NAME: JEVON MICAH MOHAMMED

CLASS: FORM 5 GROUP 1

SUBJECT: ADDITIONAL MATHS
TEACHER: MS. SINANAN
EXAMINATION YEAR: 2012-2017

AD MATHS SBA
TABLE OF CONTENTS:

PROJECT TITLE...2

PROBLEM STATEMENT.....2

MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION...2

ASSUMPTIONS....2

PROBLEM SOLUTION....3

APPLICATION OF SOLUTION...8

DISCUSSION ....9

CONCLUSION...9

BIBLIOGRAPHY...9

1
PROJECT TITLE:
To use the principles of integration to prove the theoretical formula for the volume of a sphere

PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Bouncy Limited, a company which makes crazy balls, designed a new crazy ball. A
mathematician was hired to determine the volume of the crazy ball so that the company would
know how much rubber they would need to make 1000 crazy balls.

MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION:

For the mathematicians calculation the following needs to be determined:

1. Limits of the curve.
2. The equation of the curve to be rotated

When a function y = f(x) is rotated 360 about the x-axis bounded between the limits, x = a and
x = b, the volume of a revolution is given by the formula;
b
V = y2 dx
a

ASSUMPTIONS:

We will assume that:

1. The sphere is perfectly symmetrical.
2. All the points on the surface of the sphere are the same distance from the centre.
3. There are no vertices, corners or edges.

PROBLEM SOLUTION:

2
To find the volume of a sphere, we need to rotate the function or curve with radius r and -r
around the x-axis.

When the function or curve makes one complete rotation (360) about the x-axis with centre as
the origin (0,0), a sphere (3-dimensional shape) is formed. This shape now has capacity and
volume.

3
We shall now take the radius of the circle to be r.

If we take any point P(x, y) on the circle, then OP = r is the radius of the circle. But OP is also
the hypotenuse of the right-angled triangle OPN, formed when we drop a perpendicular from P
to the x-axis. In the right-angled triangle, ON = x and NP = y. Thus, using the theorem of
Pythagoras,
r2 = x2 + y2
and this is the equation of a circle of radius r whose centre is the origin O(0, 0).

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The above image gives us a three dimensional image of the previous diagram as the point P is
now rotated 360 forming a disk. With a depth, dx.

To find the area of the circular surface of the disk we multiply pi by the radius square;
A = y2 , with y being the radius (r) of the disk.
According to the equation of the circle;
x2 + y2 = r2
Therefore;
y2 = r2 x2
Hence;
A = (r2 x2)

To find the volume of the disk with depth dx we multiply the area of the circular surface by the
depth;
V = (r2 x2)dx

5
Now assuming that the sphere is made up of many disks. To find the volume of sphere, we take
the integral of the volume of the disk bounded by the lower and upper limits (-r to r).
r
V = (r2 x2)dx
r

Deriving the volume of a sphere by integration;

r
V = (r2 x2)dx
r

6
 3
V = (r2x x3 ) lim
rr

[ ]
3
V = r (r) 3 [r2( r) (r3 ) ]
2 r3

3 3
V = [
r3 r3 + r3 r3 ]
3
V = (2r3 2 r3 )
V = 2r3(1 13 )
V = 2r3( 23 )
4 3
V = 3 r

APPLICATION OF SOLUTION

To obtain the diameter of the crazy ball, a sample of the design was measured using a vernier
caliper.
The diameter was found to be 2.12 cm. Therefore, the radius being half of the diameter is equal
to: r = 2.12cm
2
r = 1.06cm .
r
Substituting r = 1.06cm into the formula V = (r2 x2)dx .
r
r
V = (r2 x2)dx .
r

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 1.06
V = (r2 x2)dx
1.06
3
V = (r2x x3 ) lim
1.061.06

[ ]
3 3
(1.06)
V = 1.062(1.06) 1.06 2
3 [1.06 (1.06) 3 ]

V = [1.06 3 1.063
+ 1.06
3
3 1.063
3 ]
V = [2(1.06) 2( )]
3 3
1.06
3

V = 2(1.06)3(1 13 )
V = 2(1.06)3( 23 )
V = 43 (1.06)3
V = 4.988916155 cm3
V 5cm3
DISCUSSION:

The limits, -r to r, were simply the radius of the sphere one being negative and the other being
positive. In the application of solution the limits, -r to r, were found by measuring the diameter of
the crazy ball sample using a vernier caliper and afterwards dividing the value by two to get the
radius, r.
The radius of the crazy ball was found to be 1.06 cm. Therefore the limits, -r to r, would be
equal to -1.06 to 1.06.
b r
As shown above, upon deriving the formula V = y2 dx or V = (r2 x2)dx it was
a r
acquired that the formula is equal to the formula V = 43 r3 . Therefore, the volume of a sphere
can be found using both formulae.

CONCLUSION:

The crazy ball was found to have an approximate volume of 5cm3 . Therefore, for the
manufacturers to produce 1000 crazy balls they would need 5000cm3 of rubber.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IelS2vg7JO8

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http://www.petervis.com/mathematics/volume_of_sphere_derivation_proof/volume_of_sphere_d
erivation_proof.html
http://study.com/academy/lesson/derivation-of-formula-for-volume-of-the-sphere-by-integration.
html