409.6.2.4. For simply supported, Ie = Ie (mid) Ig = For cantilever, Ie = Ie (support) 12 Mc x fs Ms (d x) Ig obtained fc = = Ie mid + Ie support INA n INA Ie = 2 Solve for cracking moment:
409.6.2.5. Factor for shrinkage & creep due
Mcr yt to sustained loads: fr = 0.7fc = time-dep factor, : Ig 5 yrs + 2.0 Mcr obtained = 12 mos 1.4 1 + 50 6 mos 1.0 3 mos 1.0 Solve for instantaneous deflection: 4 5wL i = (for uniformly distributed load) 384Ec Ie Solve for additional deflection: add = sus add = (% of sustained load)i Say, 70% of load is sustained after n yrs. add = 0.7i Solve for final deflection: final = i + add