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PART A
2. State the advantage of direct form structure over direct form structure.
In direct form structure, the number of memory locations required is less than that of direct
form structure.
4. Mention the procedures for digitizing the transfer function of an analog filter.
The two important procedures for digitizing the transfer function of an analog filter are
Impulse invariance method.
Bilinear transformation method.
6. What is the mapping procedure between S-plane & Z-plane in the method of mapping
differentials? What are its characteristics?
The mapping procedure between S-plane & Z-plane in the method of mapping of differentials is
given by
H(Z) =H(S)|S=(1-Z-1)/T
The above mapping has the following characteristics
The left half of S-plane maps inside a circle of radius centered at Z= in the Z-plane.
The right half of S-plane maps into the region outside the circle of radius in the Z-plane.
The j -axis maps onto the perimeter of the circle of radius in the Z-plane.
7. What is meant by impulse invariant method of designing IIR filter?
In this method of digitizing an analog filter, the impulse response of resulting digital filter is a
sampled version of the impulse response of the analog filter.
The transfer function of analog filter in partial fraction form,
21. What is the necessary and sufficient condition for the linear phase
characteristic of a FIR filter?
The phase function should be a linear function of w, which inturn requires constant group delay
and phase delay.
22. List the well known design technique for linear phase FIR filter design?
Fourier series method and window method
Frequency sampling method.
Optimal filter design method.
23. For what kind of application, the antisymmetrical impulse response can be used?
The ant symmetrical impulse response can be used to design Hilbert transforms and
differentiators.
24. For what kind of application, the symmetrical impulse response can be used?
The impulse response, which is symmetric having odd number of samples can be used to design
all types of filters, i.e, lowpass, highpass, bandpass and band reject. The symmetric impulse
response having even number of samples can be used to design lowpass and bandpass filter.
26. What condition on the FIR sequence h(n) are to be imposed n order that this filter can
be called a liner phase filter?
The conditions are
i. Symmetric condition h(n)=h(N-1-n)
ii. Antisymmetric condition h(n)=-h(N-1-n)
27. Under what conditions a finite duration sequence h(n) will yield constant Group delay
in its frequency response characteristics and not the phase delay?
If the impulse response is anti symmetrical, satisfying the condition
H (n) =-h (N-1-n)
The frequency response of FIR filter will have constant group delay and not the phase delay.
28. State the condition for a digital filter to be causal and stable?
A digital filter is causal if its impulse response h(n)=0 for n<0.
A digital filter is stable if its impulse response is absolutely summable,
i.e,
34. What is the necessary and sufficient condition for linear phase characteristics in FIR
filter?
The necessary and sufficient condition for linear phase characteristics in FIR filter is the impulse
response h(n) of the system should have the symmetry property,i.e,
H(n) = h(N-1-n)
Where N is the duration of the sequence.
36. What is the principle of designing FIR filter using frequency sampling
method?
In frequency sampling method the desired magnitude response is sampled and a linear phase
response is specified .The samples of desired frequency response are defined as DFT
coefficients. The filter coefficients are then determined as the IDFT of this set of samples.
38. List the steps involved in the design of FIR filters using windows.
Step 1: For the desired frequency response Hd(w), find the impulse response
hd(n) using
Equation
Step 2: Multiply the infinite impulse response with a chosen window sequence
w(n) of
length N to obtain filter coefficients h(n),i.e.,
HAMMING WINDOW:
The equation for Hamming window is given by
HANNING WINDOW:
The equation for Hanning window is given by
BARTLETT WINDOW:
The equation for Bartlett window is given by
KAISER WINDOW:
The equation for Kaiser Window is given by