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1 Introduction
Introduction
Problem 1
Figure 1: problem 1
Solution
The entropy change for each reservoir can be determined from the balance equation considering that each reservoir undergoes
an internally reversible, isothermal process.
1 For the heat tranfer process to a sink at 500 K:
2 Repeating the calculations in part (a) for a sink temperature of 750 K, we obtain:
Where did the entropy generation take place?, How could we eliminated the irreversibilities associated with both processes?
Solution
The entropy change for each reservoir can be determined from the balance equation considering that each reservoir undergoes
an internally reversible, isothermal process.
1 For the heat tranfer process to a sink at 500 K:
2 Repeating the calculations in part (a) for a sink temperature of 750 K, we obtain:
Where did the entropy generation take place?, How could we eliminated the irreversibilities associated with both processes?
Problem 2
Solution
We first take the wall as the system. This is a closed system since no mass crosses the system boundary during the process.
During the process, the state ans thus the entropy of the wall do not change anywhere in the wall, it means a steady process.
The rate form of the entropy balance for the wall simplifies to:
0(steady)
Sin Sout + Sgen = dSsyst /dt
:
Q Q
+ Sgen = 0
T in T out
1035W 1035W
+ Sgen = 0 Sgen,wall = 0.191W /K
293K 278K
To determine the rate of total entropy generation during this heat transfer process , we extend the system to include the regions
on both sides of the wall that experience a temperature change. Then the rate of total entropy generation becomes:
1035W 1035W
+ Sgen,total = 0 Sgen,total = 0.341W /K
300K 273K
Where does the entropy generation take place on both cases?, How can we justified the entropy generation on both cases?
Problem 2
Solution
We first take the water on the cylinder as the system. We note that the pressure and thus the temperature of water in the
cylinder remain constant during this process.
1 Nothing that water undergoes an internally reversible isothermal process, its entropy change can be determined from:
Q 600kJ
Ssyst = = = 1.61kJ/K
Tsyst (100 + 273)K
2 To determine the total entropy generation during this process, we consider the extended system. The entropy balance
for this extended system(system+immediate surroundings) yields:
Qout
Sin Sout + Sgen = Ssyst + Sgen = Ssyst
Tb
Qout 600kJ
Sgen = + Ssyst = + (1.61kJ/K ) = 0.40kJ/K
Tb (25 + 273)K
Can the reverse process takes place?, Is there a way to make this process a reversible process?
Solution
We first take the water on the cylinder as the system. We note that the pressure and thus the temperature of water in the
cylinder remain constant during this process.
1 Nothing that water undergoes an internally reversible isothermal process, its entropy change can be determined from:
Q 600kJ
Ssyst = = = 1.61kJ/K
Tsyst (100 + 273)K
2 To determine the total entropy generation during this process, we consider the extended system. The entropy balance
for this extended system(system+immediate surroundings) yields:
Qout
Sin Sout + Sgen = Ssyst + Sgen = Ssyst
Tb
Qout 600kJ
Sgen = + Ssyst = + (1.61kJ/K ) = 0.40kJ/K
Tb (25 + 273)K
Can the reverse process takes place?, Is there a way to make this process a reversible process?
qrev = Tds
o
qrev = dh vdP
Tds = dh vdP
wrev = v (P2 P1 ) ke pe
Problem 4
Figure 5: problem 5
Solution
We take first the turbine and then the pump as the system. We
have to keep in mind that the compressor operates in a
flow-steady process.
(a)In this case, steam is a saturated liquid initially, and its
specific volume is
3
v1 = vfat100kPa = 0.001043m /kg
Z 2
3 1kJ
= (0.001043m /kg)[(1000 100)kPa]
1kPa.m3
= 0.94kJ/kg
Solution
(b)This time, steam is a saturated vapor initially and remains vapor during the entire compression process.
Z 2 Z 2
wrev ,in = v dP = dh = h2 h1
1 1
This result could also be obtained from the energy balance relation for an isentropic steady-flow process.
o
P1 = 100kPa
h1 = 2675.0kJ/kg, s1 = 7.3589kJ/kg.K
(sat. vapor )
P2 = 1MPa
o
h2 = 3194.5kJ/kg
s2 = s1
Z 2
wrev ,in = v dP
1
1/2 Px P2
Px = (P1 P2 ) or =
P1 Px
Figure 8: P-v diagram for a
Whe this condition is satisfied, the compression work at each
stage becomes identical, that is, wcomp. I,in = wcomp. II,in two-stage steady-flow
compression process
Problem 5
Solution
Which assumptions shall we take to solve our problem?, and How can we calculate steady-flow compression work for all these
four cases?
1 Isentropic compression with k=1.4:
3 Isothermal compression:
P2 900kPa
wcomp,in = RT ln = (0.287kJ/kg.K )(300K ) ln = 189.2kJ/kg
P1 100kPa
1/2 1/2
Px = (P1 P2 ) = [(100kPa)(900kPa)] = 300kPa , wcomp,in = 2wcomp. I,in
Solution
Which assumptions shall we take to solve our problem?, and How can we calculate steady-flow compression work for all these
four cases?
1 Isentropic compression with k=1.4:
3 Isothermal compression:
P2 900kPa
wcomp,in = RT ln = (0.287kJ/kg.K )(300K ) ln = 189.2kJ/kg
P1 100kPa
1/2 1/2
Px = (P1 P2 ) = [(100kPa)(900kPa)] = 300kPa , wcomp,in = 2wcomp. I,in
Solution
Which assumptions shall we take to solve our problem?, and How can we calculate steady-flow compression work for all these
four cases?
1 Isentropic compression with k=1.4:
3 Isothermal compression:
P2 900kPa
wcomp,in = RT ln = (0.287kJ/kg.K )(300K ) ln = 189.2kJ/kg
P1 100kPa
1/2 1/2
Px = (P1 P2 ) = [(100kPa)(900kPa)] = 300kPa , wcomp,in = 2wcomp. I,in
Solution
Which assumptions shall we take to solve our problem?, and How can we calculate steady-flow compression work for all these
four cases?
1 Isentropic compression with k=1.4:
3 Isothermal compression:
P2 900kPa
wcomp,in = RT ln = (0.287kJ/kg.K )(300K ) ln = 189.2kJ/kg
P1 100kPa
1/2 1/2
Px = (P1 P2 ) = [(100kPa)(900kPa)] = 300kPa , wcomp,in = 2wcomp. I,in