Lecture No: 01

Introduction with current, voltage and Ohms law

Notes Written and prepared by
Books That You Need to Follow Shameem Ebtehaz (B.Sc in EEE, Stamford University)
Fundamental of Electric Circuits by sadiku and Alexender 2nd / 3rd / 4th / 5th Edition
Introductory Circuit Analysis Robert L Boystade 11th Edition
Electric Circuits by Nilsson and Riedel 9th Edition
A Textbook of Electrical technology Vol-1 by B L Thereja
Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis by Irwin 10th Edition
Electrical Circuit by John Bird
Alternating Current Circuit by Russell M Karchner and Corcoran 3rd edition
Objective Electrical Technology by V K Mehta

What is current?
The flow of free electrons or charge in definite directions is called electric current. It is
the rate at which electrons flow past a point in a complete electrical circuit.

Current, I =

Q = charge flowing through any cross section of the conductor, t= time.

An electric current always produces a magnetic field. Stronger the current means the
more intense of the magnetic field.
Remember when current is caused by electrons (e.g metal) the direction of current is
opposite of the direction of electron flow. Direction, Electron Flow

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 Lecture No: 01
Introduction with current, voltage and Ohms law

Valance Electron: An electron of an atom, located in the outermost shell (valence shell) of the
atom that can be transferred to or shared with another atom.

Free Electrons: an electron that is not attached to an atom or molecule and is free to respond to
outside forces.

Unit: The international unit used for measuring current is called ampere (Amp).

Electric current can be classified as direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC).

DC: Direct current (DC) flows in the same direction at all points in time, although the
instantaneous magnitude of the current might vary. Common sources for dc are batteries
or dc generator.

AC: Alternating current (AC) is the flow of charge carriers reverses direction
periodically. The number of complete AC cycles per second is the frequency, which is
measured in hertz. Common sources for ac are the household electrical receptacles which
are powered by a public utility. important

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 Lecture No: 01
Introduction with current, voltage and Ohms law

Electric potential
Electric potential energy per unit charge at a point is called Electric Potential. Electric
potential energy is the energy that is needed to move a charge against an electric field.
You need more energy to move a charge further in the electric field, but also more energy
to move it through a stronger electric field.

Electric Potential is defined by following:

Electric Potential V = =

The SI unit of energy or work is 1J and that of charge is 1C . So the SI unit of electric potential is
1J/1C which is also called 1V

Potential Difference

Potential difference A
B potentiality +5V and +3V. A
potentiality B A & B
B A A B
potentiality same flow
same potential difference If
potential difference will exist than current will flow . No potential difference than no
current will flow.

potential difference Va Vb = 5-3 = 2V

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 Lecture No: 01
Introduction with current, voltage and Ohms law

E.M.F
The electromotive force or e.m.f. is the energy provided by a cell or battery per coulomb
of charge passing through it. If a battery is supplies 4J of energy than per coulomb than it
has an e.m.f of 4 volts. It is defined by following

Where,

= electromotive force in volts, V

E = energy in joules, J
Q = charge in coulombs, C

Difference between E.M.F and potential difference

Potential difference is the difference of potentiality between two points while

e.m.f is the energy supplied to charge by some active devices like batteries or cell.

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 Lecture No: 01
Introduction with current, voltage and Ohms law
E.M.F maintains potential differences while potential differences causes current to
flow.

Ohms Law
The relationship between voltage across a conductor and the current though a conductor
is defined by a law which is called Ohms law. This law states that:

The current (I) flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential
differences (V) across the two points if we consider the physical conditions like
(temperature, strain etc) are not changed.

Where R = resistance of the conductor.

Current, I = = 1 coulomb = 625x electrons

e = 1.6x C
V = IR (Ohms Law)
1 KW = 1000 W
R=
1 MW = KW = W
Conductivity =

G= =

= [1+ ( - )]
Notes Written and prepared by
Power, P = VI;
Shameem Ebtehaz (B.Sc in EEE, Stamford University)
V= =
THE END

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